Ngubani owavela ikhampasi: impendulo lunzima umbuzo olula.

Sinikezela ukuba ukuthelekelela iqhina:

Awunayo yokulahleka endleleni,

Ukubamba ibhokisi kunye nosiba namasundu.

Ayizi ukucima indlela

Kwaye kukhokelela khona.

Unga lula unokuthekelela, Kakade ke, ukuba lo - nekhampasi. Le nto yenziwe enkulu, nto leyo ngokufanelekileyo bobabo kudidi ezine izinto ezinkulu uluntu, alondolozwe kwaye asetyenziswe ku namhlanje. Nekhampasi isixhobo yokukhangela yokuqala, nto leyo yanceda abahambi ukuzulazula olwandle.

Umongo isakhiwo ikhampasi - nosiba, ekhwele phezu umngxuma omncinane kunye nako ukujikeleza ngokukhululekileyo kuwo onke amacala. Utolo amanqaku yaseNorth kwisibonda ngemagnethi. Ngokuhambelana indawo yayo kwi mephu ezinye izinto eziphezu komhlaba. Ngenxa yoko, sebenzisa ikhampasi ukuze hlengisa nje kuphela ngamanzi kodwa phezu komhlaba.

Lo mbuzo apho ikhampasi kokusungulwa kwaye owasungula ikhampasi, impendulo ngqo Akukhathaliseki. Kangangexesha elide, kodwa oko kwakucingwa ukuba ukufunyanwa esekelwe intsimbi magnetized ulwalathiso, bobabo China. Compass emilise lalibhekisela ukuqhelwaniswa xa uqhuba entlango. Ngokongama fyabo kunye nesixhobo apho ilizwe owavela ikhampasi, umngeni amaNdiya, abavela, Arabhu, isiFrentshi. Kuzo zonke iingxoxo kunye nobungqina langoku ezingachanekanga, iziphene. Ngelishwa, ukuba yasinda izigwebo, iirekhodi le kufunyenweyo kuphela ntetho izazinzulu kunye nokucingela malunga owasungula ikhampasi hayi ubungqina abalobi.

Ngenkulungwane yesithathu BC, kukho sele aba inkcazo yokuqala ikhampasi, lalo ISAZINZULU Hen Chinese Fei Tzu. Yaba zinemfano icephe olukhazimlisiweyo kunye nomqheba, leyo yabekwa phezu ipleyiti ngomthi okanye ubhedu. Kwi-sikhokelo imbasa ukukhanya aye aqatshelwa. Ukubeka yeflawa magnetite ukuze sihlume akuthethi ningawachukumisi moya, kwaye kwaqalisa ukuba uphendule. Icala ukukhanya waphawula ukuba ezigcweleyo emva kokuba yokumisa ezimeleyo ukuba saba ezantsi.

Kukho ilejendi Chinese owasungula ikhampasi. Ngexesha lokulawula umlawuli Huang Di kwabakho ukulwa enkulu, apho umoya okhohlakeleyo ngoncedo umlingo Bawuyeka a quba. Kwesi sikhundla, amajoni kulwa; ke ndandingenakubona nantoni na ngeenxa zonke kuye, zange baqonde apho ngasemva kunye phambili kuyo. Utshaba ezifika ngaphandle yinkungu babulala ngesibetho esibulalayo. Le meko yayimbi kakhulu. omnye kuphela igosa eliphezulu ogama Feng-hou lalihleli enqwelweni yakhe, nangeengcinga. Yena efuna indlela yokuphuma kule meko. Kwafuneka ukuba beze into eza kunceda ukuba uzulazule ekukhanyeni. Le ndoda ulumke gqitha. Phantsi ukubharhula idabi enqwelweni lixesha kwaye wabeka mzobo yakhe indoda yentsimbi encinane, ngubani yisa nengalo yakhe eyolukileyo ngasezantsi, nangona Akubuya apho enqwelweni yakhe. Feng Hou kwaye igqalwa ilivo le Umsunguli zekhampasi yokuqala.

A isixhobo Imagnethi ngokuzimisela lamacala yokukhanya ngexesha suku lokuqala abakhankanywe kwincwadi yaseTshayina yomhla kunyaka 1044. kweminyaka 44 kancinane oluphuculweyo ikhampasi ochazwe emsebenzini wakhe sisazinzulu Chinese Shen Ko. Okwangoku, le nguqulelo kukuba abayili yokuqala ikhampasi baba Chinese nje kumbuzo. Nangaphandle kwamathandabuzo omnye - amaTshayina kwakungomnye kumgaqo zekhampasi phakathi kuqala. Kwinkulungwane XI wayesemva imikhumbi Chinese sele ikhampasi langoku.

EYurophu waqhelana yenziwe emangalisayo, enkosi abarhwebi Arab ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XXII. Sele kwinkulungwane XI kuzo zonke iinqanawa zabarhwebi - Arabhu abe ngekompas. Ke ikhampasi kwakukho isitya samanzi wahamba apho ngeplanga eyenziwe ngomthi okanye ityhubhu kufakwa kuyo kunye notolo magnetized. (Ikhampasi isikhephe Arabic enziwe ngohlobo iintlanzi yentsimbi, leyo xa emanzini ziye gqolo labonisa ukuya emntla.) Emva kokuba Arabhu baqalisa ukusebenzisa oomatiloshe ikhampasi eItali, eSpeyin, Portugal, eFransi, eJamani, eNgilani. Ngoncedo yale ikhampasi, onokufumana apho ngasentla nangasezantsi. Malunga eli xesha, ikhampasi ukuze kube lula thelekelwayo iglasi isiciko.

Ukuphuculwa imodeli ikhampasi wasungula Italian eyabuzwa Dzhoyya ngenkulungwane XIV. Kuba lula nokuchongwa kwezinye iinxalenye zehlabathi, wathi ecetywayo ukwaphula kwesazinge ikhampasi lezabelo elinesithandathu. Kwakhona ngcono umsebenzi ukujikeleza ngokudibanisa utolo stud.

Ukuze ukwazi ngqo owasungula ikhampasi, sele akunakwenzeka. amathandabuzo ezininzi kakhulu ngayo mva. Enye into icacile: isixhobo elula abakrelekrele kakhulu ekuncedeni ukwenza uluntu a kukodwa phambili kuphuhliso yayo.