Pipe diamond Kimberlite - enzonzobileni evulekileyo imigodi enkulu diamond. Pipe kimberlite yokuqala

pipe Kimberlite na nkqo okanye kufutshane umzimba onjalo zejoloji, leyo lenzeka batyhobozele uqweqwe iigesi. Le nsika luphawulwa ineenkalo omkhulu ngokwenene. pipe Kimberlite ngokumila ongathi umnqatha elikhulu okanye iglasi. Inxalenye engentla nto - nto ingxilimbela imilo uPienaar etsobhileyo, kodwa ubunzulu nto ebegqwese iingqameko yaye ekugqibeleni iya emthanjeni. Enyanisweni, iqumrhu nokwakheka komhlaba uhlobo mlilo yamandulo, umhlaba apho ubukhulu becala yatshatyalaliswa ngenxa yeenkqubo ukhukuliseko.

Yintoni kimberlite?

Le ebonakalayo iliwa, nto leyo ibandakanya phlogopite, pyrope, olivine kunye nezinye izimbiwa. Kimberlite black ezahlukeneyo kunye ithinti oluhlaza kunye elinombala. Okwangoku, kukho ngaphezu kwewaka imizimba ngezinto wathi, ishumi ekhulwini elulolwakhe ekwakhiweni diamond. Iingcali zithi malunga-90% yazo zonke noninzi lwezinto imithombo diamond bebekelwa imibhobho kimberlite, ize i-10% - in lamproite.

Puzzle enxulumene imvelaphi yeedayimane

Nangona izifundo ezininzi kummandla iidiphozithi diamond, izazinzulu namhlanje nangoku akakwazi ukuchaza ezinye iimpawu ezinxulumene imvelaphi kunye ubukho la matye anqabileyo.

Riddle mnye: kutheni umbhobho kimberlite kubekwe ngokupheleleyo kumaqonga yamandulo namakhaka, zona izitena iyizinzise yaye liyaxhathisa ye uqweqwe? Ngenxa Ebubanzini ezi zoleko yi-40 km amatye equka abangelwe, lenyengane, kunye nabanye. Yintoni kwakhona kwakufuneka amandla ukuze impumelelo enjalo?! Kutheni pipe breaks kimberlite liqonga enamandla, yaye akukho ngaphezu kokuba zingcakacile, umzekelo, emgangathweni wolwandle, Ebubanzini apho khilomitha, ishumi kuphela okanye imimandla lenguqu - phezu imida elwandle kunye amazwekazi? Ngapha koko, kwezi ndawo amakhulu abantu mlilo ... Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo, zokuma bengenako.

Enye mfihlelo ke ayimangalisi umbhobho kimberlite imilo. Enyanisweni, oku alibonakali kanje umbhobho, kodwa kunoko - phezu iiglasi ngokuba champagne: ikhowuni elikhulu kwizele obhityileyo, leyo ingena nzulu.

imfihlakalo yesithathu uphathelene iintlobo angaqhelekanga kwezimbiwa ematyeni ezinjalo. Zonke neetyuwa nokuntlalutyisa kwindawo Udaka etyhidiweyo zenze ziikristale mbini ngokucacileyo. Imizekelo sebenza apatite, Gold, olivine, garnet, ilmenite. ngokubanzi zisasazwe kuzo kimberlites, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba ubuso crystal kwaye akukhumbuze iingqalutye komlambo. Zonke iinzame zokuma ukufumana impendulo kule iqhina okanye wayengavumi. Noko ke, iidayimani ezikufutshane uthe izimbiwa, ube uhlobo ifanelekileyo octahedrons, nto leyo zibandakanya ezibukhali.

Indlela ukubiza umbhobho kimberlite yokuqala

Eyokuqala kwezi imizimba zejoloji eziye zafunyanwa kwaye kakuhle ngabantu, sikweyona kumazantsi eli lizwekazi Afrika kwiPhondo KwelaBathwa. Igama bendawo sele igama yasekhaya zonke imizimba enjalo, kwakunye iidayimani rock equlethe. Le tube wokuqala ubizwa ngokuba "Big Hole", loo nto ithathwa le careers kakhulu ukuba abantu baye ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa. Okwangoku, uye ediniwe ngokwayo kwaye umtsalane iphambili umzi. Ukususela 1866 ukuya 1914, umbhobho kimberlite yokuqala wanika 2722mkg developers diamond, emele million 14.5 carats. Enkwalini iqeshe abantu abamalunga nama-50 amawaka, abasebenzisa, iifotsholo, nangezisizilo kufunxwa malunga 22.5 lezigidi zeetoni zomhlaba. Development Area ziihektare 17, umjikelezo walo - 1,6 km kunye nobubanzi - 463 m Ubunzulu ambiwa kuyo yayiziimitha 240, kodwa emva kokuba utsalo wagcwala gangue .. Okwangoku, i "Big Hole" yi ichibi lokwenziwa kunye nobunzulu kweemitha ezingama-40 kuphela.

Emgodini vula kwemigodi enkulu diamond

Diamond imigodi yaqala eRashiya phakathi kwenkulungwane yokugqibela kunye kuvulwa ngo-1954 idiphozithi "Summer umbane" phezu komlambo Viluy, nto leyo eyayifikelela kwi-hectares-32. Emva konyaka umbhobho kimberlite diamond yesibini eyafumanekayo Yakutia, kwathiwa igama "Uxolo". Around kule intsimi yaba kwidolophu Mirny. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ekubhekiswa umbhobho kimberlite (iifoto kuya kunceda ukuthelekelela ubukhulu yedipozithi ngedayimani umfundi) uthathwa nje enkulu ehlabathini. ubunzulu career laliziimitha 525, kwaye ubukhulu - 1,2 km. open-emhadini wokombiwa kwedayimani kwayekwa 2004 Sithethanje, ulwakhiwo komhlaba sisendleleni ukusebenza ngaphandle kweendawo eseleyo lokungahlangani yindlela evulekileyo sinobungozi kunye lutho. Ngokutsho iingcali, uphuhliso kwimibhobho ingqalelo liya kuthatha iminyaka ubuncinane esinye-30.

Imbali i "Mir" umbhobho kimberlite

Development yasendle lwaqhutywa kwi iimeko zemozulu ezinzima. Ukuze bayagqobhoza, bayangena permafrost, kwafuneka ukuqhushumba iliwa dynamite. Sele 60s lomgodi kwinkulungwane yokugqibela wanika 2 kg iidayimani ngonyaka ngamnye, amakhaya angama-20 ekhulwini kubo yayilingana umgangatho gem wonqanyulwa, kwaye emva kokungena koovimba izacholo nje kwaphela. Ezinye zisetyenziselwa iinjongo zoshishino. Ukususela kowe-1957 ukusa kowama-2001, kwi "Mir" bazibambe geni lwedayimani, iindleko zizonke leyo eyayifikelela kwi $ 17 ezigidi. Ngeli xesha umhadi banzi ukuze izithuthi imithwalo kufuneka sidlule kwiikhilomitha ezingama-8 ukusuka kumphezulu ukuya ezantsi kwendlela zikhula. Iihelikopta kwakhona balelwa ngqo ukubhabha phezu into, njengokuba Umgodi omkhulu yadika nje yonke moya. iindonga Tall umsebenzi ziyingozi zothutho komhlaba, kunye nabantu abasebenza utsalo: kukho ingozi ukudilika. Namhlanje, oosonzululwazi nokuphuhlisa iprojekthi eco-sixeko, nto leyo kumele zibekwe inkwali. Kuba kulo mhadi icetyelwe yokugubungela kunye amajukujuku kwawo, nto leyo eya ukufaka iiphaneli zesola. Imihla izicwangciso isixeko elizayo ezahlulwe namaqanaba: phezulu - ukuya kwindawo ephilileyo, i-avareji - ukwenza indawo epakini, yaye uya kuba ezolimo yasezantsi.

isiphelo

Diamond Ukumba unembali ende. Njengoko izinto ezintsha kunye nokugqitywa sokukhokhela kudlule kuqala ukusuka eIndiya ukuya eBrazil, yaye emva koko - eMzantsi Afrika. Okwangoku oko usesikhundleni ekhokelayo eBotswana, indawo yesibini - Russia.