Reflex ngumzekelo. Imizekelo yokuzalwa komntwana kunye nokufunyaniswa, kunye nesimo esingaxhomekiyo kwimibandela yabantu nakwizilwanyana

Inkqubo yethu yokutya iyinkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yokusebenzisana kwee-neurons ezithumela impembelelo kwingqondo, kwaye yona ilawula zonke izitho kwaye iqinisekisa umsebenzi wayo. Le nkqubo yokusebenzisana iyenzeka ngenxa yobungqina bokuba abantu beendlela ezingenakulinganiswa ezifunyenwe kunye nezisisiseko zokuzilungelelanisa-iimpendulo ezinemiqathango kunye nokungenammiselo. I-Reflex iyimpendulo eyaziwayo yomzimba kwiimeko ezithile okanye izikhalazo. Umsebenzi ohambelana nokuphela kwezigulane usinceda sisebenzisane nehlabathi elisijikelezayo. Umntu uzalwe ngesiseko sezakhono zokuqala-oku kuthiwa yi-reflex innate. Umzekelo wale ndlela yokuziphatha: amandla omntwana ukuba ancelise isifuba somama, agxobhe ukutya, adibanise.

Ukuziphatha komntu kunye nesilwanyana

Xa sele ezalwa, ufuna izakhono ezithile eziza kunceda ukuqinisekisa ubomi bakhe. Umzimba ulungelelanisa kwihlabathi elijikelezile, oko kukuthi, lukhula lonke ubunzima bezithuthuthu zezakhono. Yindlela enjalo ebizwa ngokuba yizinto zokuziphatha. Umzimba ngamnye ophilayo unemilinganiselo yawo yokuziphendulela kunye neengcamango zokuzalwa zomntwana, ezizuze ilifa kwaye azitshintshi ubomi. Kodwa ukuziphatha ngokwayo kuphawulwa yindlela yokufezekisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo ebomini: iifom zokuzalwa kunye neefomu ezifumanekayo.

Iingcamango ezingahambelaniyo

Iingcali zenzululwazi zithetha ukuba uhlobo lokuziphatha olungaqhelekanga luyi- reflex inconditioned. Umzekelo wokubonakalisa okunjalo kuye kwagcinwa ukuzalwa komntu: ukukrazula, ukukhwehlela, ukugwinya ummatha, ukukhenkceza. Ukuthunyelwa kolwazi olunjalo luyenziwa ngelifa leprogram yobazali ngamaziko e- reflex arcs, enoxanduva lokuphendulela kwi-stimuli. La maziko aphantsi kwengqondo okanye kwi-spinal cord. Iingcamango ezingahambelaniyo zinceda umntu ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo ngokusabela kwiinguqu zangaphandle kunye ne-homeostasis. Iimpendulo ezinjalo zichithwa ngokucacileyo ngokuxhomekeke kwizidingo ze-biological.

• Ukutya.
• Ukuthelekiswa.
• Khusela.
• Zesondo.

Ngokuxhomekeka kwiintlobo, izidalwa eziphilileyo zineempendulo ezahlukeneyo kwihlabathi elijikelezile, kodwa zonke izilwanyana, kuquka nabantu, zinekhono lokusana. Ukuba unamathele umntwana okanye isilwanyana esincinci kumlenze womama, ubuchopho buya kuthathwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye inkqubo yokutya iya kuqala. Le ngcamango engavumelekanga. Imizekelo yokuziphatha kokutya izuzwa yizo zonke izidalwa ezifumana izondlo kubisi lonina.

Ukuziphendulela

Ezi ntlobo zokuphendulela kwi-stimuli yangaphandle zizuze ilifa kwaye zibizwa ngokuba zizendalo zemvelo. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuye kwabeka isidingo kuthi ukuze sizikhusele size sinakekele ukhuseleko lwethu ngenjongo yokuphila. Ngoko ke, siye safunda ukusabela ngokusesikweni kwingozi, oku kungengcamango engahambelaniyo. Umzekelo: Uye waphawula indlela intloko eyeke ngayo, ukuba umntu uye waletha intonga phezu kwayo? Xa uthinta ubuso obushushu, isandla sakho sitsalwa. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuba yimvelo yokuzimela: akunakwenzeka ukuba umntu onobuqhetseba uya kuzama ukuxhuma kwindawo ephakamileyo okanye adle amajikijolo angaqhelekanga ehlathini. Ingqondo iqala ngokukhawuleza inkqubo yokucwangcisa ulwazi, oluya kucacisa ukuba lufanelekile ukubeka ubomi bakho engozini. Kwaye ukuba ucinga ukuba awucingi ngento, isilumko sisebenza ngokukhawuleza.

Zama ukuphakamisa umnwe kwisandla somntana, kwaye uzakuzama ngokukhawuleza ukuyifumana. Nangona kunjalo, ukuxilongwa okunjalo kwenzelwe iikholeji, nangona kunjalo, ngoku olu buchule aluyimfuneko kumntwana. Nangona abantu basekuqaleni, inkunzi yanyamekela unina, kwaye ke wayinyamezela. Kukho iziganeko zokuzalwa zesifo, ezichazwe ngokuxhamla kwamanani amaninzi e-neurons. Umzekelo, ukuba uya kuguqa idolo ngesando, kuya kutyhubela - umzekelo we-reflex-neural reflex. Kule meko, i-neurons ezimbini zidibanisa kwaye zithumela umqondiso kwingqondo, ezibangela ukuba baphendule kwi-external stimulus.

Ukuphendulelwa kwexesha

Nangona kunjalo, akuyiyo yonke ingcamango engaxilwanga ngaphandle kokuzalwa emva kokuzalwa. Abanye baphakama njengoko kuyimfuneko. Umzekelo, umntwana osandul 'ukuzalwa esingazi indlela yokuhamba kwithuba, kodwa emva kweeveki ezimbalwa uqala ukusabela kwi-stimuli yangaphandle - le ngcamango engenakunqunyulwa. Umzekelo: umntwana uqala ukwahlula ilizwi lomama, izandi ezivakalayo, imibala ekhanyayo. Zonke ezi zinto ziyakuthathela ingqalelo-ikhono lokuqhelanisa liqala ukwenza. Ingqwalasela engabonakaliyo yindlela yokuqala ekuvelweni kovavanyo lokuqhelanisa: umntwana usuqala ukuqonda ukuba xa umama uthetha kuye aze eze kuye, mhlawumbi uya kumthabatha ezandleni zakhe okanye kumondle. Okokuthi, umntu udala uhlobo oluyinkqubo yokuziphatha. Ukukhala kwakhe kuya kumnceda, kwaye uya kuqaphela ukusebenzisa le mpendulo.

Iingcamango zesondo

Kodwa le ngqungquthela ibhekisela kwizinto ezingenasicatshulwa kwaye zingenakunqunyulwa, zijoliswe ekuqhubekeni kohlobo. Iyenzeka ngexesha lokuphelelwa ngumntwana, oko kukuthi, kuphela xa umzimba ulungele ukuqhubela i-genus. Iingcali zenzululwazi zithi le ngqungquthela yenye yezona ziqine kakhulu, inquma ukuziphatha okunzima kwezinto eziphilayo kwaye emva koko ivula isiza ukukhusela imbewu yayo. Nangona kunjalo ukuba zonke izimpendulo zivela kumntu, ziqaliswe ngendlela ethile.

Iingcamango zomqathango

Ukongeza kwimpendulo engokwemvelo esinazo ekuzalweni, umntu ufuna ezinye izakhono ezininzi ukwenzela ukuba alungele kangcono kwihlabathi elijikelezile. Ukuziphatha okufunyenweyo kwenziwe kubini nakwizilwanyana ebomini, kuthiwa le ngqungquthela "iimeko ezinengqondo." Imizekelo: ekuboneni kokutya, i-salivation ivela, ngelixa ukujonga ukutya, kukho ukuvalelwa yindlala ngexesha elithile lomhla. Injalo enjalo yenziwa ngokuxhomekeka kwexeshana phakathi kwesikhungo se- analyzer (ukuqonda kwentswelo okanye umbono) kunye neziko le-reflex engenakunqunyulwa. I-stimulus yangaphandle iba ngumqondiso kwisenzo esithile. Imifanekiso ebonakalayo, izandi, ukuvumba kungenza izibophelelo eziqinileyo kwaye zenze ii-reflexes ezintsha. Xa umntu ebona i-lemon, u-salivation unokuqala, kunye nokuvumba okubukhali okanye ukucamngca umfanekiso ongathandekiyo, i-nausea iphakame-le mizekelo yeengcamango ezixhomekeke kumntu. Qaphela ukuba ezi mpendulo ziba ngabanye kuzo zonke izilwanyana eziphilayo, ukuxhunywa kwexeshana kwenziwe kwi-cortex ye-cerebral kwaye ithumele uphawu xa kuvela ukuvuswa kwangaphandle.

Kulo lonke ubomi, iimpendulo ezinemeko zingaphakama kwaye ziphinde ziphele. Konke kuxhomekeke kwimfuno yomntu. Ngokomzekelo, njengomntwana, umntwana uyasabela kwiibhotile zobisi, eqonda ukuba oku kukutya. Kodwa xa umntwana ekhula, le nto ayiyi kuyenza umfanekiso wokutya, iya kuphendula kwi-spoon ne-plate.

Heredity

Njengoko sele sichazile, iingcamango ezingenamntu zizuzwa yizo zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana eziphilayo. Kodwa iimpendulo ezinemiqathango zichaphazela kuphela ukuziphatha komntu onzima, kodwa azidluliselwa kwiintlobo. Umzimba ngamnye "ulungelelanisa" kule nto okanye loo meko kunye nenyaniso ejikelezayo. Imizekelo yeengcamango zokuzalwa ezingapheliyo ebomini: ukutya, ukugwinya, ukusabela kwintsikelelo yemveliso. Utshintsho olunemiqathango luhlala luxhomekeke kwizinto ezikhethiweyo kunye nobudala bethu: ekubuntwaneni, xa kubonwa umdlalo, intsana ivuyisayo iimvakalelo, ngexesha lokukhula, impendulo ibangelwa, umzekelo, ngemifanekiso ebonakalayo yefilimu.

Ukuphendula kwezilwanyana

Kwizilwanyana, njengomntu, kukho izimbini ezingenanto ezingenasisiseko, kwaye zifumene iingcamango ebomini. Ukongezelela kwintsimi yokulondolozwa kunye nokuveliswa kokutya, izidalwa eziphilayo ziyakwazi ukulungelelanisa nokusingqongileyo. Bahlakulela impendulo kwisiteketiso (izilwanyana zasekhaya), ngokuphindaphinda ngokuphindaphindiweyo kukho ukucinga.

Uvavanyo oluninzi luye lwabonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukufaka isilwanyana ezininzi kwiimpendulo zendlela yangaphandle. Umzekelo, ukuba ubiza inja ngeentsimbi okanye isignali ethile kwisondlo ngasinye, uya kuba nombono oqhubekayo wale meko, kwaye uya kusabela ngokukhawuleza. Kwinkqubo yoqeqesho, ukukhuthazwa kwezilwanyana kumyalelo owenziwe yi-favorite delicacy ifom yeendlela ezithandwayo, ukuhamba kweenja kunye nohlobo lwe-leash signal ekuhambeni kwangaphambili, apho kufuneka ahlangabezane nemizekelo yokufuna izilwanyana.

Isishwankathelo

Inkqubo yesantya ihlala ithumela kwiingqondo zethu ezininzi iimpawu, zenza ukuziphatha komntu nesilwanyana. Umsebenzi oqhubekayo we-neurons usenza ukuba senze izenzo eziqhelekileyo kwaye siphendule kwisistim somsebenzi sangaphandle, sinceda ukulungelelanisa ngakumbi kwihlabathi elisijikelezayo.