RF siseko, Inqaku 51. Akukho namnye unyanzelekile ukuba ubungqina nxamnye naye, iqabane lakhe kunye nezalamane close

Inqaku 51 loMgaqo-siseko ifundeka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Akukho mntu (kuchazwa nawuphi na umntu, ngaphandle Ngokubhekiselele newonga ummi) akanyanzelekanga ukuba lingqine okutyekileyo ngaye umntu, iqabane lakhe kunye nezizalwane.

2. Umthetho Federal unokuchaza ezinye baxolelwe kumqathango ukungqina.

Umxholo ekuthiwa ingqina okukwazi ibandakanya ilungelo lokuba faka kuye, zakhe izalamane olusondeleyo kunye amaqabane nelokuthula tu, kungekhona ukunika uncedo kuphando (ngaphakathi kwemida ethile). Xa uhlobo omnye okanye elinye ilungelo nxamnye samoizoblicheniya kubonelelwe kwimithetho phantse onke amazwe kunye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe (European Convention on Human Rights).

Okubaluleke kakhulu 51 inqaku le-siseko Russian Federation kwiingxoxo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Xa inkqubo yophando kunye trial ubungqina rhoqo ukujonga bayahlelwa ngamnye.

Ilungelo kuliphezisa kule umthetho Russian Federation

Abantu abaninzi, uthe, ezazi zomthetho kubomi bemihla ngemihla, ngaba intsingiselo Art. 51 loMgaqo-siseko ye-Russian Federation zemveliso US ifilimu. Ibinzana elithi "uyakwazi nelokuthula tu, nantoni na nina nithi zingasetyenziswa ..." kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba abaninzi. Umthetho langaphandle ukwindawo ebizwa ngokuba "amalungelo Miranda," ucinga ukuba naluphi na ulwazi olufunyenwe amabanjwa ukuba ukucacisa kubo (ngomlomo) amalungelo procedural, ayikwazi ingasetyenziswa enkundleni njengobungqina. Ngoko ke, bezama ukuchaza ngoko nangoko.

Kodwa eRashiya, "amalungelo Miranda" ayikasebenzi, nabantu abo baphendule nayiphi na imibuzo zamagosa zokunyanzelisa umthetho, kaninzi oku bekwenza ezinokusifak yakhe. Banalo ilungelo ukubhengeza ulwazi ibenzakalise bona buqu okanye iintsapho zabo, kodwa akakwazi ukuhlala tu kwaphela.

Le ukuvalwa self-incrimination

Ilungelo ukuzibona-incrimination - yinxalenye ebalulekileyo art. 51 loMgaqo-siseko. Yena zicaciswa gca ngokwahlukileyo kwiikhowudi ezinkulu - i-Criminal Procedure Code, i Aic, iKhowudi yoLawulo kunye Code Civil seMigaqo ye-Russian Federation.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba imiqathango lingqina okukwazi ukuvela XII ngenkulungwane England, xa orhanelwa ngokuba ngumchasi kwanyanzeleka ukuba athathe isifungo ex officio. Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, lo mgaqo - imigaqo zibalulekileyo yobulungisa. Unikela ingqalelo ekhethekileyo eUnited States, eOstreliya, eJamani, Canada kunye namazwe EU. Kodwa nokuphunyezwa enkqubo ngelungelo ukuzibona-incrimination kuyahlukana nedlela zokuphelisa State.

1. Ngokubanzi amazwe (case) umthetho, ukuba umrhanelwa uyavuma ukungqina ukuba ngemibuzo njengengqina. Ngako oko, inokubuyiselwa kuba nabutyala kusilela elandelayo ukufunda okanye umyalezo yolwazi olungeyonyaniso.

2. Xa amazwe inkqubo lizwekazi (kubandakanywa Russia) umrhanelwa okanye ummangalelwa wala ukuba angqine okanye wabanika inkcazelo lobuxoki, ezinkundleni. Kukholelwa ukuba isebenza-sikhokelo ukhuselo samoizoblicheniya.

Ilungelo lokwala bungqina ibali malunga kwityala elithile kuphela. Umntu unako ukuba badize naluphi na ulwazi malunga kwabo, leyo koko isetyenziswe kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo njengobungqina.

Ukuba ndakha ndanona owakwakhe kunye nezalamane

Uluhlu lwabantu enilwa unako ale ukunika ubungqina, enikwe kwisitanza. 4, Art. 5 Code of weNkqubo yoLwaphulo. Oku kuquka:

• Umfazi - umntu lo umtshato abhaliswe kwi-ofisi yobhaliso.
• Abazali okanye abazali umntwana njengowabo.
• Bantwana, ezifaka kwamkelwa.
• Izihlobo, kuquka consanguineous kunye nabazalwana zesibeleko kunye noodade.
• Ngabazukulwana.
• Okanye nomkhulu.

Uluhlu ivaliwe, kwaye usebenza kuzo zonke iintlobo zemveliso - uluhlu efanayo enikwe kwezinye neekhowudi ze-Russian Federation. ukungenzi Big kukuba ezingaqukwanga kwi ngootata bakhe, OOMAMA, endandihlala (amaqabane ezithwala). Xa sikhokelo inkqubo amangqina olwaphulo unelungelo lokusebenzisa n. 3 Art. 5 Code of Criminal Procedure Umba "abantu abasondeleyo" (abantu abathe ezinxulumene, okanye abo kakuhle lilingqina kwayona amandla umsa). Ngokusemthethweni, isimo sabo singasebenza ukuya ekunene, walatha-siseko Russian, Inqaku 51.

Iziqinisekiso evela ngenkani

Ukusebenzisa izenzo (izisongelo, ihlebo) kunyanzeleka ukuba angqine - ilityala lolwaphulo-mthetho phantsi Art. 302 of the Code Criminal. Kuthathwa ukuba naluphi na ulwazi malunga iimeko mbambano okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka banikwe ngokuzithandela, ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo iziphumo oko sele kuthethiwe. Ngokusemthethweni, lo mgaqo ndawo yathi, kodwa kubandakanya i-Convention yaseYurophu e intliziyo ingqikelelo ngobulungisa.

ERashiya, oko uyasikhusela nxamnye ukunyanzelwa enxulumene nemisebenzi ukucacisa Art. 51 loMgaqo-siseko ye-Russian Federation phambi ukulungiselela onke amaxwebhu enkqubo kwiingxoxo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neenkqubo zenkundla.

RF UmGaqosiseko (kwiSiqendu 51, esibonelela ukutyhilwa lasekunene ukhuselo ingundoqo ukuzibona-incrimination) ngokusesikweni kwenza kube nzima ukuba avume. Ngapha koko, enyanisweni oko kukwaphula lingqina nezifo.

Russia kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo kwiimeko ezinjalo kufuneka wokwamkelwa ityala yi umtyholwa okanye umsolwa ayithethi kwaye ayifuni igqwetha. Ukuziqhelisa, imizimba bokuphanda phambi ingqalelo kwimizuzu ahambelanayo koko umntu wachaza (ngesandla) amagatya Art. 51 loMgaqo-siseko.

Imida ubungqina okukwazi

Kubalulekile ukuqonda amandla ukusetyenziswa kwalo lungiselelo. Inqaku 51 loMgaqo-siseko Russian Federation anqongophele ngenxa nezithintelo eziliqela, kubekiwe nguwo umthetho kusenziwa ngoku.

• Umrhanelwa (ummangalelwa, amangqina) kunyanzelekile ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi bokuphanda efuna umsebenzi wayo (ngxabano, iimviwo, yesazisi).
• Ukwamkela, kubandakanywa kwanyanzeleka, yi-nxaxheba kwinkqubo iisampulu igazi, umchamo, umoya, iisampulu ilizwi kuba ubungqina elizayo. Imfuneko yezi zenzo uqinisekiswe yiNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko ye-Russian Federation.
• Kunokwenzeka ngemibuzo abanye abantu malunga naziphi na iimeko waziwa kubo abantu abenza basebenzisa ubungqina omzimba kwizicelo ezilandelayo ulwazi isiseko ubungqina.
• Umthetho Russian Federation (Art. 1.5 we loLawulo Code of the Russian Federation) ukuxolelwa ngokukhukhumala-nyhuku lusekiwe. Ubuso kwezinye iimeko, umthwalo yokubonisa ukuba umsulwa. Kwi-European Union lo mgaqo usebenza abanini-mafutha, efuna ukubonisa ukuba ndimsulwa besaphula imithetho yendlela.

Ilungelo lokwala uncedo

Inqaku 51 loMgaqo-siseko Russian Federation, izimvo ezisetyenziswa ukuthotyelwa komthetho, kukwaquka ezinye izenzo, ukongeza ukusilela ukufunda. Ngokukodwa, isiqulatho yayo ibandakanya ilungelo lokuba negalelo kwinkqubo nengalo yomthetho. Oku kuquka:

• Ukungaphumeleli ukunika nayiphi na ingcaciso okanye ulwazi.
• Ukunika ungumlandeli (Evuma icala). Ukuba umrhanelwa wala ingqalelo ulwaphulo-mthetho ngexesha awayencinwa yokuqala, akukho mntu unalo ilungelo lokufuna oku kwixesha elizayo.
• Non-nokukhutshwa izinto, amaxwebhu okanye izinto ezixabisekileyo ukuze kwenziwe uphando.

umthwalo ubungqina

Xa sikhokelo inkqubo amangqina olwaphulo gqolo walumkisa malunga neziphumo lokunikela ubungqina, kwakunye uxanduva ubuxoki kunye nokuqaliswa uphando okanye kwetyala elahlekisayo.

Kukodwa lulwaphulo-mthetho nxamnye ubulungisa owayesaziwa eRoma Ancient. Namhlanje Law of the Russian Federation kubonisa ukuba umyalezo kweenkcukacha eziynkohliso malunga izibakala kunye neemeko ezaziwa ubungqina (ingcali, lweengcali) kwaye kuchaphazela iziphumo zophando okanye isigqibo senkundla. Umthwalo enikelweyo nto. 307 Code Criminal.

Practice uphando Criminal lubonisa ukuba uninzi endandihlala perjuring (amaqabane iliso), abahlobo, abamelwane kunye nezihlobo wamaxhoba kunye umtyholwa. Isizathu sokuba izenzo zabo, kuba inxenye kakhulu uvelwano-mthetho okanye iintsapho zabo, kungathenjwa ncam amapolisa, kodwa uzame "siyohlala akhawunti".

Njengenxalenye ityala phantsi Art. 307 Code Criminal kukho iimeko ezininzi okunokwenzeka:

1. i impazamo ngokunyaniseka, ingqina enza ubona into yokuba kuchaphazela iziphumo zophando.

2. Ukusetyenziswa ubuxoki njengendlela kukhuselwa nazo. Imeko eqhelekileyo kuxa amangqina akwavuma iinkcukacha kwidatha okanye nkqu ubungqina babo, ukuba siphephe otyholwa ulwaphulo-mthetho. Kodwa apha, kananjalo, ukuba kunokusetyenziswa kwiSiqendu 51 somGaqo-siseko. Le mizekelo zokusebenzisa, emkhululayo:

• Ingqina uthi akazi ukuthenga imithi ukusuka umtyholwa, kuba kulo mzekelo okunene uyavuma ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho phantsi Art. 228 elihlaziyiweyo loMgaqo-Code Criminal. It singabandakanyi bubuxoki uxanduva ngabom, njengoko ukhusela wazikhuphulula kwezo lokusinyemba.
• Ingqina ingxelo iinkcukacha ezingachanekanga kuba bekholelwa ukuba ngenye wayeza kuba umrhanelwa kwi ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukuba indoda ithe yalala ngokuzama ukuba ukuvuma ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, oko luxanduva zobugcisa. 307 Code Criminal akezi kuye ngenxa RF UmGaqosiseko (kwiSiqendu 51) likhusela ngokuchaseneyo self-incrimination. Kodwa imeko eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo ukuba perjuring ngenxa izimvo zoluntu. Abantu badla zama abonakale nangakumbi, umthetho-ngokuthobela kunye nokubonelela kunokuba ngempela.

3. Ukulahla azi lobuxoki (ingxelo ulwaphulo) adla ngokusetyenziswa ukulugatya urhano. Noxanduva ulwaphulo-mthetho ubonelela Article. 306 of the Code Criminal.

Ubulunga ubulungisa umphumo kuxhomekeke ukuphunyezwa lwabantu emsebenzini yoluntu. Noko ke, kukho isilumkiso malunga isohlwayo lokuxoka phantsi kwesifungo sisasetyenziswayo waqonda ngabaninzi nje usana kunina. Ngenxa yoko, izinga lolwaphulo-mthetho phantsi Art. 306-307 of the Code Criminal yezinga eliphezulu.

Ezinye iintlobo ubungqina okukwazi

RF UmGaqosiseko (kwiSiqendu 51 kwiCandelo. 2) ubonelela nokunyinyiselwa waqononondisa, kuxhomekeke kwimo kwengqina kunye neemeko ukuba uchaze. Olu luhlu luquka:

• Ijaji okanye ejaji - izibakala makwazeke kubo sikhokelo ukuqwalaselwa ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho.
• Abammeli kunye namagqwetha - iinkcukacha kuye kwafika kubo nabo kweli khondo ukuya zokubonelela ngeenkonzo zomthetho. Kusemthethweni iinkqubo yolwaphulomthetho nembambano.
• Abefundisi (ubuKristu, kubuBhuda, Islam) akakwazi aveze ingcaciso ayifumene amarhamente kwi confessional. Ngelo xesha abameli amahlelo kunye nemigaqo ngeke usebenzise olu hlobo sifo.
• Zamasekela zemizimba ezimele yoorhulumente yase kanye zommandla kufuneka ilungelo lokwala ukuze angqine ngalo iimeko eziye makwazeke kubo ngethuba ekusebenziseni igunya.
• Oonozakuzaku (konke eyaziyo nale iwonga, kuquka abasebenzi zobugcisa) - kuzo zonke iimeko kunye izibakala. Kodwa amajoni omzimba liyayeka ukuba isiphumo ukuba bekwimo langaphandle wavuma ukuba kubuzwe.

Olu luhlu wavumela izikhewu ezithile. Umzekelo, musa ukuba amagqwetha umncedisi sifo, abaguquleli kunye nabameli abemi, abangengabo nezihlobo zabo. Bonke nga ngemibuzo ngaphandle igunya lokunqaba.

RF siseko, Inqaku 51 - asingomqathango kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba komthetho wesizwe kunye lizwe oye wahlupheka ngexesha repressions ubunzima. Yeyona ngummeli wowona ulungileyo intlonipho yamalungelo oluntu kunye noluntu kwithuba lonxibelelwano zokunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye namagunya egwebayo.