Operation East Prussia (1945). imisebenzi Strategic ihlasele IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic

Ngaphesheya ngaphambili omkhulu ekhubekisayo eSoviet Union okuyiphatha ngaphandle ebusika 1945. Amajoni wambetha amagalelo enamandla kuwo onke amacala. Umyalelo wathwala uKonstantin Rokossovsky, Ivan Chernyakhovsky, Alexander Vasilevsky, kunye Ivan Bagramyan kunye Vladimir Tributs. Phambi ngokwemikhosi yabo injongo ubalulekileyo yamacebo qhinga.

January 13 waqala ukusebenza odumileyo East-Prussia ngo-1945. Injongo elula - ukuba kuzityumza buze kutshabalalisa eseleyo iqela German e East Prussia kunye nenxalenye esemantla Poland, ukuze avule indlela eya eBerlin. Ngokubanzi, lo msebenzi kubaluleke kakhulu nje kuphela ekukhanyeni lokuphelisa iintsalela yokunganyangeki. Namhlanje, loo nto ixela ukuba amaJamani ayesele phantse waphumelela. Oku akunjalo.

ezifuneka Kubalulekile ukuba ukusebenza

Okokuqala, East Prussia waba umgca enamandla zokhuselo, apho noko ngempumelelo bakwazi ukuzimela iinyanga ezininzi, enika amaJamani ixesha wayimunca amanxeba. Okwesibini, namagosa eziphezulu German ukusebenzisa nayiphi khefu lokuphelisa ngokwasemzimbeni uHitler isiqalo thethwano ukuze kubekho uxolo eyahlukileyo with "namahlakani 'yethu (kukho eninzi ubungqina amahlelo). Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ukuthintela nokuba ezi meko. Kunye notshaba ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokugqibeleleyo iphele.

iimpawu zale ngingqi

Ngecala lasempumalanga kakhulu Prussia yaba kummandla eyingozi kakhulu, ukuba ngubani iphuhlise uthungelwano lweendlela kunye zokuchopha ezininzi evumela wena ukhethe ngokukhawuleza udlulise ngapha inani enkulu amabutho nezikhali enzima. Le ndawo kufana indalo ngokwayo yenzelwe lokuzithethelela elide. Kukho Amachibi ezininzi, imilambo kunye amadobo, ezenza kube ekhubekisayo nzima kakhulu kwaye nyanzela utshaba ukulandela ukulungelelanisa nokomeleza "iikhorido".

Mhlawumbi imisebenzi ekhubekisayo ye-Red Army ngaphandle eSoviet Union bekungenjalo nzima. Ukususela kwimihla uMyalelo leTeutonic kule ndawo izele izakhiwo omzimba, abaninzi kuzo anamandla kakhulu. Ngokukhawuleza emva 1943, xa imfazwe ka 1941-1945 zonganyelwe, kwi Kursk, amaJamani okokuqala baye bafumana ithuba kuba bengaphumelelanga. On umsebenzi ukuqinisa ezi imigca ngayo ukuba balahle bonke abemi eyomeleleyo kwaye inani elikhulu amabanjwa. Ngokufutshane, amaNazi uzimisele uzuko.

Ukusilela - intwasahlobo lokoyisa

Ngokubanzi, ubusika ekhubekisayo wayengekho lokuqala, akurhawukanga umsebenzi wokuqala yaye East-Prussia kakhulu. 1945 kuphela ukuba kuqhubeka ntoni yaqalwa kunye ngo-Oktobha 1944, xa imikhosi Soviet bakwazi ukuya kungena kwindawo ezinqatyisiweyo oziikhilomitha ezimalunga nekhulu. Ngenxa yenkcaso olomeleleyo waseJamani ayiphumelelanga Kwathi.

Noko ke, ukungaphumeleli uthathwa nzima. Okokuqala, kukho isiseko ethembekileyo yamiselwa. Okwesibini, nabathetheli bomkhosi yaye wazuza amava angathethekiyo yaye bakwazi ukuva ezinye ubuthathaka yotshaba. Ukongeza, into yokuba uqalisa bathatha amazwe aseJamani wayesebenzela amaNazi ngxelo imbi kakhulu (nakuba njalo).

Iingalo Wehrmacht

Ukuziphendulela zabanjwa Army Group "Umbindi", phantsi ngokomyalelo Georg Reinhardt. On ezandla: bonke wesithathu Panzer Army Erhard Raus, eqhola Fridriha Hossbaha, kunye Valtera Vaysa.

nangoko imikhosi yethu wathetha 41 Division, kwakunye inani elikhulu imikhosi ngokukhethwa ezininzi amalungu nako ukuziphendulela Volkssturm yasekuhlaleni. Zonke amaJamani kwakukho ubuncinane 580.000 abasebenzi zomkhosi, kwakunye malunga 200 amawaka folksshturmovtsev. By the line ukuzithethelela amaNazi banduluka amatanki 700 nemipu self-ngokwaso, ngaphezu kwama-500 ukulwa moya malunga 8.5 amawaka. Pieces of zokudubula kunye mortars abanjalo enkulu.

Kakade ke, imbali kwiMfazwe Patriotic ka-1941-1945. Ndiyazi uxhulumaniso German yokulwa-ukusondela, kodwa ndawo lula kakhulu ukuziphendulela, kodwa ngenxa yokuba amandla enjalo ngokwaneleyo.

I Sukwenza umyalelo German bagqiba ukuba bayenze mmandla, nokuba inani ilahleko. Kwathiwa kakhulu lilungisa, kuba Prussia yaba njengesikhundla ofezekileyo qhubela butho Soviet. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuba amaJamani yakwazi ukubujika ubuso i ngaphambili wayithimba le ndawo, oko kuya kuvumela ukuba ukuzama ukuba balwe. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, izibonelelo kule ndawo avumele baqhubeke bokuphela eJamani.

Ziziphi imikhosi ekuchithweni kwayo, umyalelo eSoviet owayibumbayo East-Prussia ukusebenza ngo-1945?

amabutho USSR

Noko ke, ababhali-mbali zomkhosi onke amazwe bakholelwa ukuba axhatshazwe kule mpi amaNazi akukho ithuba. Iinkokeli zomkhosi Soviet lusebenze ingqalelo ukungaphumeleli olu hlaselo lokuqala, apho yazinyaswa ngomnye kuphela amandla ka Front Third Byelorussian. Kulo mzekelo, nivumelene ukusebenzisa amandla lonke Panzer Army, zantlanu angaphathi itanki, imikhosi ezimbini umoya, leyo, ukongeza, wamomeleza 2 Belorussian Front.

Ukongeza, lohlaselo yaba ukuxhasa moya ye-First Baltic Front. Xa iyonke, abantu ngokusebenza ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sesigidi baqeshwa, imipu ngaphezulu kwama-20,000 kunye mortars ezinkulu-ukuvuleka, malunga namawaka amane kwamatanki nemipu self-ngokwaso, kwakunye akukho moya ngaphantsi kwe amawaka amathathu. Ukuba uyalikhumbula iziganeko IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, uhlaselo kwi East Prussia, ziya kuba phakathi ebonakalayo.

Ngoko ke, amajoni ethu (ngaphandle wamajoni) imikhosi kuno amaJamani izihlandlo ezithathu phezu kwabantu zokudubula ngo-2,5 amaxesha, amatanki kunye moya - phantse 4.5 amaxesha. Kwiindawo inzuzo yama ri swa ezinkulu kakhulu. Ukongeza, amajoni kwiSoviet kudubula, babemise zinamandla amatanki EC-2, ACS wapin-152/122/100 yaye ngoko ke akazange emagqabini kwamathandabuzo. Noko ke, njengokuba kwi iilahleko phezulu, njengoko inani le Wehrmacht kule sayithi ithunyelwe ngqo abahlala Prussia, ngubani balwa ngamandla ukuya wokugqibela.

Eyona ndlela yokusebenza

Ukususela ekuqaleni ukusebenza East Prussia ngo-1945? January 13 ivule ekhubekisayo, nto leyo kuye kwaxhaswa lugwayimbo moya kunye netanki. Amanye amajoni inkxaso uhlaselo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ayonto uyesabeka, impumelelo ekhawulezayo ayizange yenzeke ekuqaleni.

Okokuqala, usuku "D" ngasese Ukonga ayiphumelelanga. AmaJamani likwazile ukuthatha inyathelo pre-kwinjongp batsale kwi kwisiza olucetywayo sesona sisombululo inani liphezulu kangangoko amabutho. Okwesibini, ushwankathelwa imozulu, ekube elungele ukusetyenziswa umoya kunye zokudubula. kamva Rokossovsky ukhumbula ukuba imozulu wakhangela ngathi iqhekeza esiluqilima enkungwini emanzi, Zinokuxutywa ikhephu zamafu. iingozi Aircraft aba ngongoma kuphela: inkxaso epheleleyo ye-mkhosi phambili akuphumelelanga. imini yonke ekuhlaseleni Nokuba ehleli ngeenxa zonke, njengoko kwaba nzima ukwenza ngaphandle kwizikhundla yotshaba.

iziganeko ezinjalo kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II abazange ingaqhelekanga. Bona kwakusoloko kusiliwa imiyalelo abasebenzi uphambili kwaye wathembisa ilahleko ezongezelelweyo.

"Inkungu Jikelele"

Gunners naye okubuhlungu: ukubonakala Kwaba kubi kangangokuba hlengiso lwe umlilo akunakwenzeka, yaye ngenxa yoko kwafuneka ukuba ukudubula kuphela ngaxa-ungenanto uluhlu kweemitha 150-200. Le nkungu lalingqingqwa kangangokuba kule "saa" ezilahlekileyo nkqu izandi ungadubula, kwaye betha nje ekujoliswe kuwo onke ukuze ibonwe.

Kakade ke, konke oku kunefuthe elibi nangokuhamba avanyisa. elihamba German kwimigca yesibini neyesithathu zokhuselo andilivumelanga iilahleko ezinkulu yaye waqhubeka undingqavulayo ngokuqinisekisa umlilo. Kwiindawo ezininzi, kwaqalisa melee bungwanyalala, kwaye kwezinye iimeko utshaba a counteroffensive. zokuhlala abaninzi ngosuku ngu izihlandlo ezilishumi udlule isandla ngesandla. Kakhulu sezulu esibi iintsuku ezimbalwa, ngexesha apho elihamba eSoviet waqhubeka ukwaphula azimiseleyo eziphumelela German.

Ngokubanzi, lohlaselo yiSoviet kweli xesha sele iphawulwa kulungiselelwa zokudubula olunzulu kunye ukusetyenziswa kwezi moya kunye nezithuthi vehicles. Iziganeko ngaloo mihla iinkunzi akukho ngaphantsi iimfazwe 1942-1943., Xa abachatshazelwayo umlo wakhupha phezu ngokwakhe a elihamba elula.

umkhosi eSoviet esebenza ngempumelelo: imikhosi Januwari 18 Chernyakhovsky akwazi bayagqobhoza kwam, ukudala ububanzi kwipaseji kweekhilomitha ezili-65, waya nzulu izikhundla utshaba iikhilomitha nje 40. Ngeli xesha imozulu iye yazinza, yaye ke ngoko kubangela impumelelo wagaleleka izithuthi enzima vehicles, exhaswa umoya ukuhlasela moya kunye mlilo. Yaqala phantsi ke into ekhubekisayo elikhulu-scale of the (Soviet).

impumelelo Wilderness

NgoJanuwari 19 sathathwa Tilsit. Oku amandla ikrele lomlilo Neman. Phambi kokuba Januwari 22 ivalekile ngokupheleleyo instersburgskaya qela. Ngaphandle koku, le amaJamani waxhathisa ngengcwangu ngesihle zaye elide. Kuphela kwezinye iindlela Gumbinnen amajoni ethu angaphumelela nangoko ezilishumi lokuhlaselwa ezinkulu. ezinzileyo zethu, waza wawa umzi. Sele Januwari 22 yakwazi Insterburg.

Iintsuku ezimbini ezilandelayo bazisa impumelelo ezintsha: Ayikwazi bayagqobhoza, bayangena ukhuseleko kummandla Heylsbergskogo. Ngu January 26, amajoni ethu aya kommandla ongasentla Königsberg. Kodwa uhlaselo lwe Koenigsberg koko ayiphumelelanga ngenxa yokuba omabini umzi wahlala phantsi ekampini enamandla baseJamani abahlanu ngokwezahlulo zabo kakhulu.

yagqitywa ngempumelelo Isigaba sokuqala uhlaselo inzima. Noko ke, impumelelo iye kuyinxenye, kuba amathathu ukulujikeleza macala onke niwonakalise angaphathi ezimbini vehicles yomkhosi zethu ayiphumelelanga: utshaba izithuthi vehicles bafudukela kwi zokuzikhusela esele zenziwe.

empini

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala yoluntu apha amajoni ethu akazange ahlangabezane. AmaJamani ngokukhawuleza babaleka njengoko abanginizayo eseleyo ebhengeziweyo yaye ngokufuthi edutyulwe lakhe. Zishiye yaququzelelwa embi kangangokuba phantse yonke impahla wahlala izindlu bamshiya. amagqala zethu khumbula ukuba East Prussia ngo-1945 ngaphezu efana entlango extinct: zibe waphumla izindlu enazo ngokupheleleyo, apho netafile kwakusekho nempahla kunye nokutya, kodwa amaJamani ngokwabo begxothiwe.

Ekugqibeleni, lo tale of the "bakhona zasendle kunye negazi-unxaniweyo East" wadlala Goebbels joke embi, abahlali kwindawo yokothuka enjalo ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo, nto leyo ngokupheleleyo ukulayisha zonke amakhonkco kaloliwe zendlela, kunye result ukuba waseJamani abantu bazifumanisa wabanyanzela kwaye abakwazanga ngokukhawuleza ukutshintsha indawo yayo.

uphuhliso lohlaselo

Ngu January 20 abantu phantsi umyalelo kaMarshal Rokossovsky, zazilungiselela ukuya Vistula. Ngelo xesha elinye eethenda kwafika ukuze ukutshintsha kumda wesangqa yokuhlasela, kunye nokudluliselwa yeenzame eziphambili ukuba wokugqiba off utshaba East Prussia. Abantu kwafuneka babuyele kulo ngasentla. Kodwa ngaphandle inkxaso iqela eliseleyo-mkhosi icocwe ngempumelelo ngaphandle komzi yotshaba.

Ngoko ke, avala bakwazi singene Oslikovskogo Allenstein kwaye iyahanjiswa ngokupheleleyo utshaba ikampu. Esi sixeko wawa 22 Januwari kwaye zonke iindawo ezinqatyisiweyo kummandla ombhaxa ziye kutshatyalaliswa. Ngokukhawuleza emva koko, amaqela ezinkulu isiJamani ehlaselwa kunye encirclement, ngoko waqalisa siphumele ngokungxama. Noko ke, ukuhamba yabo abahamba ngesantya njengenkumba, njengoko zonke iindlela yayivalekile yi iimbacu. Ngenxa yoku, amaJamani ukubulawa okukhulu, kwaye kakhulu bathathwe nabafo abazizibambiso. Ngu January 26 eSoviet vehicles avale ngokupheleleyo Elbing.

Ngeli xesha, abantu wasityhobozela ku kanye Fedyuninskogo Elbing, zaze iindlela Marienburg, kuba ngakumbi izigqibo kwebhola yokufakwa bridgehead enkulu phezu kodonga lasekunene Vistula. January 26, emva kokuba zokudubula strike enamandla, Marienburg wawa.

Ukwakha ngezigaba namabutho njengoko ukumelana imisebenzi eyabelwe kubo ngempumelelo. District Masurian nezimbuku ngokukhawuleza boyise, bakwazi ukuya ukuwela Vistula, ngoko 70 Ibutho 23 Januwari bagaleleka Bydgoszcz, Torun ngaxeshanye ivalekile.

German-yokudlala

Ngenxa yoko, eli qela wemikhosi "Centre" sisikwe ngokupheleleyo angabikho izinto kunye ezilahlekileyo ngenxa kwintsimi waseJamani. Hitler waba nomsindo, waza indawo nenjengele qela. Babekwe kule post Lothar Rendulic. Kungekudala, bebonke isiphelo sinye ezehlela umphathi Yesine Army Hossbach, leyo latshintshelwa Mueller.

Kwiinzame ukwaphula nasekuxinweni, abuyisele izinto isiwe, amaJamani waququzelela Isibali-ekhubekisayo kwindawo Heylsberga, uzama ukufumana ku Marienburg. Xa zizonke, lo msebenzi ababandakanyekayo amaqela nje ezisibhozo, enye yazo itanki. Bona waphumelela ngobusuku ngoJanuwari 27 ukuya cinezela kakhulu amandla 48 Army wethu. Ndanibetha phezulu idabi neenkani, eyathatha iintsuku ezine emgceni. Ngenxa yoko, utshaba yakwazi ukuba singene iikhilomitha 50 izikhundla zethu. Kodwa ngoko kwafika umncedisi Rokossovsky: emva logwayimbo omkhulu amaJamani waziqhekeza waza yawa emva kwizikhundla elidlulileyo.

Ekugqibeleni Baltic Front January 28 wathabatha ngokupheleleyo Klaipeda, Lithuania ekugqibeleni wakhululwa kuso amajoni amaNazi.

iziphumo eziphambili lohlaselo

Ekupheleni kukaJanuwari, uninzi Samland Peninsula wathinjwa ngokupheleleyo, nto leyo elizayo eKaliningrad waba kwisangqa. Siye uhlaselwa ngaphambili nangesemva ngokupheleleyo iinyama saa bemikhosi yesithathu neyesine, abo oonyana bokufa. Kwakufuneka ukuba balwe kwangaxeshanye fronts eziliqela, yonke imikhosi elikhuselayo iinqaba yokugqibela zonxweme, apho umyalelo waseJamani nangoku ngandlel 'uzise izinto baze baphume.

Indawo imikhosi eseleyo nzima kakhulu kukuba onke amaqela imikhosi Wehrmacht kwaoko dissected ube zahlulo zithathu. On the Samland Peninsula, baba iintsalela zezahlulo abane Königsberg wahlala ekampini enamandla kunye amaqela ezongezelelweyo ezintlanu. Ubuncinane abahlanu amacandelo phantse zasuka ke kumgca Brownsburg-Heylsberg, yaye amele ukucinezwelwa elwandle kwaye kungenzeka ukuba kuhlasela na. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nto uza kuphulukana yaye ke uza kubanika.

izicwangciso utshaba Long-term

Akukho mfuneko yokuba awajonge yempambano abanyanisekileyo uHitler: zibe icebo obonelela ukuziphendulela Königsberg uze iphakama kwisixeko zonke iindawo lokusinda. Ukuba uphumelele, baya kuba nako ukubuyisela udibaniso komhlaba Königsberg, Brandenburg. Ngokubanzi, imfazwe kude ngaphezulu, imikhosi ediniwe Soviet kwakufuneka ukuphefumla wemvula. Izinga frazzled babo amadabi abaziingwanyalala ubonisa ubuncinane into yokuba ukubetha lokugqibela Königsberg akazange aqale de Apreli 8-9.

Umsebenzi omkhulu wamajoni zethu kuthwalelwa phandle; ukuba bakwazi ukwahlukana enamandla iqela utshaba engundoqo. aphulwa Zonke zokuzithethelela enamandla German waza wayithimba Königsberg waba phantsi zokungqinga ezisemagqagaleni ngaphandle kuthutho iimbumbulu kunye nokutya, kwaye naziphi na imikhosi eseleyo lwamaNazi kule ndawo yodwa ngokupheleleyo enye kwenye yaye ngamandla bubudala amadabi. Inxalenye enkulu East Prussia, kunye imigca elomeleleyo zokhuselo wathathwa. Endleleni, amajoni eSoviet Army wakhulula imimandla yomntla Poland.

Ezinye imisebenzi ukuze kupheliswe iintsalela amaNazi wazibeka phezu umkhosi Iimbumba yesiThathu Byelorussian and First eBaltic. Qaphela ukuba 2 Belarus phambi swi ulwalathiso Pomeranian. Inyaniso kukuba ngexesha lohlaselo phakathi kwemikhosi zhukov kunye Rokossovsky waseka umsantsa, nenokuthi hit ukusuka eMpuma Pomerania. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba zonke iinzame ezilandelayo ziye ku kukulungelelanisa uqhankqalazo zabo ezidibeneyo.