Phambili White: iimpawu, ukwenziwa, ukusetyenziswa, nobungozi kwimpilo

Mineral imibala ezimhlophe, wenza kwisiseko ilothe, ogama emva kokuba izimbiwa iqukiwe ukwakhiwa kwawo - lead ezimhlophe. Ngokuxhomekeke lizwe, ixesha kunye nendlela mveliso ipeyinti lead-based sibizwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kuthiwa: psimition, IsiDutch, cerussite, isilivere okanye alephuze amagwebu nje isilivere, Klagenfurt, yelo emhlophe, eqaqambileyo ukukhokela emhlophe kunye nabanye.

Imbali ingenzeka

Kuba okokuqala phambili labamhlophe yachazwa kwimibhalo lesiGrike umbhali uDioscorides e BC ngenkulungwane IV. Sele wayesazi malunga neempawu ilothe kwaye kulo ukuvelisa imibala. A iteknoloji encinane oluhlephukayo lemveliso kamva, okanye, njengoko bathi kubo, cerussa, uye wachaza ababhali baseRoma ezifana Vitruvius, uPliny kunye uTheophrastus. Kwabonakala ukukhanya 'omtsha' amhlophe esikhokeleyo okokuqala eNetherlands kumaXesha Aphakathi. imveliso Factory amhlophe ngokukhawuleza kakhulu wafumana zisasazwe ngokubanzi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwazo ukhula rhoqo. Ngaphandle koku, le Isazinzulu Bergman kuphela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII, waba nako nje wena ukuyityhila le ubume eekhemikhali emhlophe.

Ke ukuba iRussia, imbali ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuveliswa welothe emhlophe awuphelelwanga kunjalo, kwiminyaka elikhulu eyadlulayo, baza baqalisa ukuvelisa kwethu. yokupeyinta Khokela-based kukuninzi eveliswa Yaroslavl, nto leyo kuthathwa ukuba iziko zokukhokhela ngokuluqaba mhlophe. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho imizi-mveliso eliqela benza ekwenziweni yemiyinge ezimhlophe-yaziwa ezithandwa ehlabathini lonke.

enkulu isicelo

Awunakusebenzisa abakhokelayo emhlophe nje kuphela abanye imibala. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo ukusetyenziswa kwabo ukupeyinta isebenza ngenxa ubuthi eliphezulu kwimveliso. Kwiimeko ezizodwa ukusetyenziswa amhlophe ipeyinti lead-based ukuba imiphezulu yesinyithi.

Noko ke, ukuba, kukho ukusetyenziswa phambili kumhlophe emsebenzini, oko kuyimfuneko ukubambelela ngokungqongqo imithetho yokhuseleko emiselweyo kwimeko ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezinjalo. Ngenxa yeziphumo eziyingozi emzimbeni womntu, njengoko njengenxalenye ipeyinti ngayo Akuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa bakhokele emhlophe.

Ngenxa zinetyhefu kakhulu ukusetyenziswa abamhlophe lilawulwa kwinqanaba mthetho. Ngaloo ndlela, imithetho ka-1909 no-1926 abachaphazelekayo nokwehla elibukhali ekuvelisweni kwezi iipeyinti e France yonyaka. Elinambini mveliso ipeyinti kweli lizwe ngonyaka uvelisa kwama-20 000 okulahlwayo whiting kweli xesha langoku, isixa ayidluli 1000 tonnes. Le mithetho, ngelishwa, isicelo kuphela kummandla eFransi, kwamanye amazwe, ukusetyenziswa lead emhlophe abupheleli ngumthetho.

Iimpawu lead abamhlophe

Bona ziveliswa ngokohlobo ngumgubo enzima emhlophe ukuba isakhiwo granular. Xa ndazi umphunga acetic acid ukwakha yepeyinti bakhokele emhlophe. Imibala kubo, ngokwendlela igama, emhlophe. Ngenxa yohlobo lwenkqubo imveliso ukuya kwimveliso yokugqibela uqulathe imali encinane zeswekile phambili. Oku kuchaphazela ivumba ilothe emhlophe, kufuneka isongo sourish kancinane, kunye nesanty sokubekwa kwe-acetic ezisisiseko lead ityiwa kufuneka ingadluli-1% of ukungcola iyonke.

Iipeyinti ezimbiwa, leyo iqanjwa lead emhlophe, unamandla yokuzimela ophezulu kunye nexesha yokomisa elifutshane. Ukuya kwi-10% ye-ubunzima lilonke inki of ukufunxeka yawo ioli. Ngaphandle White ngokukhawuleza ziyahlala, le nto yenzeka kuyo Ebubanzini esibekwa yepeyinti. Kuyinto ngenxa olu phawu njengoko kufunwa kwi kumzobo kubugcisa multilayer kunye nokuveliswa kwenziwa oyile emhlophe bakhokele.

Ubume, yaye ngenxa yoko ukukwazi okusula ngokukhawuleza inki lulula kutshintshelwa kwamanye izinto, kangangokuba nkqu inki kade-wokwaphusa ngokukhawuleza yome lonke umaleko yayo. Of ixabiso ethile lufunyanwa ukuba podmalevki njengoko iyilungele bala elandelayo, enxulumene kakuhle ngeengcamba ezilandelayo kwaye musa ukuzivula.

Bukhulu kakhulu kusetyenziso lead abamhlophe

Ngaphandle iingenelo ezicacileyo kokusetyenziswa ilothe abamhlophe, babe eziliqela neengxaki ezinzima.

Kuqala kubalulekile ukukhumbula ubuthi eliphezulu powder. Xa bezihlikihla yonke imithetho yokhuseleko kufuneka ilandelwe, ukuze, ukuze powder is kutshizwa. Yinto eyaziwayo nje kuphela kwiimeko ityiwe kakhulu, kodwa ebulalayo.

phambili White uyakwazi ukutshintsha ukukhanya kwabo. Xa baboniswa emanzini yepeyinti kuqala iqala ukukhula mdaka, yaye emva koko ujika ngokupheleleyo abamnyama. Oku kwenzeka kuphela ukuba yinxalenye inani elingonelanga element Umatshini emhlophe. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo ingathityazwa. Kuba okokuqala ukufunyanwa beqabe umphezulu uhlobo ngedayi kufuneka baphathe kunye iperoksayidi yehidrojeni, ekwaziyo inguqu abamnyama elikhokelayo sulphide ibe emhlophe sulphate.

Kwimeko-bume obrak, emhlophe iyahlozinga kakhulu, nto ke leyo ebangele ukuba ayifanelekanga ukuba isetyenziselwe ialakalin tempera kunye ngomfanekiso.

Xa ukupeyinta Okukodwa loo wabonwa. ilothe White, ioli linseed bayingqushe kunye, uyakwazi ukutshintsha ihlabathi. Ukuba umfanekiso ubuyile kwi window kwaye sibhekiswe penti eludongeni ngokusekelwe ilothe emhlophe emthubi, kodwa unako ukubuyela umbala yokuqala, ngexesha ukuba ubethwa elangeni ngqo.

Ezahlukahlukeneyo abamhlophe

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho iintlobo ezahlukileyo emhlophe. Lead, izinc kunye titanium zezona common kakhulu.

Ndinyathelise - omdala, badla ukusebenzisa abazobi endala. Advanteji kubo kukuba nga tirhisiwaka maleko selubala kwaye ngepeyinti lome ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Kuye isakhiwo bhetyebhetye kwaye uzinzile ngakumbi. Kodwa ethile eziphambili letyhefu wayo.

Titanium emhlophe. Bangabi ngaphantsi ezithandwayo kunye namagcisa kwaye iimpawu ezifanayo phambili emhlophe. Le ayinikezi ithoni whitest, kodwa sithintelo yayo kukuba sikhanya ngokupheleleyo kwaye nenzaliseko ngokupheleleyo nezinye neethowuni.

Ezi zithandwa kakhulu iinkosi isitya emhlophe. Baya kungenelela ngqo kwi nodongwe, yaye ukuba oko akwanelanga, ngoko isicelo umaleko obhityileyo ngaphezulu kwelinye.

Izinki oxide. They are zilingana titanium emhlophe , benjenjalo zisetyenziselwa elolonga nokusebenzisa maleko ngaphaya. Icala elisezantsi yale ayinikezi kuphela ixesha yokomisa elide.

indlela Dutch

Le ndlela lokuqala kwaye kakhulu kwemveliso lead emhlophe. Ngenxa yale nkqubo, bakhokele iipleyiti 2-3 mm strip ububanzi isikwe ubude-6 cm zibekwe ngendlela eyenziwe ngezitena ngeembiza zodongwe, ngaloo ndlela kancinane zikhula. Iimbiza kufuneka ube malunga 1 ilitha, yaye ukuphakama-20 cm. Kuso Walekelwa ml 250 iviniga. Neembiza babekwa imiqolo ngezitena kwekhamera Zinokuxutywa ngeengcamba horse umgquba, zongezwa. Emazantsi umaleko ligutyungelwe ihashe umgquba, kuba umiselwe ukuya maleko wokuqala ngeembiza, ziza kukhutshwa ngaphezulu kwiipleyiti ilothe kunye neebhodi, izikhewu phakathi Neembiza ezaliswe umgquba. Ngoko ke imiphanda zibekiwe ukuya kweemaleko phezulu.

Ngexesha ngumgquba ibile ivelisa ubushushu, ekhuthaza komphunga acetic acid. Xa catalyzing oksijini evela ityuwa acetic air abakhokelayo-kuveliswa, iguqulelwa uglesvintsovuyu, nto leyo phambili emhlophe. Inkqubo ukwahlulwa imhlophe amacwecwe ephambili kakhulu onzima, ngokufuthi benza lo matshini. kusetyenziswa kakhulu le njongo sisixhobo weentaba.

indlela German

Umahluko kwinkqubo German Dutch of kuphela iinkcukacha. Lead amaphepha akufuneki angqamane kwi ngeembiza, yaye kuxhonywe nangezitena neenkuni iiseli. Inkqubo ngakumbi iziphumo acetic acid kunye neoksijini efanayo. Amaninzi le ndlela iyasetyenziswa kwisixhobo Major.

indlela French

Tenar yaphakanyiswa yi indlela French Manufacturing phambili omhlophe. Kuba kubhaliwe yenziwa isisombululo yokuqala iityuwa abakhokelayo acetic, uze icarbon dioxide lidlule ngalo. Ngenxa yoko, emhlophe ayichatshazelwa, kwaye umyinge acetic ityuwa Lead lihlala isisombululo. Le nkqubo eqhubekayo, ngangokuba isisombululo redissolved litharge wachitha, ekusekeni ityuwa esisiseko.

indlela IsiNgesi

Le ndlela utsala phambili emhlophe kuyantsonkotha kwaye ngoko ezisetyenziswa kutshanje. Igubu oxwesileyo zibekwe litharge, ogalelwe ioli esisahlulo nesisombululo-1% lead iswekile. Apho usebenzisa ujikeleza udushe. Kulo mzekelo, umsinga icarbon dioxide kusetyenzwa.

Yale nkqubo, kubalulekile ukuba le litharge kungekho ubumdaka, okanye ezimhlophe unakho ukufumana i umbala ezingathandekiyo.