Uighur Khanate: imbali, ixesha ubukho, sokonakalisa

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, imbali iye yaziwa kakhulu ithi, zizakubalulwa ebuhleni layo ngexesha namandla emkhosini, kodwa liyafana ehlabathini ngenxa yabo okanye ezinye izizathu njongo. Abanye zitshone zisabonakala, eshiya kungekho mkhondo ezinye imemori igcinwe kwimibhalo-ngqangi yamandulo. Enye yezi yaba Uighur Khanate, obe VIII-IX iinkulungwane kwi kummandla Central Asia.

Abantu kwi "iinqwelo eliphezulu"

Kudala phambi kokuba e Central Asia wabonakala Uighur Khanate, wangena manyano zesizwe-wayesaziwa kakuhle in China. Sisihlandlo sokuqala kuyo kwiingxelo ebhaliweyo uBukhosi Iinkwenkwezi, wadala kwinkulungwane IV. Bona Uyghurs ezikhethiweyo kwikota, zithethwa "gaogyuy", gama elo elithetha "wagon ende".

Eli gama baza kuba umkhwa yabo ihamba emathafeni kwi iinqwelo kunye amavili eziphakamileyo. chroniclers Chinese yachaza Uighurs njenge abantu undersized, kodwa sinamandla kakhulu futhi aqine, zizakubalulwa inkohlakalo ezigqithisileyo nokunyoluka. Kwathiwa kuqatshelwe ngobuchule babo zamahashe kunye ilifa isaphetha.

Formation of a Khanate entsha

Lo mmandla eyayihlala zezizwe Uighur Khanate, okanye, ngamanye amazwi, Khanate, owayebonakele phakathi kwenkulungwane VIII, kwinkulungwane edluleyo, kwakukho nezinye imfundo ezintathu zokuqala-ephila. Eyokuqala kwezi yaba Khanate, eyasekwa ngo-323 kwi-Khangai entabeni umqolo, ekummandla kumhlaba yelo kwi Mongolia yanamhlanje.

Ubuqale wanazo engekho ngaphezu kwe-200 leminyaka ubudala, wanikela indlela eya Kaganate yesibini zange ahlale zembali eqongeni, kwaye ngo-603 izizwe wabatshabalalisa Turks, ekhokelwa yinkokeli sodidi Ashinov. Le nto ndiyibhalayo yemfundo yesizwe ezintathu - Basmil, Karluk kunye Uighurs. Ukuba bahlale kunye neTshayina, baba nje namahlakani akhe, kodwa ibolekwe konke okusemandleni akhe, ngelo xesha, inkqubo yolawulo.

Ukuqala ngembali Uighur Khanate ithathwa ukuba babe neminyaka 745 ubudala, ngenxa yomzabalazo etsolo zangaphakathi bababamba inkokeli clan amandla sodidi Yaglakar ogama Bilge (umfanekiso wakhe ngezantsi). Yena ngokwakhe a Uighur, yaye ngenxa yesi sizathu, urhulumente wadala ukuba intando yawo, wehla kwimbali yegama.

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi Uighur State

Kuyimfuneko ukuba ahlawule irhafu kumlawuli: Uyghur Khaganate wadala phezu siseko wedemokhrasi ngokwaneleyo kwaye yahluke kuyaphi ngamasiko okungenaluzsini ngexesha. Bilge nemisebenzi yolawulo esisiseko unikwe nabameli kwisizukulwana ezilishumi, kwasekwa isizwe toguz Oguz, nto leyo eye yaba phambili, kodwa hayi ebhudla zikarhulumente.

Basmil nyanzela yokutshayela ukuxhathisa, wabanika amalungelo afanayo nabazalwana zooyise. Nokuba isizwe omncinane ezifana KIBI Tongra, hun, isifo kunye nabanye eziliqela, zaye zathathelwa indawo jikelele kwi ngokulinganayo. Xa wayeneminyaka engaphezu amabini 'kumzabalazo ochasene Karluk Uyghur Khanate, eyathatha nqapha emva kokufa Bilge, baza equalized kunye toguz-Oguz, ukufumana ngokwabo kwi leri lwentlalo ngokulinganayo.

Olu hlobo isixhobo lwangaphakathi enikezelwe kuye uzinzo lokuqala ngokwaneleyo. izizwe Small ngexesha elinye banamalungelo afanayo kwisizwe aziintloko Uighur Khanate. Imfazwe kunye Turks, amanye amaqumrhu amadlelo bayiqinisa le manyano.

indawo Ngokuba bet wakhe Bilge Khan unyule ifumaneka phakathi unyawo Hang kunye umlambo Orkhon. Ngokubanzi, impahla yalo, kumda neTshayina, ukuya ngasentshona igutyungelwe Dzungaria - ebonakalayo kwindawo yabo kummandla Central Asia, kunye empuma - inxalenye naseManchuria. Ukuze ufumane inzuzo engaphezulu indawo Uighurs akazange afune. Phakathi kwenkulungwane VIII abantu emathafeni waba adinwe Iezothuso elidlulileyo.

Indlalifa ngamandla ephakamileyo

Emva kokufa Bilge Khan, ilandelwe unyaka 747, igunya elongamileyo kwi Uyghur Khaganate wegqitha waya unyana wakhe Mayanchuru, kodwa ilungelo labo ilifa kwafuneka yokuzithethelela kwi umlo wamagazi. Ixesha lokugqibela wobukumkani bakhe uyise yabalasela ukuvela close iisekile yakhe inkcaso aneliseke-nkqubo omiselwe elindele ithuba ukuba bavukele.

Ukuthatha ithuba ukufa yomphathi, yavusa imvukelo phakathi iinkokheli Basmil Kurluk, ngaloo ndlela ngokuvulela imfazwe yamakhaya. Ungenandawo ithuba yokutshayela ukuxhathisa, Mayanchur wanyanzeleka ukuba aye uncedo abasemzini - i nangezinto kidonyan. Noko ke, ababhali-mbali ziye zaphawula ukuba indima ebalulekileyo kwisigqibo ngempumelelo imfazwe wayedlala amandla akhe ukufumana zonke iimeko izono ezinzima.

Ukwamkelwa ke ubukhulu balo, Mayanchur wenza amalungiselelo karhulumente. Waqalisa kunye nokudalwa yomkhosi mobile kwaye baqeqeshwe kakuhle. It is a yimfuneko zaseprayimari Uighur Khanate wayekho ngexesha lemfazwe, rhoqo ubaneka lonke Central Asia. Kodwa ke, ngokungafaniyo noyise, umlawuli oselula wenza konke okusemandleni ukuze bandise nemfuyo yabo.

imikhankaso Military Mayanchura

Ngenxa yoko, ekuqaleni 750, wabathimba ke ziimbaxa ye Yenisei River, woyisa isizwe eziphilayo iimeko apho, yaye ukuwa wawoyisa AmaTatar, selivshimsya e Western naseManchuria. Kunyaka olandelayo, oyise kongezelelwa mhlaba Kyrgyz, erhangqwe ngasentla-ntshona kwimida Khanate. Ukuqhubeka isiko kayise, Mayanchur wanika abameli abantu axhatshazwe amalungelo abo alinganayo kunye nabanye abemi karhulumente.

Ukwibakala obalulekileyo kwimbali Uighur Khanate libonelela kubo ummeli uncedo umkhosi ukuya eTshayina Tang Dynasty. Inyaniso yeyoba, e-755, omnye kubathetheli ebalulekileyo ye-Chinese Army-An Lushan wavukela waza wakhokelela ngamava ezininzi, kwakheka isikakhulu baseTurkey, zifakiwe zombini ikomkhulu Iinkwenkwezi uBukhosi - Chang'an kunye Luoyang. Ngenxa yoko, i-uKhesare akukho abangakwenza ukucela uncedo kubahlobo yayo Uighurs.

Mayanchur basabela ikhwelo, kabini wathumela China kunye nomkhosi kumawaka-5. Iingcali namabutho phantse 10000th abangabancedani. Oku agcinwa Tang ubukhosi, baza bamnceda ukuba abambelele ngamandla, kodwa ngenxa inkonzo enikezelwa Uighurs, kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule ngegolide.

sum Okuninzi enkulu kuhlawulelwa umlawuli ukuba abavikeli bakhe ukuba uphume kummandla China kwaye uyeke, ukuphanga. Le usebenze kanzima ukubuyisela ucwangco kwilizwe elingummelwane leyo kakhulu ahlanganiswe Khanate kunye nempembelelo entle kwezoqoqosho yayo.

Ukwamkelwa ukholo Manichaean

Enye nqanaba obalulekileyo kwimbali Uighur Khanate weza, ngokutsho yemihla ezifanayo Chinese, ngo-762, yaye akazange enxulumene kunye ngamagorha emfazwe kunye nabantu bakhe ngokuqhagamshelana ukholo Manichaean. umfundisi wakhe waba wevangeli ukuthetha kakuhle ulwimi Uighurs Sogdian baqubisana nabo ngexesha ngeenyawo kuBukhosi Iinkwenkwezi.

Religion of Mani, okanye ngenye Manichaeism yavela ngenkulungwane III eBhabheli, ngokukhawuleza wafumana abalandeli bakhe emhlabeni wonke. Ngaphandle kokuya kwi iinkcukacha imfundiso yalo, thina kuphela ukuba North Afrika qaphela phambi kokwamkelwa ubuKristu, Manichaeism washumayela elizayo Saint Augustine, eYurophu kokuba enikezele ekuchithekeni qhekeko Albigensian, kwaye kanye ehlabathini Iranian, bafudukela ukuya eMpuma Ekude.

Ukuba unqulo sichaze le Uighurs, Manichaeism wabanika negalelo enamandla phambili phambili impucuko. Ngenxa yokuba ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo kunye nenkcubeko, yaba ithi phambili ngakumbi Sogd ibekwe e Central Asia, ulwimi Sogdian weza ukusetyenziswa belingana kunye zamaTurkic Uighurs wazinika ithuba ukudala uncwadi yabo kazwelonke. Wavumela bakhona izolo ukuba bazibandakanye inkcubeko Iran, kwaye ngoko ke yonke lweMeditera.

Ngelo xesha, azuze amaxesha amasiko ngumbharbhari ka Uighur Khanate, nangona imiphumo eyingenelo le nkolo entsha kunye amaqhina zenkcubeko lusekiwe, ubukhulu becala ihleli injalo, nogonyamelo yindlela yokusombulula iingxaki ezininzi. Yinto eyaziwayo ingakumbi ukuba ngamaxesha ezahlukeneyo ezimbini ngumlawuli xesha kwawa ababulali, omnye wazibulala, engqongwe ngabantu kwesihlwele zabe.

YaseTuva i yinxalenye Uighur Khanate

Phakathi kwinkulungwane VIII le Uighurs walinga kabili ukuba athimbe indawo yelo yaseTuva, yaye wazama ukuba ndizinyathele izizwe ababehlala nezi- apho. Kwakunzima kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba ubuhlobo kunye nabamelwane bayo emantla - Kyrgyz - kwaye uxhomekeke kwinkxaso yabo. Ngokutsho zophando ezininzi, ukuba abamelwane uncedo kuye kwabangela iintsilelo Uighurs kunye yinkokheli yabo Moyun-Chura ngexesha lephulo yokuqala.

emva konyaka omnye kuphela, ngenxa uloyiso kwi Battle komlambo Bolchu, Uighur umkhosi yakwazi ukoyisa kweelana yoThungelw Kyrgyz namahlakani azo. Ukuze ekugqibeleni bazuze zintshula kuloo mmandla oyisa, Moyun-Chura wayalela ukwakha uthotho iinqaba nezakhiwo omzimba, kunye nokusekwa zokuhlala zomkhosi apho. Njengenxalenye Uighur Khanate yaseTuva ukuya kokuwa kwakhe oko, njengokuba kumntla-ntshona ongaphandle karhulumente.

Ukukhabana ne uBukhosi Iinkwenkwezi

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane VIII, mandundu kakhulu neentlobano zokwazana China Khanate. Ingakumbi okuphawuleka yaba kanye ngonyaka 778 ukuya amandla kweza * kuKhesare Detszun (umfanekiso wakhe ngezantsi), elimelene kakhulu Uighurs kwaye alizithathi kuyimfuneko ukuzifihla antipathy zabo. Amalungelo ngaloo minyaka kaganate Idigan Khan, efuna ukumnyanzela phantsi, wahlanganisa umkhosi, ayifikela imimandla yomntla lizwe.

Noko ke, akazange aqonde ukuba kule minyaka ukususela ngoko, njengokuba Uighurs basindiswe amalungelo e China Tang Dynasty, labemi China zinyuke ngabantu phantse million, kwaye ke ngoko, ukwanda kunye nobukhulu yomkhosi. Ngenxa adventure lomkhosi yasilela kwaye iya mandundu kuphela ubutshaba efanayo.

Noko ke, kungekudala emva koko imfazwe kunye Tibet banyanzelisa umlawuli Chinese ukucela uncedo ukuba Uighur bamthiya, nabo ngentlawulo ukunika naye elikhulu ngokwaneleyo amabutho. Reining sisebenza iminyaka emithathu e-Tibet nokuphazamisana yokuhlasela kwi North China, i Uighurs osifumene kumqeshi wakhe isixa zokuhomba zegolide, kodwa xa ebuya ekhaya emva kwemfazwe, wawuza kwenza ingxaki engalindelekanga.

Qala umbango yangaphakathi

Ngokungenisa phulo, umkhosi wakhe Idigan Khan babengazi ukuba phakathi izizwe eyenziwe yabemi Khanate, novelwano abaninzi kuphela eTibet, kodwa kufuneka ngegazi nabo. Ngenxa yoko, babuyele noloyiso abasuka kwamanye amazwe, kwanyanzeleka Uighurs ekhaya ukucinezela zaqalwa kwavuka phezu zonke ndawo, inikezela i Karluk ne Turgish.

Ekuncothukeni Warriors Khanate lowatyumza nokumelana wabo, uyaphule emva kwabo bavukela Kyrgyz igcine ngelo xesha ukuzimela, kodwa babesebenzisa xenga kwezopolitiko ukugqiba ngokwahlukana. Ngo-816, le meko wadala ngenxa ngaphakathi, alusebenzisa eTibet, amagqabi akukho themba ukuthatha revenge for ukoyiswa esandukubakho Uighurs. Ukuba kuhambisane ixesha xa imikhosi eziphambili Khanate, bathatha inxaxheba kwezithandani le mvukelo, ophezu umda osemantla karhulumente, bahlasela ikomkhulu Karakorum Uighuria zamihla yonke intabalala ababengenako ukuyiphatha yonke, waza wayitshisa.

izimpi zenkolo itshayelwe Khanate

Sokonakalisa okwalandela Uighur Khanate, weza phakathi kwenkulungwane IX, negalelo ukwanda kunyaka ngamnye obuzimele ukuzingca phakathi kwezizwe eyeyakhe. Indima ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni kwiiyantlukwano zazo zonqulo ukudlala, kunye nje Uighurs waba into ephambili zentiyo jikelele.

Kubalulekile ukuba kukhunjulwe ukuba Uighur Khanate wayekho ngelo xesha xa phakathi kwezizwe emathafeni of Central Asia yaba yinkqubo yokutshintsha ukholo. Mbuya waboleka Outlook zonqulo ikakhulu ukususela Iran, Syria kunye Arabia, kodwa kuyenzeka ngokucothayo kakhulu, ngaphandle koxinzelelo oluvela ngaphandle. Ngoko ke, ngokuthe ngcembe kwavela phakathi kwabo ubuKristu Nestorian, Islam, Buddhism kunye qhagamshela (obuBhuda, neqaphela uMdali wendalo). Kwiimeko apho isizwe ngasinye ephila baba abamelwane abaxhomekeke namandla ngakumbi, azigqibi ngenkani kuhlawulwe irhafu, yaye akazange azame ukutshintsha lonke uluhlu inqubo yabo.

Ke Uighurs, bazama ukunyanzela iintlanga ukuba ahlawule, baba yinxalenye karhulumente, Manichaeism, kuba abaninzi bezinye iintlanga nentsonkothileyo ngenxa zaneleyo ngexesha lophuhliso. Imigaqo-nkqubo efanayo bamthwalela phandle malunga izizwe, abathe baba lixhoba le ekuphangeni, bazifumanisa iphenjelelwa ngabo. Wanelisekile uviko nje ifunyenwe Uighurs kwanyanzeleka ukuba bashiye indlela eqhelekileyo yobomi uthabathe Manichaeism, ovelisa ngaloo waphula psyche of akhonze zakhe.

Ukuqala ukufa karhulumente

Lo mkhuba kwakhokelela ekubeni kuphela ingqibelelo kodwa kakhulu ubukho Uighuria rhoqo sisongelwa liyanda inani iintshaba zangaphakathi nangaphandle. Kungekudala kakhulu kungquzulana axhobe Kyrgyz Karluk kunye eTibet lade umlinganiswa yeemfazwe zonqulo. Konke oku kwakhokelela ekubeni phakathi kwinkulungwane IX ubuhle Uighur Khanate kwixesha elidlulileyo.

Ukwenziwa buthathaka kaRhulumente kanye enamandla bangenelwa Kyrgyz ethinjiweyo 841, ikomkhulu lakhe Karakorum wamba bonke ubuncwane okulo. Abaphengululi abaninzi Sigxininisa ukuba ekubulaleni Karakoram ngokubaluleka kunye neziphumo kwakufana kunye kokuwa kweConstantinople ngo-1453.

Ekugqibeleni Uighur Khanate Wawa phantsi Ukuhlasela ingxokolo Chinese, babewahlasela kuye 842 waza wamnyanzela namahlakani akhe wexesha lakudala, baleka ukuya kwimida naseManchuria. Kodwa moya elide akazange ukugcina Army kwantshabalalo. Kyrgyz khan, ukuze bafunde ukuba Uighurs baye bafumana indawo yokusabela kwi imihlaba AmaTatar, weza enempi enkulu Makabulawe afe bonke ababesebeqabuke nangoku izigalo.

ndlongo ngesiquphe evela China bamsukela kuphela imisebenzi zomkhosi nezopolitiko, kodwa kwakhona ukuba litshitshiswe Manichaeism, leyo kucaba ngakumbi indlela ukusasazeka ubuBhuda. Mukhtar Maniyev zonke iincwadi zonqulo zatshatyalaliswa, yaye impahla kudluliselwa abalungiseleli ehlelo yobuncwane asebukhosini.

Isenzo lokugqibela idrama

Kodwa ke, eli bali liye alukapheli kunye Uighurs. Emva kokoyiswa imeko kanye yamandla wakwazi ngo-861, simanyene ehlabathini wokugqibela ubukhosi nabanegunya ngaphambili Yaglakara, ukudala ubulawuli encinane kumntla-ntshona eTshayina, ummandla wephondo Gansu. Le mfundo ntsha yaba yinxalenye Iinkwenkwezi Empire amalungelo buzimeleyo.

Kuba ixesha elithile ubudlelwane Uighurs kunye iinkosi zabo ezintsha ukuzola ngokwaneleyo, ingakumbi ekubeni imbeko iseti rhoqo. Bade bavunyelwa ukuba ukugcina nebutho ezininzi yokugxotha ukuhlaselwa abamelwane ndlongo - izizwe Karluk, kunye Chigils yagmy.

Xa amandla akho akwanelanga ukuba beze uncedo yomkhosi karhulumente. Kodwa kamva * uKhesare of China, etyhola Uighurs kwi ukuphanga noqhankqalazo, ndayihluthwa nabo ukhuseleko lwabo. Oku 1028 bangenelwa kufutshane Tunguses eTibet kwaye Uighurs ilifa ilizwe, kubuphelisa ubukumkani babo. Oku kugqiba ibali Uighur Khanate, njengoko kushwankathelwe kweli nqaku.