Ngubani owavela ilifti, yaye nini?

Zekheshi - yenziwe eyodwa, nto leyo ngoku gqitha inkoliso yabantu ehlabathini. Esi sixhobo kokususa ke ngokuqinileyo kakhulu esekwe kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngoko ngamandla ukuba inkoliso yabantu musa ukucinga malunga owasungula ilifti, yaye nini. Kweli nqaku ukuchaza ngokweenkcukacha ngayo.

Ngubani kuqala owavela ilifti, yaye xa ntoni?

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, simele sibuyele emva ukuya eRoma Ancient. Kwaba apho, kwidolophu saseHerculaneum, kwabonakala kwase yokuqala ikheshi. Ekubeni isixeko imi emazantsi ntshava, kungekudala wawa zizisulu mlilo. Ngomhla kumbiwa a abembi ndlu, asibazi owavela ilifti, safumana iinkcukacha kakuhle abalondolozwa i lift, esetyenziselwa ukuphakamisa izitya igqityiwe ukusuka lokuphekela kwigumbi lokutyela. izinto Found yomhla we-79 ngonyaka n. e. Yaba ngeli xesha kunye ntshava isaqhuma.

Nakuba kunjalo, eminye imithombo kukho iingxelo ngaphambili pre-imifanekiso iilifti ebhaliweyo. Umzekelo, wezakhiwo ukusuka eRoma ekuthiwa Vitruvius kuchaziwe umbhalo wakhe ukuba uphuhliso wayalela ukuba yoyilo ilifti Archimedes zaseSirakuse. Imihla wesandla kunyaka 236 BC. e.

France

Ngo-1743 i-Palace of Versailles Louis XV wakha lift umkhweli. Icebo wadalwa injongo enye kuphela: savela bangakwenza ngaphandle umgudu omkhulu ekhwela indlu eliphezulu, apho wayehlala khona inkosikazi yakhe.

Ngubani owavela ilifti eRashiya?

Ngowe-1795, eSt Petersburg, ezipasejini lakwaWinter Palace, kwaba kuyenzeka ukubona bumpkin amanqatha Bezborodko. I-Chancellor waba engaqhelekanga izifumanele ukuphakanyiswa nochulumanco. Kamva kwavela ukuba Bezborodko "wathabatha off" kwi "esitulweni samopodomnom" barentayo yokumkani. Nje ukuba kukho umatshini yesixhobo, nto leyo eza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku.

Oku kuphakamisa umbuzo osemthethweni: "? Ngubani owavela ilifti eRashiya" Yaba Umsunguli obalaseleyo Ivan Kulibin. uyakwazi nokuphakamisa aqhutywa ngabantu enye, asingoweemini ezimbini; ngokuba Screw elikhokelayo, leyo zafakelwa nkqo, hambisa nati ezizodwa, anyuke elorini eqongeni. Esi sixhobo sele Sasikuthanda yabakhonzi ebhotwe kunye namagosa aphezulu. Phakamisa Kulibina yaba ikheshi umkhweli yokuqala, eyakhiwa kuBukhosi Russian.

America kunye Britain

Ngowe-1800 njenge drive ukuze uphakamise ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa injini. Kwathi eMelika kwenye imigodi, apho namalahle misela. Umnikazi wayo ngokukhawuleza waqonda ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-injini maxa wambi kuzakwandisa isantya amalahle niwele ngokuphawulekayo ukwandisa ukwanela kwemveliso. Ukususela ngelo xesha, ixesha yokusebenza kakuhle kwimarike bekwilift. Ngokwamanani kwezoqoqosho, sebenzisa iilifti lube nenzuzo. Sele 1835 amashishini zoshishino iNgilani baqalisa ukusebenzisa umphunga bekwilift kwempahla.

lift hydraulic

Kodwa izixhobo ezintsha ethile omnye kakhulu. Kwaba yimfuneko ukugcina ukusebenza kwe-injini rhoqo. Ayizange ukudala naziphi na iingxaki emigodini, apho ilifti yayisetyenziswa rhoqo. Kodwa eziqhelekileyo, apho lift wenziwa utyando manqaphanqapha, ngenxa yesi sizathu, kukho eninzi ngokuphazamiseka. Nasemakhayeni musa ukubeka iilifti zomphunga ngenxa ingxolo yazo ngokugqithiseleyo. Inxenye ingxaki isonjululwe ngo-1845. waseMelika Vilyam Tompson basungula i lift lokuqala hydraulic. uyilo kwakhona ethile walo wokudla, njengoko kuyimfuneko kwi-umthombo xi fluid. Ukuze wenze oku, kwakhona usebenzisa injini. Kuphela ngoku kokuba ibekwe kude ukusuka kwisiza fakelo ikheshi. A ulwelo babezalusa ngokwayo phantsi koxinzelelo ophezulu ngokusebenzisa umbhobho. Nangona inani lemizi sele usebenzise i inkqubo yonikezelo lwamanzi kwindawo enye. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba uxinzelelo ephantsi ayidluli 0.38 MPA, baba akafanelekanga kusetyenziselwa iilifti Thompson.

yokuphucula design

Ngowe-1851, uWilliam Armstrong (Injineli) wenza accumulator hydraulic. Esi sixhobo uyandiswa ze kubonelelwe phantsi namanzi njalo ukuba lombhobho. design ibhetri yayilula. Isilinda nkqo (impompo ubukhulu - 40-45 centimeters) lwebhokisi steel inkxaso uzala luhlalu okanye ngamatye. Enyanisweni, xa edlulisa Armstrong kuyo onke amacandelo athile eso ikheshi hydraulic mihla. Le accumulator kunye ezininzi, kunye nohlobo cylinder impompo hydraulic. iinjineli baseYurophu baye bazibiza ngokwabo umsebenzi omnye kuphela. Bagqiba ukuphucula uyilo iilifti kunye lombhobho impompo isenzo ngqo. Lift lokuqala ezifana wavela 1849 eNgilani. Yaye yasekwa kwi "Osmaston Manor." Kodwa yee-60s umkhweli lift ngamanzi baqalisa ukusebenzisa zonke iihotele enkulu eNgilani.

indlela ekhuselekileyo yezothutho

Kwaye apha ukuza impendulo yombuzo "Ngubani owavela ikheshi benkulungwane ye-18?" UElisha akuMazwe Otis - yiloo igama yinjineli. Yaba nguye lowo wenyuka kunye lift likhuselekileyo ehlabathini. Ngexesha lakhe, American yatshintsha kakhulu imisebenzi: wakha iinqwelwana, wayesebenza loo maplanga, yaba isisebenzi, wakhonza kwi-mveliso ifanitshala. Kulapha ke wacelwa ukuba enze ilifti ukuzisa imithi ukuya kumgangatho wesibini. Ngoxa ukusebenza kule projekthi kunye akuMazwe weza wakhe wokusungula.

Phambi kokuba Otis intambo bawafaka ngqo kwi-moya, kwaye wanika uElisha ngensimbi luvela ipleyiti-emthonjeni. Kwicala ngalinye lift umsunguli neentsimbi iseti yokubeka. Nokuba phantsi bulikhulu iqonga yasentwasahlobo engenanto ngokwayo lula bopha yaye yabanjwa phakathi kwabo. Ukuba intambo ziguyiwe, emthonjeni ayinakolulwa kunye iziphelo zawo waxinga ngamazinyo yimiqolo, ukungavumeli ukuwa ikhabhathi. Nabani owavela ikheshi kuElisha, yaye akazange Ndinephupha nkqubo kukhuseleko.

"Otis elevator"

Kungekudala akuMazwe wavula inkampani yakhe Otis elevator. Intengiso liphakamisa wayibiza iilifti likhuselekileyo ehlabathini. Ngowe-1854, ukwandisa yokuthengisa imveliso yawo, Otis wasungula lokuqhayisa. E-New York, omnye iiholo zemiboniso kunye amajukujuku eliphezulu (mitha ezili-12), umqambi ibekwe phakathi exhasa ezimbini nokuphakamisa umgangatho. On top of the sakhiwo umncedisi Otis ngekrele elide. Sam mangcwaba nomnqwazi phezulu naseTuxedo phezu eqongeni phakathi iibhokisi emilambo. Xa ilifti ngokusebenzisa injini lenyuka ukuya phezulu, liqela umncedisi uElisha ndiyinqumle intambo. Eli qonga wawa phantsi, kodwa emva kokuba isibini yeemitha ukusuka izixhobo into yasebusuku umlilo ezoyikekayo kwaye ime kuyo. Abaphulaphuli izandla lowo owavela ikheshi. Elisha akuMazwe Otis wadubula cylinder baqubuda kuwo onke amacala.

lift electric

Lahamba ixesha, kunye nolwakhiwo eziphuculweyo bekwilift. Ngowe-1887, A. Miles of America ifumene ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza ukuba wokuphakamisa yombane. Uyilo ezintsha inkqubo yokutshixa emnyango zam xa kuthe yokungabikho emgangathweni moya.

Ngowe-1889 godu Otis elevator wahlanganisa lift yokuqala yale chwetheza enye ezinde New York. Ukusuka kule ndawo waya ukunwenwa iilifti zombane kwimizi ngemizi yehlabathi. eyasungulwa entsimini iilifti ochaphazelekayo ikakhulu esizisebenzelayo inkonzo kunye neenkqubo zolawulo. Kuba ukusebenza kakhulu yokuqala iilifti efunekayo intonga tight (emsebenzini phezu imigangatho ophakamisa-moya ka umphunga injini yinjineli). Kodwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX kwakudingeka ophakamisa enye kuphela kwezombane enye kwimigodi emininzi kwi sakhiwo. Kuba nangenye ezintsha ziquka ukusungulwa iiyunifomu. Ngoku enxibe ophakamisa wakhe waba nani engundoqo yabasebenzi zonke ehotele ngelo xesha. Ngowe-1924, inkampani "Otis elevator" uye wadala inkqubo lefowuni sifikelele ngokucinezela iqhosha. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, injineli Houghton wasungula iingcango oluzenzekelayo. isixhobo wabonakala uya zokusebenzisa le bekwilift kwaye lula kakhulu nokugcinwa kwabo.

isiphelo

Ngoko ke, ngoku uyazi ukuba ngubani owavela ilifti, yaye nini. Siye ndazilanda nasekusungulweni kwale sixhobo ukusuka kudala ukuya namhlanje. Yintoni elandelayo? Indlela iinjineli ukubona lift elizayo? Ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kuba ukuzila, okuzenzekelayo ekhuselekileyo. Kwaye mhlawumbi nokuba isithuba!