Ngomhla ukubaluleka inkqubela lwezenzululwazi, elezobugcisa kunye nezentlalo kumazwe asakhasayo, uqoqosho kakuhle - wonke kunye nendima ezinobuchule zenzululwazi nobunjineli njl

VA UKWANDA Pyatkin nokuwa

isiqalekiso phezu. Lifikile ixesha

ixesha reflection ngokwasengqondweni.

S. A., umbhali.

FROM THE UMBHALI

Ukugqitywa ngenkulungwane XX yaba ekutshatyalalisweni USSR - imeko kwinqanaba lehlabathi phakathi iinkokheli inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobugcisa. Ukutshatyalaliswa ngumbutho ovunyiweyo wophuhliso isiseko esinamandla mveliso, nayo kunye nobuchule - izinto creative yenzululwazi kunye kushicilelo nokuthengiswa komsebenzi wabantu kunye neenkonzo zoluntu zentlalo. sele kudlule iminyaka engamashumi intlekele yesizwe - nentlekele bezizwe weRashiya kunye lalisakuba yiSoviet Union.

Ubuncwane kazwelonke Ukuxelenga izizukulwana ezininzi kunye ingqondo wajika - babamba ipropati isangqa emxinwa yabantu, kananjalo izinto zesizwe ekrwada. Yaba sisiseko zonke kuqoqosho-based kumazwe-resource, apho kwakungekho nto ukuphakamisa kunye nophuhliso lwesizwe - ukutyebiseka kuphela inzuzo kuphela. Isizwe ilahlekelwe imisebenzi yayo yemveli ezintsha zesayensi, uyilo kunye zobunjineli kolu shishino.

Kwinkqubo ebizwa oguqukayo, iminyaka engamashumi zange yenzeke yaye nto ayizange yenzeke into ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso loqoqosho eyiyo. Kuyo kulawula kuphela neemfuno zabanini ezinkulu zamntu, umnqweno ubutyebi mda. Oku kuchaza ukuwa - ezithile ngokwezinga enzulu kunye nokwandiswa amanqanaba karhulumente nentlalo.

Yintoni leyo? Umbuzo ulinda abaphandi njongo. Ngaba ubudlelwane ziphikisana eluntwini, yaye ngaphezu kwako konke - ngenxa yokungabikho ekuqondeni imithombo ucikizeko lwezi zophuhliso, lo mba iye mlonyeni kakhulu, kunzima - kazwelonke.

Namhlanje i-Russia - ilizwe yabanini ezinkulu kunye neenkampani ukuba bazimisele ukuthatha nkqubo kwezoqoqosho nezamashishini. Yeyona nkqubo abantu abangavumiyo ukuya kuphuhliso inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe zesizwe kuphika layo njengoko engeyomfuneko. iminyaka engamashumi ukuba zilawule oku kuphela uhlenga kakhulu ukwandisa umthamo kuqoqosho yorhwebo kwaye khangela ngathi ngumsebenzi yethutyana eyabelwe tar izakhiwo mveliso.

Russia - ilizwe kungekho iinjongo kunye neengcamango. ESoviet Union yaba injongo - Socialism kunye ingcamango - lwenzululwazi, yobugcisa kunye nenkqubela loluntu kurhulumente - nophuhliso lwesizwe. (Indima okugwenxa eyadlalwa ingcamango zokuzicingela ngobukomanisi). Reformed Russia. Ngaba nabani na igama eminye usukelo zibekiwe? Noko ke, elinye, kuphela kukho 'ubutyebi kunye sisityebi. " Ukulungiselela le njongo, oko yayibalaseliswa yonke into, ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi - ombutho, ushishino, inkcubeko pop, njalo njalo, nayiphi na abantu umsebenzi kunye nobomi yonke ekuhlaleni ..

Isincoko ebizwa "Ukuvela Nokuwa." Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi-2, eSoviet Union phakathi inkqubela yehlabathi ehamba phambili yenzululwazi kunye zeteknoloji - amandla amakhulu. Oku kulindeleke ukuba angabikho ukusuka kwezolimo NTP Russia ngasemva abangafundanga kumagunya olomeleleyo mveliso, kokoyiswa uHitler Fascism, kunye nesiseko phambili yaseYurophu mveliso ... Ukuwela of Russia wayemiselwe ukuba loHlaziyo tipolitiki ekuqondeni iingqiqo zabo ziye zakhokelela kokutshatyalaliswa zenzululwazi, zobungcali kunye nabasebenzi kunye iinkalo zoshishino.

Incoko yethu ngokubaluleka inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobugcisa kumazwe asakhasayo, uqoqosho kakuhle - wonke kunye nendima lobugcisa obenziwa yenzululwazi kunye nobunjineli, ikakhulu yesakhiwo. Inkampani iye abakwazanga nokuba ukuqonda le ndima. engineering Ukutshatyalaliswa, ezemfundo, ezoshishino kunye ilaphu kwezentlalo. Kwakukho utshintsho ngezizukulwana. Kubomi zoluntu kunye nabantu abatsha kude umsebenzi lobunzululwazi nobugcisa.

Esi sincoko kubunjineli zokhuselo umsebenzi yenzululwazi kunye nobunjineli, nto leyo ehambisana kunye break-up ingentsimi emveli komsebenzi yesizwe. Oku ingqalelo malunga amabini ezahlukeneyo kwabo asetyenziswe apho izibakala ezithile. Oku akuthethi ekuphindwa kuyo izimvo ezibhaliweyo ezahlukeneyo ukhangela le ngxaki.

Isincoko zibheke ulutsha ngobuchule. Ndifuna ukukholelwa ukuba akanalo abasephantsi, ufumana ukuqonda yawo yonke kunye nokuqhelaniswa echanekileyo.

Nokuwa ebheka

Yayibaluleke kuphuhliso

Le leminyaka elidlulileyo - ixesha omkhulu, aba- utshintsho nentshabalalo, impumelelo kunye ndinyuka kakhulu; Iinkokeli bhuqe kunye nabaphathi - a amabango eyomeleleyo, nakumaGrikekazi buthathaka kakhulu, ongabalulekanga, kodwa namabhongo, kunye ukuzikhetha. nokuhlalisana ixesha, nathi nabanye ukusuka kwisiseko - yemveliso kwezentlalo, iphakama ngaphezu neminqweno yabantu nomdla, utshabalalisa nayiphi ideology kunye nokuziphatha. Ixesha izinto ezimangalisa, utshabalalisa inyaniso zenzakalise iingqondo zabantu. Le izifundo ezikrakra yembali nokuphindaphinda iimpazamo ezithe bafunde nto.

Iziganeko 90 kunye neminyaka elandelayo zifuna ukuqonda nokuncoma zonke. Kwenzeka ntoni? Ngaba kuyimfuneko? Yintoni capitalism Russian? Kutheni le nto lo ndlela kwaye hayi ngenye indlela? Hayi nje imigaqo-nkqubo wakuthethayo, njengokuba abaninzi kulindeleke. Ngokusekelwe koko uqoqosho utshintsho? Zeziphi ezi mpembelelo zamandla okuqhuba? "Wonke isizukulwana kufuneka uvavanyo oko kwenzekayo. Siyakuphepha uvavanyo onyanisekileyo. " (Granin)

Namhlanje kunzima kakhulu ukuthetha nabantu izinto ezahlukeneyo, ezininzi kwizizukulwana ukufumana ubuncinane ukuqonda ezithile esisiseko kwi bayiqonde imbali, ezentlalo kunye nomdla wesizwe. Naluphi na uluvo, ingakumbi xa kufikwa nexesha eSoviet, ngoko uthelekiswa into enye - a nomkhwezeli. Ingcamango yokuba izinto zesizwe - unyamalele ngokupheleleyo, ukucalula. Abanye, bambalwa, ngehlombe ukuthetha ngesi siganeko, enye - loo kakhulu esahlukileyo. Akukho manqaku reference, abasemagunyeni, akukho into eyamkelekileyo.

Kuba ukuqonda konke kuyimfuneko ukwazi inqanaba lenkqubela-phambili yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe kulo nyaka kunikwa ingxelo yawo, kwinqanaba umiselwa uqoqosho kunye noluntu. Njengokuba kude njengeenkokeli izisombululo ukukhawulelana neemfuno zesizwe kunye nokuba orientation ezinjalo. Kuphela olu lwazi inika iimpendulo yonke imibuzo.

Ukuze uqonde oku kufuna ulwazi kwimbali STP yesizwe. Nje into yokuba namhlanje ijongelwe, singazihoyi njengoko angabakhathaleli kunye nokufunda. Kufuneka umlinganiselo lilonke - iinkqubo, izenzo bezigqibo. Nguye mnye, omnye kuphela, omnye wenza kwaye ngeke. Ngaba uxanduva okanye ngokomdla wesizwe. Le yokuhlola - umkhondo kokuhlolwa edlulileyo oko kwenzekayo, izigqibo zomgaqo - yonke into. yena uya kuba engalunganga kuphela.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ezininzi nezibalulekileyo, mayibhekiswe elidlulileyo, abuthethileyo abasebenzi zenkcubeko. Le akuyona i ingozi "iqela." Bona zazongamelwe izilangazelelo inxalenye ethile yoluntu, ndayihluthwa yokuba nisekelwe. Amagcisa, ababhali, engaliqondi iziseko oluntu zithathwa ukugweba nesenzeko lwezentlalo kunye neenkqubo zembali, uhlobo izifaka lokuqonda koluntu. Oku kwenziwa bodwa ukusuka kwixesha, uphuhliso jikelele. Kakhulu yengxoxo, izakulahlwa, ayibaxwanga. aplomb nyangatseka categorical wenza iingxelo eziphosakeleyo. Konke oku ephambanisa uluntu uhlangothi ekuqondeni iimpazamo zembali kunye neemfuno zesizwe.

EMoscow izangqa yengqondo, wafika apho inkqubo ebizwa oguqukayo, yeyona angafaniyo kakhulu izimvo zabo kunye nokuqonda. Ukhumbuza abakhi yaseBhabheli. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba indlela eliphele ngayo ... Okumangalisayo ziyawuyolisa ngeentlondi zabo kunye nokuthotywa zesizwe: "Democracy, inkululeko kunye nobulungisa", "Akukho uhlanga ehlabathini ndini ngakumbi", "Russia - ekrwada izinto nomhlehlo, kufuneka ekugqibeleni shiya indlela Enkulu Amandla", " ukuthengiswa i Russian Empire "(oko ndinesityhilelo!), njl, njl ...

Heroine One yaseChekhov kaThixo, ngokufuthi ukuphulaphula kwiimpikiswano nongqondongqondo ngengxaki ongatshiyo Russian, wathi: "Ndicinga ukuba kukho isicombululo, kwakhona uza kususa yonke imibuzo yakho ..." Le mbono jikelele, ubuzwe nje omnye, lowo kudala ezilahlekileyo zizifundiswa kwaye ezinako ukusombulula zonke iingxaki. Le mbono - uphuhliso inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe yesizwe. Okumangalisayo kukuba, yonke imbali yethu kuhamba nale mbono! Siye wanyathelwa yintoni bazibeke siqinisekile ukuba ubunamanzi udaka edlulileyo malunga nantoni na ngaphandle ukucinga.

Scientific netheknoloji inkqubela, kwezentlalo Imveliso - isiseko kwamandla ezoqoqosho kunye nentlalo-ntle kurhulumente, uluntu, izibonelelo uphuhliso olusebenzayo kunye nempumelelo. Ngelishwa, oku kuye waba self-kubonakala inyaniso (njengoko ujika awaphuma) Abahlaziyi Ye. Ingakumbi kuba nezazi Moscow, ezithi ukuba ngabafundisi ngokomoya kunye nokuziphatha. zandile kwaye ulahlekiso ngentsimbi enzulu.

NTP Domestic - a vzdot-kumgangatho wehlabathi kwiindawo ezininzi kunye izimpi ezininzi. Kule minyaka ingama-50 eSoviet Union uye wafumana ukuqatshelwa waMagunya Great. Oku ngokuyintloko ngenxa wekhondo - imfundo izazinzulu neenjineli. Siye wabeka ezininzi iinjongo ubeke phambili yobuntu ekwaziyo yokusombulula kwabo, nto leyo wadala iqela leengcali kakhulu kunye necebo egqibeleleyo. iingxaki ezintsha engaqhelekanga kakhulu ukuba isonjululwe Bulelani inyathelo ze-ezinefuthe eliphezulu abantu, ubukrelekrele babo, italente, ubuchule uza kukuyibaxa. Xa ngamaxesha awohlukeneyo kubonakele ukuthi impumelelo ebalaseleyo.

Iyintoni imvelaphi kukwanda kweefektri impumelelo? Yayiyini na ukuba nako lahluleka kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II? Ngaloo ndlela kuqaliswe ukuphumeza-class ihlabathi? Kutheni siye sasinda imfazwe ezibandayo? ... Kutheni na apho uqoqosho eyiyo? Kutheni zonke iinkqubo igcwele ukwandiswa ugly? Le mibuzo neminye emininzi impendulo: zisekelwe inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe, okanye - azinayo le siseko. Lo ngumba obaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso loqoqosho olusebenzayo lwesizwe.

Akukho mfuneko ukubhekisela neenkokeli imizekelo. nakho kwethu, awaziwa yi yamazwe ngamazwe. Kule minyaka ingama-50 kule amava yaba negalelo ekuphuculeni imfundo inzululwazi nobuchwepheshe US, kwaye ukuyilwa abasebenzi abaziingcali eJapan. iingcali Chinese kahle isimbo kunye isiseko lwenzululwazi zophuhliso eSoviet (ukuba yadluliselwa kunye namaxwebhu yoyilo, ingakumbi ekwakhiweni moya, irula). uncwadi Scientific nobugcisa iprintwe ngesiTshayina.

le minyaka imashumi mabini eRashiya bonke obu bungqina zembali, kutshatyalaliswa ngabom njengoko lwanto kubo, Abahlaziyi Engena zisabonakala. Yeyona ukwaliwa noqhelaniso kangangokuba waqhekeza eqalisiweyo sengqondo oludlulileyo.

Yintoni na le yayibaluleke kulo mkhuba? Olu phuhliso uyilo kunye noyilo kunye nophuhliso lwamashishini. Ngeendlela ezininzi oku iqala kunye nokudalwa zobugcisa. Umkhwetha uphando nophuhliso, uphuhliso lwemveliso, uyilo nophuhliso ubuchwepheshe obutsha. Ngokuqhelekileyo ichaphazela kunye neenkampani ezinxulumeneyo, uveliso kunye namasebe ezahlukeneyo ... Konke oku kwadala intsimi olubanzi yesizwe yengqesho abantu, kuba abaninzi yaba yinxalenye yobomi babo kwizinto zomsebenzi oqeqeshelweyo.

NTP BASEKHAYA nobuNjineli

Zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, kude shagnuvshy phambili inkqubela zeteknoloji, yimbali. Uluntu yayisecicini lenguqu ukuya into ngokomgangatho entsha, wamazwi. Kodwa malunga imashumi mathathu lobunzululwazi nobugcisa inkqubela nedoumiyu ngokwaneleyo neenkokeli zezopolitiko kunye namagosa karhulumente aye ngaphandle nangaphandle Russia ... Thina unamandla amakhulu, ze imali eninzi ophezulu-zobugcisa. Ngeendlela ezininzi abekuhambisa ngendlela, bafika kwaye igcinwe ubo kwisigaba emkhosini, kwi kokuyaphula mazwe mveliso enamandla kwaye womelele, kuqala - eUnited States. Sifika ndabaphakamisa inqanaba labo zeteknoloji (nakuba sikho ukuqhwalela). Kuzo zonke iindlela ekudaleni balihlutha siseko lophuhliso lwenzululwazi kuzo zonke iinkalo zoshishino. Kwaye iyamangalisa.

Izigaba ankrelekrele uninzi ngokwembali ebonakalayo inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe yesizwe - yakhiwe kwaye yaphuhliswa kwixesha impi, kunye noshishino kunye ukunyuka ukuya iteknoloji-class ihlabathi ukuba nisingenise Uloyiso kwiMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic; kwisithuba kwemfazwe -. ukudalwa kunye nophuhliso lwamandla enyukliya, iinkqubo enomjukujelwa nesithuba, imigca olutsha aerospace, imikhumbi, inani amasebe ngezobunjineli, elektroniki, yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, imichiza, njl Konke oku kwenziwa ngendlu bohlukaniswe ngokupheleleyo (ayilotyala yethu) yoqoqosho lwehlabathi .

Ukuthetha iintsilelo ezidlulileyo kwaye ukusilela, inkqubo ehlaselayo ukuba asizange sibe kwaye ayisebenzi (xa kuthelekiswa ne-West), umntu silibale ukuba ukusukuzana (uyibize wabelithiyiwe umlinganiselo imikhosi) kunye noqoqosho lwehlabathi, nto leyo iye yafakwa izinto zeli hlabathi - izinto, mveliso, yenzululwazi. Kuyinto izibonelelo Impucuko yanamhlanje. Bona izihlandlo ezilishumi zingaphezu kwezethu. Kuba oku sengqondo ngakumbi irreconcilably nobutshaba eSoviet Union kunye bodwa kwezoqoqosho elinzima evela West. Ewe, kwaba iintsilelo zethu - yileyo, yolawulo-umyalelo, izinga lokuqaqamba of careerism wolawulo dilettantism, eqhaqhazela esisuka "ostepenennyh" yaye ikwazizo amandla nezilumko, ngubani kanye njengokuba wasiphikisa Sinokukuhlaba amadlala yonke into esiwa ndize ndisuse ... Ukunikezela i yinyani, ezi zityholo kuba awungeni, kodwa impumelelo ngenene kubonisa unique, nokuba ndenzile. Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba imbali yesizwe kunye benomdla iza kutsala abaphandi njengoko injongo ethile elahlekileyo, amazing njengoko impumelelo zobugcisa kunye nezentlalo, kunye kuphikisana yayo.

Isabelo lweenjineli Russian zonke izizukulwana zawa nje, isiphelo eqaqambileyo kwaye ubukhulu becala ephawulekayo zibuhlungu. In memory of imbali walondoloza impumelelo loloyiso yehlabathi-yeklasi - ekudaleni ubuchwepheshe engcono kunye neesampuli nanto: izixhobo Uloyiso kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, yaye moya kamva kunye enomjukujelwa nesithuba nobuchwepheshe, kwaye ngaphezulu. Defence sphere zimele kwisiqithi ubuchule zobunjineli, apho kukho ubuncinane isithuba avulekile. Xa ufunda malunga izakhono ezimangalisayo-moya, PO Dry, AI Mikoyan, ntaka, ML Mile N. Kamov, kukho yimvakalelo likratshi nokunconywa. Kuphela umntu eyazi yobuciko, yintoni enkulu umgudu oko kwenzekileyo. kushishino Defense uye phantsi umkhusane eyinzuzo cwaka. SP Korolev wayenesikhundla ekhethekileyo esidlangalaleni. irula wakhe, isithuba aba yinxalenye ye-nkqubo - le ngcinga udumo. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ukuzimela. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kuzo ezi mpapasho, impumelelo ebalaseleyo zanikezelwa njenge inzuzo nkqubo. Ngumzali, ukuba efunyenwe nangona iinkqubo eziphikisanayo, ikakhulu ngenxa yemizamo Titanic wenzululwazi, iinjineli, kunye SP Korolev.

Kwaye elandelayo, kumashishini obunjineli boomatshini - freaks mome mveliso, kokuya nokungathembeki. Kutheni ubuchwepheshe wethu sikuzalise? Oku akuthethi kuba iinjineli abaziziyatha. Too ilinge kakhulu yanikezelwa amagosa kumasebe kunye ideologues - angoongqikana kunye nabakhohlisi, "nkolelo" inkqubela. Banikela ukunyuka ukuya amateurism akuthandayo kunye nalwazi, icala, esigwenxa ukuqonda indima lweenjineli njengoko bemeko- zobugcisa kunye nenkqubela lwenzululwazi nobugcisa, sifaka iwaka le ndima izibophelelo (odolo - do), kodwa enyanisweni licalulwayo engineer.

Namhlanje, inkqubo absurdities nzulu kuphela. Ofe sitshabalalisa shishino, imveliso, imisebenzi lwenzululwazi nobugcisa, ubomi kuluntu. inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye netheknoloji, uphuhliso olutsha - isiseko ngempumelelo yonke into. Kubonakala ukuba ibe inyaniso ecacileyo, kodwa ke akukho mntu waqonda. Kwaye iyamangalisa. Iziganeko kule minyaka yamva nje abonisa ukuba ngokumalunga nokuqonda kwetheknoloji iinjineli zayo ngokwenza oko kwenzeka gqira kunye nineties, yaye kwenzeka ntoni, akukho mahluko ... Isiqingatha uluntu lwethu luye isebenza kwi mveliso. Izigidi oosonzululwazi abaqeqeshwe kakhulu neenjineli kwiindawo Osenyangweni-zobugcisa Bazizisile lizwe ukuze kufikelelwe kwinqanaba lehlabathi. Babekulungele ukunika ulwazi namava abo kwi kuhlela. Okwangoku ke baphulukana yonke into. Akukho namnye kulindeleke umphumela onjalo. Production ugula kakhulu, abafuna unyango, kwaye nje kwayo ababuleweyo.

Ngesizathu esithile, le nto ihlala iyimfihlelo enkulu, ngaphaya kokuqonda kwenkcazelo, ngokugqithiseleyo nokunyanzeliswa, ukuqiqa ngentando yenkululeko engekhoyo, inkululeko, ubulungisa, kwiinkqubo eziqhawule umtshato kwizinto ezingokoqobo ... Ienkokeli zezopolitiko, kude