Poem N. A. Nekrasova "Ngubani Ubomi Well eRashiya": imifanekiso, abalinganiswa, indawo ukubalisa ngokufutshane. Ukuze siphile kakuhle eRashiya?

Ekuqaleni kuka-1866, umxholo olandelayo wencwadana yeSovermennik yapapashwa eSt. Petersburg, kwaye yavulwa yimigca eyaziwa phantse wonke umntu namhlanje:

"Nguwuphi na unyaka -

Kukuphi ilizwe eliqiqayo ... "

Kwakungamagama afanele afake umfundi kwihlabathi elimangalisayo, kwaye kwakukhona kubo ukuphindaphindiweyo okufutshane ngo "Ngubani Ubomi Abahle Ukuhlala E-Russia" eqala kumaphephancwadi. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, abaninzi baye bafunda ukuba ngokuqhubekayo kuya kuba yintaka-ye-chiffchaff emangalisayo owaziyo ukuthetha nabantu, iitrafti-samobranka kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezikhunjulwe kwimemori yabafundi kuze kube namhlanje. Yile ndlela indlela echazwa ngayo ethi "Ngubani Ubomi Bokuhlala E-Russia" eqala ngendlela ekhululekile, esitshela ngeentlanga zamadoda asixhenxe anqwenela ukuphikisana nabani na ovuyokileyo kwaye bahlala ngokukhululekile kwilizwe labo.

Ulwazi oluyisiseko

Umbongo othi "Ubani eRussia Baphila Ngokufanelekileyo" yindalo ye-vertex ye-NA Nekrasov, kwaye wayelangazelela ngokwaneleyo le ngcamango yokudala lo msebenzi, iminyaka engaphezu kwe-elishumi elinesine ibhalelwe ukubhala umbhalo. Nangona kungenakuze akwazi ukuwugqiba le nkondlo, iquka into ebaluleke kakhulu yoluntu.

Lo msebenzi uquka izahluko ezine, ezidibeneyo kunye neengxelo malunga nendlela abahlali bexhala ngayo ngenjabulo eRashiya. Ngexesha elifanayo, bazama ukuqala ukukhetha kuphela izinto ezikhethwa ngabantu abahlukeneyo, kodwa ekugqibeleni bazange bafune ukuhlangabezana nezinye iindidi zabantu, kuba ngokwenene (njengombhali) bazama ukufumana ulonwabo lwabantu.

Isalathiso senkondlo sigcinwa ngendlela yokuhamba, okwavumela umbhali ukuba asebenzise imifanekiso eyahlukeneyo kwinkqubo yokuchaza iimeko ezahlukeneyo. Kakade kwi-prologue umbhali usibonisa into engqinileyo malunga neyona yinyaniso yaseRashiya, echaza ngayo amagama ahambelana namadolophana: Gorelov, Dyryavin, Razotov, Neelova nabanye abaninzi.

Ukuqalisa

Kakade iprologue ibonisa umfanekiso weRashiya oyiRashiya yeyona ndawo, umlingisi ophezulu walo msebenzi umele apha-umntu oqhelekileyo omele uvele ngokuqinisekileyo njengoko kufanelekile ukuba: kubazukulu, izicathulo kunye ne-armeniac, elambileyo kwaye ehlala elambile.

Emva kokuba umagazini weSovermennik ushicilele ngokufutshane ukuba ngubani ohlala kwiRashiya, kuthatha iminyaka emithathu, kwaye emva koko ukupapashwa kwalo mbongo kwaphinda kuqaliswe, kodwa inxalenye nganye yodwa yayinganyanzelwanga ngokugqithiseleyo ngombuso wamaTsarist, okholelwa ukuba Umsebenzi unomxholo obi kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, isahluko sokugqibela, esaziwa ngamagama amaninzi njenge "iSidlo seLizwe lonke", lagxeka. Ngelishwa, umbhali ngokwakhe ubona kuphela ukuphindaphinda okufutshane "Ngubani olungileyo ukuba ahlale eRashiya", kwaye akafumananga ukupapashwa kwazo zonke izahluko eziseleyo, kuba ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kunye nezifinyezo ezi mbongo zanyatheliswa emva kokuphela kweNguqulelo ka-Oktobha.

Le nkondlo engumsebenzi we-Nekrasov inikwe indawo ephambili, kwaye ibonisa intsingiselo yakhe kunye nenjongo yokudala, umphumo wokugqibela weengcamango zombhali kwiziphumo zabantu, ulonwabo lwakhe kunye nendlela ekhokelela kuye. Zonke ezi ngcamango zaziziintloko zenkondlo ebomini bakhe, kwaye zihlala ziboniswa ngendalo. U-Orina, uMama weSolomon, i-Railroad, i-Frost, i-Red Nose yiyo yonke loo misebenzi ebalulekileyo apho umlobi weza kwimbongo ethi Who Lives Well eRashiya. Abahlali kunye nabasimilayo ngabalinganiswa abakhulu balo mbalo, iingxaki ezityhilwa kwiinkcukacha ezininzi.

Inkqubo yokubhala

Kwiminyaka emininzi imbongi yanikela umsebenzi kule mbongo, ngokuthi "ngumntwana ozithandayo". Ekugqibeleni, wazama ukwenza "incwadi yendoda" yangempela, ebiza ngokuthi "Ngubani waseRashiya okufanele aphile kakuhle". Ibhinqa elingumlimi okanye umlimi welo xesha kufuneka abone ukubonakaliswa okwenene wobomi bakhe, kwaye inzala ingayiqonda indlela abantu abaninzi bevakalelwa ngayo ngelo xesha.

U-Nekrasov ngokwakhe wathi kwibali wayezimisele ukuthetha ngokupheleleyo lonke ulwazi lwakhe ngabantu, nayo yonke into awayeyivela emlonyeni wabantu abaqhelekileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, wadala ubomi obuninzi bemihlaba, ebiza ngokuthi "Ngubani eRussia okufanele aphile kakuhle". UMatonaona u-Timofeevna ubonakalisa yena umfazi ongokoqobo waseRashiya, ebonisa iimpawu zakhe eziphambili kunye nemigaqo yobomi.

Umsebenzi omkhulu uNekrasov waphazamiseka ngokufa kwangaphambi kombhali, ngenxa yoko umsebenzi usifikele kuwo. Nangona kunjalo, nangona kunjalo, kugcina ingqibelelo yobugcisa kunye neengcamango.

Negalelo legalelo

Ngomsebenzi wakhe, u-Nekrasov wakwazi ukuvuselela uhlobo lohlobo lwabantu. Ukuba kuvela kwimisebenzi yoluntu ngokwenene, eya kubonakaliswa ngophawu olukhulu lwezinto zobomi bentlalo, kunye neengcamango zabo ezifanelekileyo kunye nokugxilwa kwemibuzo ebalulekileyo yexesha, kuvela engqondweni "Ngubani na waseRashiya okufanele aphile kakuhle". UMatonaona Timofeevna kunye nabanye abalinganiswa banqunyulwa kwimemori kwaye bahluke ngohlobo oluyingqayizivele. Umbhali wayenako ukusebenzisa ngokubanzi izithethe zobomi bomlomo ngomlomo, kunye nokusondeleka kweelwimi zakhe zeengqungquthela kwimihla yokuthetha yansuku zonke kunye nengoma yokuqala yengoma.

Ingqungquthela kaNekrasov inezinye iimpawu ezinobungqina obubalulekileyo. Esikhundleni seqhawe elithile, kukho indawo yabantu abaqhelekileyo ngokubanzi, kwaye imeko yobomi beembalo zentlalo eyahlukileyo ibonisiwe. Iinjongo ezidumiweyo kwizinto zangempela zichazwe kwimbongo ngqo ekuphuhliseni kwesihloko, esibonisa ukuba yonke iRus kunye neziganeko eziboniswayo ziboniswa njengengcamango yangempela yabalimi abajikelezayo, kwaye zinikezelwa kumfundi, njengokungathi embonweni wazo.

Iziqulatho

Kwi "Ubani eRussia Ukuba Baphile Ngokufanelekileyo" ingxaki yobomi babantu ibonakaliswe ngokupheleleyo. Iziganeko zalo msebenzi zibonakala kwiminyaka yokuqala emva kokumkelwa kohlaziyo-mali ngo-1861 kunye nokukhululwa kweentlanga. Abahlali belizwe kunye nabantu ngokwabo baqinileyo, beliqhawe lokwenene, kwaye bekunye naye umbhali odibanisa nethemba lakhe kwikamva eliqaqambileyo, nangona wayeqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba ubuthathaka obunobuncwane bokubhikisha bungabangelwa njani ukungabonakali kwabantu abaninzi ngokuthunyelwa kwezenzo ezinzulu.

"Kwi-Russia ukuba Baphile Ngokufanelekileyo" ingxaki yabalimi ibonakaliswa ngomfanekiso we-Farmliy welizwe, obonakala ngathi "oyiRashiya oyiNgcwele yaseRashiya kunye neSerfing Bogatyr," ebandakanya ukuqina nokungaqiniseki kwamandla abantu. Ngo-Savely, iimpawu zamaqhawe ezidumiweyo ezidumileyo zibonakaliswa. I-Nekrasov idibanisa lo mfanekiso kunye nomxholo oyintloko wale mbongo - oku kukukhangela indlela yolonwabo lwabantu, oluchaza "Ngubani waseRashiya okufanele aphile kakuhle". Uhlalutyo lwesibongo lusenza sihlawule ngokukhethekileyo kuMatonaona Timofeevna, othetha ngeendlela zokuhamba nge-Savely: "Inkolelo injalo." Ulonwabo lomdlali oyintloko lukho inkululeko kunye nokuqonda ukuba kubaluleke kangakanani umzabalazo wabantu, kuba ngale ndlela kuphela umntu unokukwazi ukufezekisa ubomi "bakhululekile".

Ezinye iifoto

Zizinto ezi zinto ezikhumbulekayo phakathi kweminye imibongo ethi "Ngubani waseRashiya okufanele aphile kakuhle". Uhlalutyo lwesondlo kukuvumela ukuba ubone imifanekiso eninzi engakhohlwayo yabalimi, kuquka i-Vlas ehlakaniphile ubudala, oye wabona ezininzi kwixesha lakhe lobomi, kunye noYakima Nagoya, onguhlobo oluqhelekileyo. Ngexesha elifanayo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iKakim Naga ibonakaliswe ngokungekho mhlaba obulawe kunye nomnyama okhulayo ovela kwidolophana. Eyazi kakuhle isidima sakhe, uzama kanzima ukukhusela abantu abantu ngokuthetha ngokugqithiseleyo ekukhuseleni bonke abantu.

Ukufunda "Ohlala kakuhle eRashiya" ngezahluko, unokubona ukuba indima ebalulekileyo kwingqungquthela inikwa umfanekiso ka-Ermil Girin, ongumuntu ongenakonakala kunye nococekileyo "wabakhuseli babantu" abagqibelele ukumela abalimi abavukelayo.

Matryona Timofeevna

Umfanekiso omhle wesifazana kaMatonaona Timofeevna utyhilwa kwi-"Inye eRussia Ukuphila Ngokufanelekileyo" ngezahluko, apho umbongi uzama ukucacisa iimpawu zobuntu baseRashiya abangamafama. Ukuthetha ngesabelo esincinci sababhinqa, u-Nekrasov wabhala isibalo esikhulu semibongo enomdla, kodwa nangothando olunjalo kunye nokufudumala, echazwe kwisibongo uMatushushka, akazange abhale.

Abalinganiswa abancinci

Kanye kunye nabalinganiswa abahlukahlukeneyo bala msebenzi, okhupha uthando kunye nokubandakanyeka ekuthatheni inxaxheba, uNekrasov uzama ukucacisa ezinye iintlobo zabasimili abenza umfanekiselo kunye nabasebenzi basekhaya - ii-sycophants, izigqila ezithobelayo, i-bar hangers kunye nabaculi ngqo. Ngexesha elifanayo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imbongi leyo yazama ukubonisa le mifanekiso kwiitoni ezithile, kwaye ngokucacileyo ukukhushulwa kwabahlali babonakala ngokucacileyo, ukholo lwabonakala ngakumbi ekukhululweni kwabo, kwaye ngokungafaniyo umbhali obenokugweba ukuthotywa, ukukhonza nokukhonza.

Yileyo ndlela "Ohlala kakuhle eRashiya" ichaza isihloko sengxelo ethi "ngumkhonzi oyisibonelo" kaYakobi, ekugqibeleni uyaqonda indlela ehlazisa ngayo isikhundla sakhe. Emva koko, unquma ukuphendulela uncedo olungenakunceda kunye nosizi, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo elinoyikekayo ekugqibeleni kwakhe ukubuyisela - uzimisele ukuzibulala phambi komphathi wakhe.

Kwakhona u-Ipat umele apha, omele imbongo ngokuthi "i-lackey enobucayi," kunye nomgcini u-Egorka Shutov, owamkela isihloko esithi "inhloli kuye", ebambe indima ebalulekileyo "Ohlala kakuhle eRashiya." Emva kokufa kwakhe, umnini-mhlaba washiya intando apho wayala ukuba kukhululwe abalimi abayizibhozo ezisibhozo, kodwa umdala uGleb wahendelwa yizithembiso zendlalifa kwaye ekugqibeleni wagqiba ukutshabalalisa loxwebhu.

Iingcamango ezifihliweyo

Ukubonisa ubuqhetseba, inkolelo-ze, ukungazi kunye neendawo ezininzi zemizana yaseRussia yelo xesha, uNekrasov uzame ukugxininisa ngokubanzi kunokwenzeka ukuba ngumntu wexeshana kwimiba eyahlukeneyo yobomi bemihlaba, eyadlulela ngokugqithiseleyo. Ihlabathi, elibuyiselwa ngokubhaliweyo kulo msebenzi, yindawo yokuhlukana kweentlalo kunye nenani elikhulu lokuxabana nokuphikisana nokuphikisa ubomi.

Ngokomzekelo, "Ohlala kakuhle eRussia" umninikhaya u-Obolt-Obolduyev, odibana nabahambahambayo kwaye waboniswa "ngeenxa zonke, puzatenky, blush and mustache", utyhila ngokupheleleyo ukunyaniseka nokungafihleki kwabantu abangasetyenziswanga ukucinga ngobomi babo. Ukufihla emva kwesigqubuthelo somntu onobuhle, ebonisa ububele obuhle kunye nobutyebi obuhle, umninimzi uzaliswe ngumsindo nokuzidla, kwaye akakwazi ukugcina inzondo nokunyanzela abahlali.

Kwakhona, imifanekiso ethi "Ngubani ohlala kakuhle eRussia" ukubhiyozela umninimzi onguMlawuli uDuke, owamkela kubahlali ababizwa ngokuba yi-afterdead. Isiqulatho "impumlo enomlanjana onjenge-hawk", ukubukeka kwenyameko, ukuvutha komzimba nokudakwa kotywala obungapheliyo - zonke ezi zizinto ezongezelelekileyo ezibonakalayo ezikrakra zommeli wendawo yabanini-mhlaba, ezizaliswe ngamagqabi kunye nabase-serfs. Imifanekiso enjalo yenza loo msebenzi unomdla kwaye uyingqayizivele, ngokuthelekiswa nabanye.

Kubonakala ngathi umxholo othi "Ohlala kakuhle eRussia" uquka ukuxazulula ingxabano phakathi kwabasimili abaqhelekileyo abazama ukugqiba ukuba ngubani wabantu abangasentla abahlala bevuya ngakumbi: i-tsar, umfundisi, umbingeleli, umrhwebi, unobhala okanye umninikhaya. Nangona kunjalo, kwikhondo lokuphuhlisa izenzo zeli bongo, uNekrasov uqala ukuhamba ngaphaya kwesi siqendu, esabekwe ekuqaleni, kwaye abalimi baqala ukubheka kuphela abameleli beeklasi zokulawula. Ukufunda umxholo othi "Ohlala kakuhle eRussia", umntu unokunyamekela ukuba abantu abaphikisanayo baqala ukukhangela abantu abaqhelekileyo, bezama ukufumana umntu ohlala ngokuvuya, kwaye emva koko bathi ngokuzenzekelayo bazama ukufumana ulonwabo oludumileyo, isabelo esihle kakhulu - i-volost engapheliyo, i-gubernia eqhelekileyo kunye nedolophu yase-oasis.

Inkcazo yeengxaki zangempela

Ukuqala kweli phephancwadi ngohlobo lwe-jocular tone-sketchy ithoni, umbhali, ngokugqithiseleyo kwexesha, ngokubanzi kunye nokunyuka kwintsingiselo yombuzo wenjabulo, ngenxa yoko anikwe isandi esicacileyo senhlalakahle. Ininzi yazo zonke, iinjongo zokuqala zomlobi "Ohlala kakuhle eRussia" abalimi bezo zihlandlo babenokubona "kwiNtlanga yehlabathi lonke", kodwa ngelo xesha livinjelwe ngokuchaneka. Ibali likaGrisha Dobrosklonov, eliqalise kule ngxenye, liza kuba yintloko ekuphuhliseni umxholo wenjabulo kunye nomzabalazo oqhubekayo. Kule sahluko, umbhali usele uthetha ngokuthe ngqo malunga nomendo kunye nendlela ekugqibeleni ekukhokelela kuyo indlela yokubonakalisa yolonwabo yoluntu. U-Grisha, ulonwabo luhlala kumzabalazo ovulekileyo lwekamva elihle labantu bakhe, kwaye ufuna ukuba "bonke abalimi baseRussia abangcwele baphile ngokuzonwabisa nangokukhululekile." Yindlela uNehrasov abonisa ngayo "Ngubani waseRussia ohlala kakuhle" ingxaki yolonwabo, oko wayeyicinga into ebalulekileyo ebomini bakhe.

Umfanekiso kaGrisha uzalisa inani "labakhuseli babantu", lowo umbhali abonakalisa kwisibongo sakhe. U-Nekrasov uzame ukugxininisa kulo mlingiswa ngokusondelana kwakhe nabantu, ithuba lokunxibelelana rhoqo nabahlali, ngenxa yokuba wayeziqonda ngokupheleleyo kwaye wakwazi ukufumana inkxaso. Ngaloo ndlela, uGrisha ukhangeleka njengombongi ophefumlelweyo, othe wagqiba ekubeni athathe inxaxheba yombambisene "weengoma ezilungileyo" kubantu bakhe.

Umsebenzi othi "Ubani eRussia Baphila Ngokufanelekileyo" ngumzekelo ophezulu wesitayela esivela kuwo wonke uchungechunge lweengqungquthela zeNekrasov. Ingqungquthela yomxholo weengoma kunye neengoma zomculo zengoma leyo yenza ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba yenze i-flavour national national flavor kwaye inxulumene ngqo nenkolelo kaNekrasov yokuba abantu baseRashiya bangaba nekamva elihle. Umxholo oyintloko wale nkondlo kukufumana ulonwabo, kwaye ubuyela kwiindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo, iingoma zamanye amazwe kunye neminye imithombo yenkcubeko, ekuthethwa ngayo into yokuba abalimi bafuna umhlaba onolonwabo, ubutyebi, inyaniso, ubuncwane nokunye okuninzi. Esi sihloko sichaze ngokupheleleyo iphupha elixabisekileyo labantu, ukuqhubeka kwalo ukuzama ukufumana uvuyo, kunye nephupha elidala labantu bonke ukuba bafeze i-order yoluntu.

Kule nkondlo uNekrasov uzame ukusebenzisa zonke iintlobo zeentlobo zezinto ezibonakalayo kwiRashiya, kuquka neengqungquthela, iimbali, iimbali, iingcamango, izandi, amazwi kunye neengoma ezahlukeneyo. Ngaloo ndlela, usebenzisa i-folk folklore yabantu, wathola izinto eziphathekayo ezicebileyo ukuze agwebe indlela yokuphila yamazwe kunye namasiko ezwe.

Isitayela senkondlo sigcwele ubuninzi bezandi zomsindo, kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zesandi seembongo, kubandakanye ukumamatheka okukratshi ngokulandelelanisa kwindlobongela, leyo leyo ekubambeni iqala ukutshintshwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo yi-polyphony yesihlwele esinobungqina obuhle, ukunyeliswa kwi-"Afterdaddy" Idrama kwi-"Peasant", kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kweengxabano kunye nobuqhawe kwisahluko esithi "Umthendeleko wehlabathi lonke."

Ngalo msebenzi, u-Nekrasov wakwazi ukubonisa indlela aziva ngayo nangendlela athanda ngayo ubuhle beRashiya kwimimandla yasentla. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-landscape apha kufumaneka ukwenzela ukudala ithoni yeemvakalelo, kunye nokwenza umlingiswa womphefumlo womlingiswa ubonakalise ngokucacileyo ngokucacileyo "Kuye Ohlala eRussia Uphila Phambili".

Konke oku kuthetha ukuba lo mbongo unikwa indawo ekhethekileyo kwisihobe Russian, kuba ibonakalisa ngokupheleleyo imizobo inyaniso ngokungenaloyiko yobomi intsomi, wolisondeza kwindawo aura of fabulousness nobuhle echaza lobuciko kunye uvuthondaba kunye nokukhala nesele nomzabalazo yobuqhawe yotshintsho olululo. Konke oku N. A. Nekrasov wazama ukuvakalisa kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngamandla obugcisa, ukukhupha umsebenzi wakhe ongafiyo, makwazeke ezininzi kulo mhla wethu.

Kungenxa yoko le nto "Ukuze baphile kakuhle eRashiya" kucetyiswa ufunda ukuba umntu ngamnye, ngenxa yokuba le ncwadi kuza kukunceda ukuba baphendule imibuzo emininzi namhlanje ezivelayo.