Kwi Xix W.

Inkolelo enkonzweni enkulu yoBukumkani boMbindi, okanye uMbuso woBukumkani baseMelika, yayisekelwe kwi-cosmood yaseShayina, apho zonke iindawo zaseChina ezikude kunye neendawo ezikude ziyingxenye, inxalenye okanye ukuqhubeka kweCelestial, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bayayifumana le nyaniso okanye cha. Isidima esiphezulu sezona zihloniphekileyo zesiTshayina kukucacisa oku "kubanqabileyo".

Abalawuli baseBeijing akazange bacinge ngeChina njengenxalenye yehlabathi elikhulu. Ngokuchasene noko, ihlabathi elizungezile lalibonwa ngabo kuphela "njengenye" yoBuphakathi boMbindi, okokuthi, njengenxalenye ye "hlabathi lehlabathi", indawo yangaphandle "yendawo ephela yendalo yonke," inkonzo yayo yomda. I-Feudal yaseChina, kumntu wabathetheli bayo, abazange bazicabange ngokwabo kwintsapho yelizwe elilinganayo. Kiaty kwi XIX yekhulu leminyaka ....

Ekubeni i-Empire yaseQing yayingeke ibe yinto efanayo, zonke ezinye iindawo zazingabakho nje kuphela njengezixhasi zayo kunye namadlelo asekuhlaleni. "Abantwaba" abanjalo babesidinga i-Chinese trusteeship kunye "nokuyalela" kwisikhokelo se-Confucian ethi, esichaza ubudlelwane phakathi "ophezulu" kunye "nomncinci." Inkqubo yeConfucian "yokuhlonela oonyana" yatshintshelwa kwiinkalo zobudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nolwalamano lwabalawuli kunye namanye amazwe Unokwakhiwa kuphela kumbono we-Sino-centrism, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngaba le okanye loo ntlawulo yayingaphantsi kwemida yomda ukuya eTshayina okanye elide elide lisele lithobele ukuthobela okanye mhlawumbi lingaziwa ngamaTshayina Abalawuli.

Ubukhosi boMbindi babuthatyathwa njengeziko elilodwa lenkcubeko elijikelezwe "iintlanga". Ngokuphathelele "ukungaphantsi" kwalolu hlobo lokugqibela, ngenxa yobugqwetha obukhethekileyo kunye ne-cosmogonic yoBukumkani boMbindi, kuye kwabizwa ngokuba kubizwa yiZulwini ukuba zilawulwe "kubabhikishi", ukuba zizithobe, zibe "nokuziphatha okulungileyo" ukujezisa.

Kwakukholelwa ukuba "amazwe angamaqhinga" ayenomsebenzi owodwa - ehlonipha ubukhulu be-Kazakh umbusi phezu kwehlabathi lonke kunye nokuthotyelwa kwamanyathelo okuziphatha kweConfucian. "Abanqabileyo" babecala "ngaphantsi" koBukumkani boMbindi, ukuba umbusi akakwazanga ukulwa nabo njengabalingana, kodwa kuphela abajezisa njengabafundi "abalibala umgaqo wokuhlonela oonyana." Ukufika kwee-ambassasi zabo kwajongwa eBeijing njengento yokuthobeka, umnqweno wokuba "bajoyine impucuko" kwaye baqaphele isimo sabo njengento yokuxhaswa. Ukunikezwa kotyalo-mali kubarhulumente abavakatyeweyo kwakucingwa ukuba "ububele" kunye "nobabalo" bomlawuli kwi "barbarians".

Kiaty kwiXesti yeXIX.