Igalelo kuphuhliso ukwakheka uLeonardo da Vinci. Komzimba kwi imizobo ka Leonardo da Vinci

ULeonardo da Vinci wafa ngo-1519. Ubeminyaka imashumi mathandathu-esixhenxe kuphela. udumo lomculi yakhe edumileyo wayesele saa kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Noko ke, kukho enye inkalo yobomi bakhe ekwakusele kwaziwa kuluntu. Bambalwa abantu wayeyazi indlela abanomdla nokwakheka uLeonardo da Vinci kaThixo. Uphando lwakhe ngale ndlela cishe akukho namnye wayengazi.

Nkqu kwindawo nangoko komzimba uLeonardo da Vinci ngelo xesha akazange ahlangabezane umdla ezifanelekileyo kunye nokuqonda. Le meko yaqhubeka kwada kwaba sekupheleni elinethoba - kwiinkulungwane okuqala yamashumi amabini. Yaba ngeli xesha yaye safunda ngenyameko ukuvulwa ukwakheka uLeonardo da Vinci kaThixo. Kuphela emva kokuba izazinzulu ucazululo olunzulu ngemisebenzi yakhe zenzululwazi, kwakhona amawaka amaphepha zeerekhodi igcisa enkulu Renaissance, kwaye kwacaca ukuba umsebenzi wakhe lwezenzululwazi ebaluleke ngaphantsi art.

amaphepha Unknown yobomi Leonardo da Vinci

Nokwakheka, ngokukhanya, yokuma, Botany, amandla fluid, njl - .. Zonke ezi inzululwazi wahlala eninzi indawo ebomini bakhe, ovelisa iintlobo mhlawumbi ukuba ukupeyinta nje. Le uMdali onesiphiwo wayesaziwa le ndoda archetypal abaphila ngexesha Renaissance - umzobi, ukususela amaxesha ngamaxesha ukuba isayensi.

Noko ke, kuba inkoliso komzimba uLeonardo da Vinci, njengazo lonke umsebenzi wakhe lwenzululwazi, kuyo kwakungekho kubaluleke ngaphantsi womzobo. Kule minyaka ilishumi idluleyo akazange ukuqala ukubhala Imizobo ezintsha. Ukususela 1508 ukuya 1513 umzobi ubukhulu becala wazinikela kwinzululwazi, manqaphanqapha abuyele imizobo olwaluqale kwiminyaka edlulileyo.

Kakhulu isayensi

Kuzo zonke uphando lwezenzululwazi ngeli xesha ngokukodwa wathabatha uLeonardo da Vinci Anatomy. Kangangeminyaka eliqela, wasebenza ngokubanzi zizidumbu, cocekileyo nokubabonisa ukuba bayiqonda ngqo ngakumbi lwesakhiwo kwabantu emzimbeni.

Ngaba italente ebalaseleyo wegcisa nokubhala novakalelo nendlela uLeonardo da Vinci entsimini ukwakheka komzimba iye yakwazi ukwenza enye yezona ogqibeleleyo ixesha lakhe zophando. Wade sele zilungiselelwe umsebenzi ingxelo ukulungiselela ukupapashwa, kodwa akazange abe ixesha ukusebenzisa injongo yayo. Ukuba incwadi yakhe yapapashwa, isifundo se-siseko emzimbeni womntu wayeza kunyathela kude phambili, kwaba igalelo kangaka elikhulu kuphuhliso ukwakheka uLeonardo da Vinci. Ngelishwa, emva kokufa kwakhe, konke zidalwe elikhulu entries ndoda kunye nomzobo aseleyo phakathi amaxwebhu yakhe yaba iminyaka emine ukusuka kwehlabathi.

Ukukwazi

De kube ngoku, kwabaninzi ngale ndoda, ngamabona abaneziphiwo, iitalente kuhlala imfihlelo kuthi. Kwiminyaka elivisayo wahlala Florence, ndandisebenza ngumfundi ka ngegcisa elinye abadumileyo Italian - Andrea del Verrocchio. Leonardo axhasa usapho Medici. Okulandelayo ukuya kwindawo yomsebenzi elinye yocweyo ubugcisa - ". Kwaliwa ze" i ncam Antonio del Pollaiolo, nombhali lo mfanekiso Pollaiuolo wayengomnye zabazobi zokuqala Renaissance, nto leyo inxaxheba kwigumbi sokuhlaziya, ngokusondeleyo ukufunda inkqubo dystrophy yabantu. Chroniclers bakholelwa ukuba le web lokuqala kunye nezifundo ngentsimbi ye ye Leonardo oselula da Vinci.

Indlela entsha isakhiwo abantu

Anatomy of the ngegcisa le Renaissance wabonwa njengoncedo ukuze sinolwazi oluchanekileyo komzimba. Yiyo ke loo nto ukuba banikele ingqalelo engakumbi kuphela kwinkqubo dystrophy. Noko ke, baye bafunda, ngokwahlukileyo ukuba uLeonardo da Vinci Anatomy ngokufutshane njengoko isixhobo ifana nezibilini akanamdla. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba buqu Pollaiuolo zavelisa notyando. Noko ke, yena, naye, wayekhathazeke kakhulu kunye nokwakheka kwemisipha, kodwa ngenxa yokuba esifubeni, yaba lukakayi, nesisu ukuba asichukunyiswa.

Le umdla yokuqala

Ukuba kanye ekuqaleni umsebenzi wakhe lwezenzululwazi, kwaye uLeonardo da Vinci wenza kwakunye Pollaiolo, kule minyaka ilandelayo, yena ngcembe waqalisa ukucinga isakhiwo yomntu, kungekuphela nje ukuncedisana titoloveta zakho ozithandayo okanye imikrolo.

Ngokubanzi, wonke umphefumlo walo mculi enkulu lugubungela nje komzimba jikelele. Ababhali-mbali yokuqala ngqangi zibhekisela we-1484, kwaye yokugqibela - ngo-1515. Mhlawumbi kunjalo e Florence, Leonardo ukuba utyelelo lokuqala igumbi sokuhlaziya, ndaqalisa ukwenza notyando. Okokuqala wenza esibhedlele ka Santa Maria Nova. Apha isifundo lwesakhiwo izihlunu abandakanyeka kwezinye amagcisa sale yabantu emininzi enjalo, njengoko uMichelangelo.

isikhokelo zazo eziphambili ezisebenzisekayo yenze wakhonza imisebenzi yesayensi Mondino de Lucchi, owayephila kudala ngaphambi kokuba uLeonardo da Vinci - "Anatomy". Umntu wavula indlela yakhe kwizizukulwana ezininzi kuphela loogqirha, pathologists, kodwa amagcisa, kunye kwimozulu eshushu ka-Italy, le nkqubo lwaqhutywa kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa.

Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba usuku lokuqala kuyimfuneko ukuyivula isisu, ngoko - isifuba, ngomhla wesithathu - intliziyo, kunye neyesine - nemilenze. Uphononongo lwaqala intloko cut Nentloko enesihlwitha yohambayo, ukuvulwa ngakumbi ukakayi senziwa, emva koko ingqondo wahlolwa, uze emva koko - ukuba khona intamo. Kweli xesha ubomi Leonardo livelise imizobo yakhe yokuqala yokwakheka oganogram amacandelo umnqamlezo emilenzeni. Leonardo Esazi ukuba mbaxa kwesidumbu, bakholwa Iziluleko zakhe njengesiseko ukufunda kubume komzimba womntu.

Ukurekhoda le ngqondi "Uphambene"

Ekubeni phantse yonke imisebenzi Leonardo - idayari, ngoko sirekhoda kubo yinqobo kuye. Bamele uhlobo zencoko ukuba umbhali olwenziwa kunye nomuntu yaye apho awukhuselayo uluvo lwakhe, ukuba ubungqina obubambekayo ityala ngenxa. Ukongeza, inika imibhalo nkongomiso wa Leonardo ngokwakhe, ngokunjalo iimpikiswano ukuba kunokunxulunyaniswa ngqo ne-bulumko.

Wayenomdla entliziyweni, inkqubo musculoskeletal, skeleton nezihlunu. Leonardo xa kulawulwa kuqala ngokuchanekileyo ngokumangalisayo ngokuchanileyo uzobe iimilo, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, umyinge onke amacandelo e-skeletal system yomntu. Konke phambi lo mfanekiso skeleton, njengoko umthetho, oko enemiqathango, wesakhiwo okanye ibizezamandulo kakhulu.

Kuphela ngenxa yamava abo

Leonardo wanikela amava ixabiso eliphezulu kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba phantse bonke abafundi ngokwabo. Yena ukufunda incwadi, wahlola ithiyori wakhe practice. Le umdali luli ayekholelwa ukuba yonke into kufuneka kwenziwa "ngokusekelwe amava." Kuzo zonke iinkalo, leyo kuthathwa yi uLeonardo da Vinci - Scientist, ukwakheka komzimba, kubalulekile kakhulu. Kule meko phantse kuyo yonke indawo kwiincwadi zakhe umkhondo yokukhangela impendulo enye. Leonardo, ababekholelwa ukuba inyaniso inokufumaneka, sikhokelwa logic okanye yenzululwazi Imigqaliselo nje, likhankanya angagqali ngcamango "ngumyinge". Ngoko ke, ngenxa yophando lwakhe, kuquka isakhiwo ulwazi lwabantu, wabeka inzululwazi ebalulekileyo, ezifana nemathematika.

Iimpazamo neemposiso

Womzobo Yaduma uLeonardo da Vinci, apho komzimba womuntu uboniswa, njengoko izazinzulu, ichanekile kakhulu, kodwa ngaphandle enye enxulumene nenkqubo ababhinqileyo okuzala. Kodwa kuyaqondakala, ekubeni amabhinqa autopsied izidumbu zibe yingxaki ngexesha Renaissance.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba umzobi Italian wafunda anatomy kuphela ukuze kuphuculwe ngakumbi imifanekiso zabo, eyayinomfanekiso izidumbu zabantu, wakwazi ukuba ingqalelo ngakumbi kulo uqeqesho.

A obukhulu yonke uLeonardo, wazama ukuqonda "isebenza" njani indlela yabantu. Ngokutsho izazinzulu, wakhangela kwi abantu ngeenxa zonke kuye kanye njengoko oomatshini ebona imoto. Inyaniso kukuba xa obonisa zesimo esonakeleyo kusa umzobo okanye imikrolo, igcisa wayefuna ukuba yeyona iyavakala, kuba oko kuza kuvumela ukuba esengqiqweni nje kuphela, kodwa jikelele - uMdali ezikhethekileyo, ekhumbulekayo.

anatomy Imizobo

Eli gcisa sale nto nje ukudala ulwandlalo amalungu omzimba womntu okanye amaqela kwezihlunu, kodwa wabonisa ukuba imizobo yakhe kweli candelo. Kulo mzekelo, image nganye sikhatshwe yi imfuneko ukuqonda iirekhodi. Uze uqiniseke ukuba uLeonardo otzerkalival kubo njengoko nababephethwe yile ndlela bafezeke. Yeyona yokugqibela, kwaye wongeza ukuntsokotha ukuya kweso sifundo, kwenza kube nzima ukuba izazinzulu ukusebenza, lisikwe ukufunda ilifa da Vinci zenzululwazi. Namhlanje, emva kwamakhulu amane, onke amanqaku bakhe kunye nomzobo ngocoselelo Techno thaca esidlangalaleni. Ondele kubo, kunokuthiwa ukuba impumelelo komzimba uLeonardo da Vinci kaThixo Makhulu, kuba yena wayekwazi ukuba bahlolisise ngokucokisekileyo umzimba womntu ngexesha layo.

Kulo mzekelo, naliphi na iqumrhu, ngaphandle nje amehlo, igcisa kunye nzulu iye phantsi kakhulu imizobo kunye namanqaku njani intliziyo. Noko ke, wakhanyela ingcamango galenovskoe ukuba kulo mzimba isuka mithambo. Ukongeza, i-uLeonardo da Vinci yaba iqela thiyori ezi ventricles ezimbini, zityalwa bekholelwa ukuba kwemithambo bohlulwa babe ngamaqela entliziyweni. Kufuneka ke ukuba iNkosi Wayengazi nakancane kwenkqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi, xa siqhuba uphando.

Ukubaluleka igalelo

Le genius sale ithathwa umsunguli lenzululwazi ekuthiwa komzimba olutshintshayo. Emva Galen, kangangeenkulungwane ezilishumi, phantse namnye isifundo entsha isakhiwo umzimba womntu, wayengekho; kuba izenzo zakhe ingqalelo imfundiso. Kokwakhelwa lokuqala da yokwakheka Vinci indalo kufutshane imisebenzi uAvicenna, ngoxa olwesibini - Vesalius.

Ngokwenza amalungiselelo zakhe, Grand Master laqalisa zonke-entsha nasekufundweni nezibilini. Kuyinto ukuba owasungula imodeli yeglasi for ukufunda kwemithambo yenhliziyo. I artist lokuqala baqalisa ukwenza skeleton cuts bone kunye phantsi, ngaloo ndlela ikukucacisa enkulu yayo. Igalelo kwi ULeonardo da Vinci kwi ezakhiwe ayikwazi nemikhuba. Yaba nguye lowo waba yimbangi imifanekiso zokuqala imizimba yabantu ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. imizobo yakhe ngokuba dimonstrazioni.

impumelelo

Leonardo lokuqala kwimbali inzululwazi komzimba wacebisa ukuba sacrum yabantu akukho akhiwa ezintathu yaye amathambo ezintlanu, wakwazi ukuchaza ngokuchanekileyo engile lwalo ukuthambekela sacrum. kuqala bona ingqalelo kwaye ezi mpawu yokwakheka umzimba, njengoko kwithambeka ezigoso okanye imiphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu sokuqonda indlela zokuphefumla nokuthanda zangasese.

Ukuba uLeonardo nako ukubala ngokuchanekileyo ukuba unyawo wethu, kukho idayisi ezingamashumi amahlanu, ngoxa yena akoyiki ukuya kwi kokuyaphula imisebenzi uAvicenna kunye Galen, ababekholelwa ukuba zazo ezingamashumi amabini anesithandathu. Le artist saba nako ukuwutsala, ngokuchanekileyo wokuqala imiphezulu ezidibeneyo. Ukongeza Leonardo, wakwazi ukuchaza eziliqela iimpawu yokwakheka ngamathambo omntu, ezinxulumene ezihamba yethu bipedal: umzekelo, isithuba elibhalwe ngokumileyo ye yifemur ngokunxulumene nkqo.

ngqangi yakhe yokwakheka, ezo iingxelo, iinkulungwane abaninzi baye ukuba izazi. Nangona namhlanje ezinye zazo kuqinisekisa inzululwazi uphikisa enye, ezifana ingcamango yakhe lendaba malunga igazi, Noko ke, phezu kwazo nje iimpazamo ezithile kwizifundo, kunzima ukuba zazi umnikelo uLeonardo da Vinci kwi ezakhiwe nje inzululwazi.

Ukuvumelana yokuphila

Ngenxa nokwakheka namayeza uLeonardo da Vinci namhlanje wasondela kude phambili. Noko ke, wenza sibajonga kakubi koogqirha. Yena umntu obalaseleyo, igcisa kunye nzulu njengoko kungekho bani umbonileyo ukungakwazi oogqirha kunye intswela ngaloo mihla.

Namhlanje, imizobo yakhe impahla of British Royal Collection - ingqokelela yasebukhosini yaseBritani. komzimba Modern, olujikelezayo ngeenxa zonke ezi ndlela zintsha umfanekiso ezifana umfanekiso livakale magnetic, okanye isifundo lwesakhiwo yomntu ezincane, Kakade ke, iye waxhuma phambili. iphakeme ezinjalo ibingekho khona ekufuneka Leonardo, kodwa sale amagcisa wakwazi ukuphumeza ukuba izazinzulu kuphela nje kwamashumi ezimbalwa kamva.

Umzekelo, imizobo yakhe, obonisa ziimbumba, phantse ngokupheleleyo ngokuhambelana noko namhlanje ibonisa umfanekiso ultrasound kunye nomlenze wenza da Vinci, ikhangeleka phantse ngokufanayo mihla nokuthelekelela zabo-ntathu.

Uninzi lwezinto kwenziwa Leonardo, kuba ngokuqinisekileyo uyibonakalisa kakuhle izinto njengoko abangqine kwiminyaka emininzi emva wasungula lo sale ngomzobi omkhulu Renaissance.