Network kunye nobuchwepheshe womnatha. Network information technology

Namhlanje, uthungelwano kunye nobugcisa inethiwekhi ukudibanisa abantu kulo lonke ihlabathi, banike ukufikelela ubuncwane likhulu ehlabathini - unxibelelwano kwabantu. Abantu ngaphandle kweziphazamiso chat nomdlalo kunye nabahlobo bakho abo kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi.

Iziganeko aziwa kulo lonke ihlabathi kwimizuzwana. Enye uyakwazi ukudibanisa kwi Internet wabeka intwana yakhe yolwazi.

ulwazi Network technology: iingcambu lemvelaphi yabo

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkcubeko yoluntu kwiminyaka lenzeka ezimbini mveliso yalo ebaluleke kakhulu kwinzululwazi zeteknoloji - khompyutha kunye lomnxeba technologies. Malunga nekota yenkulungwane zombini ezi mveliso ekhulisa ngokuzimeleyo, yaye ngaphakathi kubo, ngokulandelelana, ikhompyutha kunye zonxibelelwano iinethiwekhi sele yenziwe. Nangona kunjalo, kwikota yokugqibela kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini ngenxa nasekusungulweni kunye interpenetration ezi kwamasebe amabini ulwazi lwabantu, yaye wayelapho esiyibiza elithi "ubugcisa womnatha" elucwangciso olusezantsi lwe ingqiqo jikelele ngakumbi "information technology".

Ngenxa imbonakalo yazo kwakukho revolution zeteknoloji entsha ehlabathini. Kanye njengokuba iminyaka embalwa ngaphambi kokuba umhlaba kumphezulu wayo ezihlawulelwayo uthungelwano emikhulu, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela, onke amazwe, imizi nemizana, amashishini kunye nemibutho kwakunye amakhaya ngalinye enxulumene "inkcazelo vimba." Noko ke, bonke babe izinto kothungelwano ezahlukeneyo ugqithiso lwedata phakathi kwee computer, apho ezithile technology transmission ulwazi yenzeke.

Network Technology: ingqiqo kunye nesiqulatho

technology Network kwanele ukuba ulwakhiwo lwe- network data-processing inonamathelwano isethi imithetho ukumelwa kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi owaphunyezwa ebizwa ngokuba "elandelwayo eqhelekileyo", kwakunye ne-hardware ne-software, kubandakanywa amaqhoshana womnatha kunye nabaqhubi, iintambo kunye nefayibha optic, izihlanganisi ezahlukeneyo ( izihlanganisi).

"Ukwanela" kuthetha ukuba imbaxa ukuncitshiswa yayo, lo gama kugcinwe amathuba ngolwakhiwo womnatha olusebenzisekayo. Kufuneka ube isakhono yokuphucula, umzekelo, ngokudala oko subnets, efuna ukusetyenziswa elandelwayo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo, kwakunye spetskommunikatorov, lidla ngokubizwa ngokuba "imizila". Kunye kuphuculo network iba ngokukhawuleza kwaye zithembeke ngakumbi, kodwa iindleko lokutyelela superstructures phezu icandelo lobugcisa womnatha zokuziswa eziqinileyo.

Igama elithi "technology network" Amaxesha amaninzi asetyenziswe ngengqiqo emxinwa ngasentla, kodwa ke kakhulu ngokubanzi mayingatolikwa naluphi na uluhlu lwemithetho kunye nokwakhiwa kweentlobo ezithile kothungelwano, ezifana "ekuhlaleni computer networking technology."

A umatshini kobuchwepheshe womnatha

Kwase yokuqala womnatha computer, kanti ke akukabi kuko womnatha ngokwayo, kwaqala 60-80s. leminyaka yokugqibela, multi-terminal system. Ukunikezela iseti esweni kunye keyboard, ezo abakwiindawo imigama ezinkulu ukusuka mainframe kwaye idibanisa kubo nge imodem ngomnxeba okanye imigca oqeshiweyo, iterminal ephuma kumasango ITC kunye saa kulo lonke isakhiwo.

Ngelo xesha, ngaphandle umqhubi computer kwi-ITC, bonke abasebenzisi banikwa ithuba lokuba ufake iiclamps iphedi yamaqhosha imisebenzi yabo iliso ekwenzeni zabo esweni, nangokwenza ezinye ulawulo umsebenzi imisebenzi. Ezi nkqubo ukuze kuphunyezwe zombini xesha algorithms kuqhawulo processing ibhetshi, ebizwa iinkqubo yokungena umsebenzi ekude.

WANs

Emva iinkqubo multi-terminal kwi 60s emva kwexesha. zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Kuye owadala kwaye Uhlobo lokuqala kwinethiwekhi - inethiwekhi computer jikelele (GCS). Bona babopha computer eyayikho kwimibhalo elilodwa ukugcina ulwazi elikhethekileyo isoftware kwiikhompyutha ezinkulu, ndabamisa imigama ukuya amawaka eekhilomitha, nge uthungelwano yomnxeba kunye imodem. Le technology network ngaphambili wahlolwa iinkqubo multi-terminal.

YezoKhuseleko yokuqala ngo-1969 waba ARPANET, owayesebenza US kwiSebe lezoKhuselo kwaye ihlanganise iikhompyutha owahlukeneyo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza. Bebexhotyiswa dopmoduley zokuqonda zonxibelelwano Izivumelwano womnatha, ziqhelekile onke amalungu uthungelwano kweekhompyutha. Kwaba phezu ezisisiseko kwakhe ubuchwepheshe womnatha esetyenziswa kwi phambili ngoku.

Umzekelo wokuqala ukuhlangabezana ngekhompyutha kunye zonxibelelwano nothungelwano

GCS ilifa link ukusuka kuthungelwano abadala kunye jikelele - .. Telephone, okt ukuba babeke imigca ezintsha umgama elide axhoma kakhulu. Ngoko ke, iminyaka emininzi ukuba kusetyenziswa amajelo ilizwi analog ukugqithisa ngexesha elinikiweyo incoko enye kuphela. data yedijithali kugqithiselwa kwisantya esisezantsi kakhulu (amashumi kbit / s), kunye nokukwazi ukunciphisa ukudluliselwa kweefayili zedata ne e-mail.

Noko ke, ukuzuza zocingo, nezabaNxibelelanisi beeNdawo zokuFundela akazange athathe iteknoloji komongo, zisekelwe kumgaqo utshintshayo wesiphaluka, xa isibini ngasinye ababhaliselwe lonke ixesha iseshoni wema itshaneli ngesantya esingaguqukiyo. I GCS wasebenzisa ubugcisa obutsha kwinethiwekhi ikhompyutha, zisekelwe kumgaqo ipakethe ziguquka, apho data ngohlobo iinxenye ezincinane iipakethi ngesantya esingaguqukiyo rate zinikwe kuthungelwano unswitched kwaye ezifunyenwe yi abamkeli kwi dilesi womnatha codes zabo okulungiswe epakethini okuphezulu kwephepha.

ezazingaphambi LANs

Ukuvela kwi 70s emva kwexesha. zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Lsi kukhokelele ekuyilweni i mini-computer kunye ngexabiso eliphantsi kunye rich functionality. Baqala ke ukuba akhuphisane ngenene iikhompyutha ezinkulu.

Baye ithandwa kakhulu mini-computer PDP-11 intsapho. Baye zafakelwa onke, nkqu iiyunithi encinane kakhulu kwimveliso ukulawula inkqubo yobugcisa kunye neeyunithi inkqubo ngamnye, kwakunye kwiinkampani zolawulo kwisebe ukwenza imisebenzi ofisi.

Kwakukho ingqiqo lwezibonelelo zekhompyutha kwasasazwa kwishishini liphela, nangona minicomputers babe besebenza odwa.

Ukufika of LAN-networking

Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-80s. zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Siye kwangena ubugcisa yokudibanisa mini-iikhompyutha kuthungelwano, ngokusekelwe usuke of iipakethi data, njengoko ku GCS.

Baphendula ukwakhiwa uthungelwano iinkampani, ngokuba yasekuhlaleni (LAN - LAN), kumsetyenzana phantse engenamsebenzi. Kuba indalo yayo, kufuneka kuphela yokuthenga iadaptha ukuba iteknoloji LAN-ezikhethiweyo, umzekelo, Ethernet, inkqubo intambo esezantsi, ezifakwe izihlanganisi yayo USB (ezinjengeetheminali) uze uqhagamshele zombini ukuya mini-computer kunye nezinye ngokusebenzisa ezi iintambo. Okulandelayo, umncedisi ikhompyutha yayifakwe enye indlela yokusebenza eyenzelwe LAN umbutho - network. Emva koko, waqalisa ukusebenza, kwaye ukulawula esilandelayo nganye minicomputers ezintsha akazange abangele ukuba naziphi na iingxaki.

Akunakuphepheka ukuvela kwi Internet

Ukuba ukuvela minicomputers ukuba izimali computer ngokulinganayo ngaphezulu intsimi yamashishini, ukuvela kwi 90 ekuqaleni. PC yakhokelela kokuhluma lwabo ngcembe yokuqala yomsebenzi ngamnye zonke ngumsebenzi ulwazi, kwaye ke kule emizini yabantu.

Ixabiso eliphantsi isalamane kunye nokuthembeka eliphezulu le PC kuqala wabakhuthaza enamandla kwi LAN-network, uze emva koko kwakhokelela ukuvela uthungelwano lwekhompyutha lwehlabathi - Internet, kwande ehlabathini namhlanje.

Ubungakanani Internet nyanga nganye ozikhulela 7-10%. It is a engundoqo Umatshini uthungelwano ezahlukeneyo zasekuhlaleni kunye jikelele kwamashishini kunye namaziko ehlabathini jikelele kunye nabanye.

Ukuba kwinqanaba lokuqala i-Internet ngokuyintloko wadlulisela iifayili zedatha kunye imiyalezo ye-imeyile, kodwa namhlanje ikakhulu inikeza unikezelo lobekelo ukuba Ulwazi Resource isasazwe kunye noovimba elektroniki, ukuba informsluzhbam amazwe zorhwebo kunye non-commercial abaninzi. free koovimba bakhe ukufikelela eziqulathe ulwazi phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zolwazi kunye nemisebenzi yabantu - ukusuka imiyalelo amatsha kwisayensi ukuya kuqikelelo lwemozulu.

Basic Network LAN-network technology

Phakathi kwazo kukho ezi technologies ezingundoqo apho isiseko salo naliphina womnatha ngokukhethekileyo kwakhiwa. Ngokomzekelo, buchwepheshe eyaziwa kakuhle njenge LAN-Ethernet (1980), Token Ring (1985) kunye FDDI (80 isiphelo.).

Ngasekupheleni nenani-90. inkokeli LAN-Ethernet networking iteknoloji wavela iteknoloji Umanyanisa lobeko classical yalo isantya zodluliselo lwedata ukuya ku-10 Mbit / s, kunye Ethernet Fast (ukuya ku 100 Mbit / c) kunye Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbit / c). Zonke Ethernet-technology nemigaqo efanayo yokusebenza, oluphila inkonzo yabo kuhlanganiswa LAN-based networks phezu kwabo.

Kwangaxesha nye, undoqo phantse yonke yokusebenza ikhompyutha ababhekisi inkqubo waqala ukwakha imisebenzi yabo womnatha ukuphumeza le web-based ulwazi technology ikhankanywe ngasentla. nokuba kukho unxibelelwano OS ezizodwa ezifana inkampani iOS Cisco Systems.

Njani na ubuchwepheshe GCS

technology GCS on amajelo yomnxeba analog ngenxa ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu ubugqwetha kwezi ubuchule ezahlukeneyo ezinokuntsonkotha ulawulo kunye nokufunyanwa data. Umzekelo ezi luphuhliso kobuchwepheshe X.25 kuseyinto ekuqaleni 70s. zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Okuninzi networking technologies eliphezulu - gqatso isakhelo, ISDN, ATM.

ISDN - ungayiqondiyo elithetha "INethiwekhi yamaNani ngeenkonzo ezihlangeneyo", ikuvumela ekuqhubeni ividiyo ekude neenkomfa. ufikelelo olusisiseko inikezelwa yi ukufaka amaqhoshana PC ISDN ebaleka amaxesha amaninzi ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu kwalo naliphi na imodem. Kukho kwakhona software eyodwa evumela bakhangeli ezithandwayo kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza ukusebenza ISDN. Kodwa ke iindleko eziphezulu izixhobo kunye nemfuneko ukumsa ikhonkco ezizodwa ophazamisa uphuhliso obu bugcisa.

technology WAN inkqubela kunye iinethiwekhi zefowuni. Emva kokufika zeefoni yedijithali Spetstechnology Plesiochronous Digital Weqela iye yaphuhliswa (PDH), nto leyo lixhasa izantya ukuya ku 140 Mbit / s kwaye asetyenziselwa ukwenza amashishini kothungelwano abo.

Iteknoloji entsha yolunye Digital Weqela (SDH) kwi-80 emva kwexesha. zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. bandwidth eyandisiweyo digital amajelo umnxeba ku-10 Gb / c, kwintsunguzi Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) iteknoloji - kumakhulukhulu Gb / c nkqu ukuya terabits eziliqela / c.

technology Internet

technologies inethiwekhi Internet ngokusekelwe ukusetyenziswa iProtokhol ulwimi (okanye HTML-language) - spetsyazyka ukumakisha amaxwebhu ngekhompyutha, oquka i iseti oda iimpawu (tags), yaqalisa abaphuhlisi websites pre ngamnye kumaphepha zabo. Kakade ke, kule meko ke asithethi malunga itekisi okanye amaxwebhu graphic (iifoto, imifanekiso) esele "ilandelwe" ovela kumsebenzisi Internet, oku kwenzeleni ukundikhumbula PC yakhe kwaye zijongwe itekisi okanye nabahleli iigrafu. Le amaphepha Web ebizwa njalo-zibonwa ngenkqubo yomkhangeli zincwadi.

Developers sites Web ukudala ezizibeni HTML-ngolwimi (wadala okwangoku izixhobo ezininzi kunye nobuchwepheshe asebenza, ngokuhlangeneyo ngokuba "site yezitshixo ichaza") ngokohlobo amaphepha e web kunye, kunye nabanini site babekwa abancedisi Internet phantsi kokuqeshiselwa evela abanini abancedisi zokugcina (njalo-ebizwa ngokuba "host"). basebenza imini nobusuku kwi Internet, ukukhonza iimfuno zabasebenzisi bayo ukujonga amaphepha e web aguqulwe longeziwe kubo.

PC umsebenzisi iibrawuza, ezifunyenwe yi kwiseva wakho umniki-sevisi ye-intanethi ukufikelela iseva ethile, idilesi yayo equlethwe egameni web site eceliweyo, ukufikelela kule sayithi. Ngaphezu koko, kuphononongwe HTML-tag kwephepha ngalinye olijongileyo, inthanethi ukwakha umfanekiso yayo lomkhusane kwifomu apho ukuba ukhawule umbhekisi phambili kwisiza - bonke zamaphephandaba, imibala kunye neefonti, ifaka ezahlukeneyo ngohlobo iifoto, imizobo, imifanekiso, njalo-njalo. .