Oyile injini: iilebhile, inkcazelo, yokuhlela. Yintoni amanqaku yeoli motor?

Yokuqaba amafutha zisetyenziselwa amawaka eminyaka 3.5 kwangomnye umntu. Nditsho koomatshini zilula abadinga kwabo. Ngaphambi kokufika kwe-oyile kunye nezakhi zayo zisetyenziswa oyile yemifuno kunye amafutha ezilwanyana. Ngokomzekelo, oko kusetyenziswa ukusebenza zomphunga iinjini oyile rape. Le izinto nca imiphezulu metal kwaye ndakuhlambulula ngamanzi umphunga.

Ngowe-1859, kwakukho izinto oyile, ezenza isiseko indalo amafutha kwezimbiwa. Nokufika polymeric viscosity isilungisi kwenza utshintsho ukusuka yasebusika ehlotyeni kwayo bonke-lonyaka.

Types of amafutha motor

Le mveliso i sisincoko izinto. It iqulathe iinxalenye ezimbini: i- oli isiseko kunye additive iphakheji. Le yokugqibela zinika iindidi lweepropati imveliso. Kuxhomekeka kwindlela ye mveliso i oyile lesiseko zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintathu.

1. Mineral evela petroleum (ezimbiwa).

2. Wokwenziwa, onesiphumo entsokothileyo petrochemical yokuqaphela. Ukumakishwa oyile motor eyenziweyo - zokwenziwa ngokupheleleyo. Eyona qualitative yaye kubize.

3. Ukusebenzisa iimilo-zokwenziwa, ziveliswe kwisiseko izimbiwa kunye kongezwe amacandelo zokwenziwa kakhulu (semi-chemicals). Ukungazazi efanelekileyo umlinganiselo umgangatho / ixabiso.

oyile Synthetic eziliqela ezilungileyo ngokumalunga wezimbiwa.

ukuqashwa

Eyona njongo ephambili yolu ukuthambisa ajikeleze - ekwakhekeni ezingcakacileyo, ngexesha elifanayo umboniso ngamandla phezu komhlaba iinxalenye zochuku ukuthintela ukudibana ngqo microroughness. Ngoko ke, banxibe inciphisiwe.

Ulwabiwo-oyile mafutha: jikelele, ngokuba iinjini ipetroli nedizili. A iqela eyahlukileyo - kuba powerplants ngesibetho-mbini. Oku kungqinwa zokuphawula elifanelekileyo oli-mafutha; ixabiso «idizili», «2T» okanye «2 buchule». ukungabikho kwakhe ubungqina isicelo jikelele.

Ukukhetha

Indlela ukukhetha oyile injini? Ukumakishwa iqulethe izalathisi ezininzi, kodwa abathengi anomdla ezimbini kuzo:

- level umgangatho (ukuba kufanelekile ukuba imoto);

- viscosity (ukuba afanelekileyo okwexesha ethile kunye kwemozulu).

indlela Special kudinga, oomatshini abatsha mihla.

Iimpendulo kwimibuzo emibini esisiseko unika oyile injini lokumakishela. Ziqonde ukuba - kwinkqubo isalathiso oluqhelekileyo.

Zazo ezininzi. Eyona nto idla ngokusetyenziswa amathathu - Sae, API kunye ACEA. Ngamanye amaxesha wongeze ILSAC.

Sae standard

Ulwahlulo isekelwe iimpawu viscosity. Ba kule nkqubo - esikhulu.

Sae (American Association of Automotive Iinjineli) umisela ukuba yeyiphi viscosity uluhlu kwezalathisi oyile motor ezinxulumene.

Ukumakishwa usebenzisa lo index, kulinganiswa ngeeyunithi. Kunokuba kunjalo, kungona viscosity.

Umgangatho umisela amaqela amathathu neeoyile: ehlotyeni, ebusika kunye lonke ixesha. Last - i ixhaphakileyo.

Ukususela amagama zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo kucaca ukuba oku nokumakishwa esekelwe kwi-standard Sae, unako ukufunda into enye kuphela: ukuba ioli ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwixesha lonyaka elithile phantsi kweemeko ezithile zemozulu okanye hayi. Kuphela oku.

Umgangatho umisela amaqela amathathu-oyile. Ahluke kwi zonyaka lokusetyenziswa.

1. 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W , 20W, 25W - oyile ebusika. Kwemithandathu. Ipharamitha isalathisi W (winter) - "Winter". I ezincinane, ngcono ukusetyenziswa "iqhosha lokulayita". Ubuncinane value - 0.

2. 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 - oyile ehlotyeni. Abahlanu kubo. Ipharamitha W linga tyikitywanga - "zasehlotyeni". Ibonisa nokugcinwa viscosity kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. Ukuba uphakamile lo sentlalo, ukusetyenziswa ngobuchule yamafutha ubushushu. ixabiso eliphezulu - 60.

3. 5W-30, 5W-40, 10W-50, njalo njalo - .. Season. Inani labo - 23.

Umzekelo, ukumakishwa 5W30 oyile injini kuthetha ukuba zonke-yezulu ukusetyenziswa. Kucetyiswa ukuba basebenzise kuluhlu lobushushu ukusuka degrees -30 ukuya +20.

Ngoko ke, yintoni inkcazelo ukubonisa i oyile injini, Sae zokuphawula unika umboleki?

Olu lulwazi malunga iimpawu lobushushu eliphakathi apho ukuhlangabezana zilandelayo:

1. Rolling crankshaft electrostarter rhoqo lokuqalisa ebandayo.

2. Indlela efutha ioli kumnombo injini le. Eqalweni lokulayita kufuneka inike a xi onqanda pairings ukukhuhlana owomileyo.

3. ukuthambisa ajikeleze oluthembekileyo ihlobo umsebenzi eqhubekayo kwimo nzima.

ngezigaba API

Developer - American Institute of iimveliso zepetroliyam. API ikuvumela ukuba ukhethe ioli imoto kuxhomekeka nonyaka esenziwe ngawo. Ngapha koko, inkqubo yokuphucula oomatshini, ukuba ikhuphe injini fast, kulula zihambile, gqolo.

Ulwahlulo swi iimoto eziveliswa eMelika.

Amukela alfabhethi yokumakisha oyile injini. Ubuyiselo na. S (IiNkonzo) - ipetroli, C (Commercial) - diesel. Ukusebenza okwesibini yokumakisha ibonisa unobumba A ukuze ukusuka ngakumbi - ngcono umgangatho. Umzekelo, iklasi SJ yaqaliswa kutshanje. Ngelo xesha uthe wamtyhala SH. SJ yokuhlela eyabelwe i-oyile eninzi kwaye ezikumgangatho ophezulu base zokwenziwa. Ezi nkundla ke zenzelwe ukuba koomatshini kakhulu mihla.

SH yongayo kwezinye iinkalo SJ obuphantsi, ukuba efanelekileyo ukulungiselela ukuveliswa yeemoto kwiminyaka 1994-1989 ngaphambili. Class SF swi nesezantsi isantya Motors omdala elula.

oyile motor Universal: kabini zokumakisha, umzekelo: SF / CC, CD / SF, njl SF / CC - "ipetroli ngakumbi", CD / SF- "-diesel ngakumbi." Umzekelo - kumfanekiso.

Ngenxa kuphuhliso olutshintshayo iinjini diesel yi ukuntsokotha zabo: .. turbocharged, njl izisombululo ezizodwa kufuneka ukuba ezi zityalo amandla. Ngoko ke, abalimi eziphambili ziquka uluhlu amafutha engines diesel. Ezi zililo lungiselela elinemibala ezikhethekileyo «Diesel».

Ngo-oyile iqela eyahlukileyo iiyunithi amandla ipetroli nomsebenzi yogcino lwamandla. Baya kuba ezongezelelweyo isiqu EC (Energy zokonga).

Ukuhlelwa Association of European Automobile Manufacturers (ACEA)

It luphawulwa iimfuno ngenxa umgangatho ioli zangqongqo kangakanani na. Oku kungenxa yokuba eYurophu iimeko ezithile ukusebenza iimoto kunye nezinye kuyilo eziliqela injini.

oyile Classification ACEA injini luphawu ukusebenza kwiimeko aphezulu obushushu.

ACEA chonga iindidi ezine A enombhalo, B, C, E. wayefuna yepetroli, iinjini idizili kunye nezityalo amandla baxhotyiswa converters encedisa ukuqalisa imisebenzi.

Ulwahlulo njengeqela eyahlukileyo ibalaselisa ioli ezonga umbane. Baye ezinye iimpawu ezikhethekileyo. imali yawo yokusebenzisa fuel kuphunyezwa ngokunciphisa ubukhulu oyile umboniso kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu yokusebenza. Abanye, ubukhulu becala Japanese, iinjini ziyilelwe kanye phantsi yemiyinge ezinjalo. oyile amandla ombane kancinci zisetyenziswa kuphela kwiimeko xa kucetyiswa ngumvelisi imoto. Ngenxa yoko, BMW kunye Mercedes-Benz bayacetyiswa ukuba usebenzise kubo bonke iimoto ezi iintlobo.

Yintoni amanqaku kwi ACEA oyile injini? Iiklasi A and B kule inkalo ogcino lwamandla enombhalo ukukhetha. Kuthetha ukuthini? Iiklasi A1, A5, B1 kunye B5 - eneji-ukonga. Abanye - ngamafutha eqhelekileyo. Le A2, A3, B2, B3 kunye B4. oyile amandla ombane kancinci azisetyenziselwa kwizithuthi abadala. Baya befuna ukukhuselwa ngcono.

zokuphawula kabini njengoko A3 / B4, kusetyenziswa ukubonisa oyile jikelele (ipetroli okanye idizili).

Inxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-US kunye nabenzi ezithile imoto yaseYurophu bacebisa ukuba iimoto zabo ezaqanjwa of ACEA A3 / B4, ngenkxalabo Japanese - ACEA A1 / B2 okanye A5 / B5.

ngezigaba ILSAC

Ngumqondo ababini Associations of Automobile Manufacturers - Japan kunye neMelika. Kukho iindidi ezintathu oyile ezibonelela imali amandla kwaye zilungiselelwe iimoto abakhweli ipetroli. Zokuphawula: GF-1, iGF-2 no-GF-3.

Ezi oyile zezona iimoto waseJapan. Kuba American iimoto brand wayebhikice yi ILSAC, API elingana.

Iingcebiso kunye nemigangatho automakers

API ngokuhlelwa ACEA kunye nokuseka neziphawuli zokusebenza-oyile. Neemfundiso zabo - avumelekile ubuncinane. Nangona yokuba kwiimfuno zabo abenzi amafutha kunye nezongezelelo bayavumelana kunye nabavelisi bezithuthi, le yokugqibela azisoloko wanelisekile. ngeendlela standard Iimvavanyo ungathabathi ngokupheleleyo ingqalelo awohluke yokusebenza ye injini entsha yale mihla. Ngoko ke, abenzi imoto sinelungelo lokwenza iinkcukacha zabo, yenza neemfuno ezizodwa.

Ukufeza le oli zeemvavanyo injini zabo, bayakuvumela babewachola, ukhokelwa ngomnye zokuhlelwa eziqhelekileyo, okanye ukuphuhlisa eyabo ngokukhankanya brand, elungele kakhulu yaye akuvunyelwanga ukusetyenziswa.

Ukucacisa automakers ezinyanzelekileyo Mababonise kuloo iphakheji ecaleni ileyibhile iipropati yokusebenza eklasini. Le mfuneko uzaliseka le leta.

Kwihlabathi lamkele yokumakisha ioli eyodwa injini. Abawacazululayo oko kunika impendulo ocacile wokuba umbuzo somxholo le mveliso.

Khangela lo mzekelo ulandelayo. Ngenxa yoko, ukumakishwa 5W40 ioli motor.

Oku kuqamba charm ukuba umsebenzi multigrade kwiqondo lobushushu ukusuka degrees -30 ukuya +35.

Ngokutsho ukubekwa API CJ-4 ioli sisetyenziselwa izithuthi ezenziweyo emva 2006 kwaye axhotyiswe iinjini diesel-high speed ehlangabezana imigangatho ezikhutshwayo ngo-2007. Isetyenziswa xa isebenza kumafutha ukuba ibe ngaphezu kwe-0.05% nesalfure. Effective yezithuthi kunye izihluzi kwamaqondo eparticulate kunye neenkqubo recirculation negesi zeemoto. mileage Xa usebenza kwi ezikumgangatho ophezulu, ukungaqukathi sulphur amafutha ngaphezulu kwe 0,0015%, ibonelela banda kutshintshwa.

Ngaloo ndlela, ukuphawula injini 5W40, zichaziweyo kwiipakethe yeoli, iqulethe iinkcukacha ezaneleyo ukujonga ukufaneleka kwayo ukusetyenziswa kwimodels ngesithuthi esithile.