Secrets laseYiputa yaMandulo: Yintoni ubugcisa lokuvelisa yeengcongolo?

technology lokuvelisa izinto yaMandulo othatha ababingeleli zaseYiputa amagosa sephepha kunye, kangangeenkulungwane bahlala zisabonakala. Isizathu sokuba oko kuphela esinakho karhulumente ekuvelisweni yiPapyrus namacebo nenzondelelo obereganie koshishino, kodwa utshintsho lwemozulu kwi Nile Delta kunye neengxaki zokusingqongileyo. Ngenxa yoko, i-ngqangi yokugqibela eYiputa eseyiphantse ukungabikho kwaphela. Kuphela kwisiqingatha sesibini ungumzondeleli kwinkulungwane yama-20 Hassan Ragab waya ukuvuselelwa isifundo izityalo kunye namathuba isicelo sayo. Kwakungenxa ephanda yakhe indoda eyaziwa inkqubo yokuvelisa mihla yeengcongolo.

Ixabiso kuba yamandulo amaYiputa ngqangi

Tropical ngamanzi-onothando isityalo, sokubandakanyeka sedge kunye enxulumene Cyperus, amawaka aliqela kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kwasekwa ibambeke entle phezu kweendonga afumileyo i-Nile e sifika awo. Ibungu na ukweqa ende ogudileyo, zinezihloko "abantu-" amagqabi lanceolate elimxinwa. Yokudubula kufana fan yeengcongolo, equka eziliqela spikelets. ngqangi oonxantathu ngobuxhakaxhaka nzima, bhetyebhetye kunye ixesha elide.

Kuye isetyenziswe njenge material zefanitshala, izikhephe, ngolwandle. A esingxotyeni intambo lamanga, izihlangu ngengobozi. koma iingcambu yezityalo isetyenziswa amafutha. inxalenye Soft ye ihlumelo, leyo ngaphantsi kwamanzi, badla. Inxalenye efanayo udalelwe ekuveliseni "iphepha".

Amanqanaba wokwenziwa yeengcongolo: kukwahlukana, "ibandla", iyoma phantsi koxinzelelo, ipolishi, kuncanyatheliswe

Inxalenye esezantsi baphuma esingxotyeni salo, njengamntu ukukhupha inyama ashinyeneyo, ezinezikhondo kunye ancamathelayo. Lwakhe isisihla ibe ezisicaba ubude 40-50 cm. Zobugcisa zale mihla lubandakanya imicwe ane iintsuku eziliqela.

iipleyiti Kugqityiwe (filyury) ebekwe endaweni ethe tyaba akramnceleyo, esabekwa ngelaphu kwaye eluswini: Lo maleko wokuqala - ngaxeshanye ukuya ekupheleni kwetafile, okwesibini - perpendicularly. Ekuqaleni ububanzi sheet ogqityiweyo akazange ngaphezu kwe-15 cm, kodwa kamva amaYiputa, wafunda ukwenza lwewebhu ngokufanelekileyo. Kwinkqubo izinto desensitised amanzi omlambo ingqokelela.

Ezi makhishithi zaye ke wabeka phantsi eendaba. Kwaba yimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba iziqwenga ezo ethe kunye, zomkhanzi waba obhityileyo kunye iyunifomu.

Bokuqonda kunye facts-yaziwa kancinane

Yintoni ngqangi technology yokuvelisa, kulula ukuchaza. Yonke xaka na iinkcukacha. Ngenxa yoko, i-ngqangi elide igcinwe phantsi koxinzelelo okanye pre-nowento ekroqiweyo, ngoko wenza mnyama. Kwakubalulekile ukuba ukulibazisa inkqubo: amaYiputa bakhetha izinto lula. I Iphepha umphezulu khomiwa hi yikhompawundi okhethekileyo ethintela ukwanekwa inki. Yenziwe iviniga, umgubo kunye namanzi abilayo. Ukususa amaphepha-ndaba, inkosi angaphumelela nabo izando ezikhethekileyo zibhaqwe ipolishi amatye, iinkuni okanye ithambo. ngqangi elungisiweyo womisa elangeni. Emva koko ke ndaweninye, ukuba ayithabathe incwadi esongwayo. AmaYiputa ingqalelo ulwalathiso imicu, ngoko ukuze ufumane i "joint" kwakungenakwenzeka. Babhala, ngokuqhelekileyo kwicala elinye (apho amaRoma kamva ngokuba recto). ibungu Production eYiputa wamandulo nxiba emfuleni. Bay- ithengisela uqengqa, "ngokunqamla" na "ubunzima".

Papyrus endulo

"Pa aa nganye" okanye "izinto zookumkani" - ukuba njalo-ebizwa ngokuba "iphepha" zawo amaYiputa ngokwabo. Baza baqala ukusebenzisa ngqangi kangangoko emva njengoko nkulungwane BC-3. e. AmaGrike waboleka elide eziliqela ukutshintsha amagama ayo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iYiputa walungiselela ngqangi lonke ihlabathi lamandulo, ngoko kwaqhubeka de malunga nonyaka 800 BC. e. Kuyo zabhalwa imimiselo, iitekisi zobugcisa zonqulo, wenza imifanekiso ezimibalabala. Kwi-1 st BC. e. mbali Pliniy Starshy yakhe "Natural History" lwaveza umbuzo wokuba yintoni netheknoloji yokwenza-ngqangi. Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi olunikiweyo kubo sasingakwazi abana- ukubuyisela urhwebo.

Ngokutsho noStrabo noPliny, kwakukho iintlobo ezininzi yeengcongolo. August, livievy kunye hieratic lwaqwalaselwa xa waseRoma kakhulu. Enye elandelwayo kwimiqolo (Alexandria) kunye teneotsky saitsky. Bonke bephela, esenzelwe yokubhala. AmaYiputa kwakhona wasebenza "umthengisi iphepha" - "isongelwe" cheap ngqangi.

Ukuvuselelwa weemfihlelo yezandla

"Yintoni na iteknoloji somkhanzi lokuvelisa?" - lo mbuzo iye iyaxhalabisa Hassan Ragab, i Ambassador waseYiputa eTshayina, apho wadibana nentsapho yaseTshayina, benza ekuveliseni iphepha ngendlela yesiko. Oko kwenzeka ngo-1956. Emva ekhaya, Ragab wathenga umhlaba otyewe, savela ngqangi wengingqi Sudan kunye wenza uphando lwezenzululwazi. Ragab kunye nabafundi bakhe likwazile ukwenza yeengcongolo, hayi enasilela iisampuli mandulo lomgangatho. On kulo Abazobi baseYiputa anetalente eyenziwa ukupeyinta: iikopi ezifumaneka emangcwabeni imifanekiso kunye nomsebenzi yokuqala.

Kunzima ukutsho ukuba mihla Ragab yiPapyrus njengoko elide njengoko umYiputa yamandulo. Ukongeza, ukutshintsha kwemozulu iye amaxhoba ngqangi nokufuma ngakumbi nokufuma. Kwakhona ayaziwa kangakanani ngokuchanileyo luse inkqubo Ragab wokwenziwa yeengcongolo. Mhlawumbi kuye kwaziswa kuye into kweyakhe. Kodwa ke, indlela enye okanye omnye, imisongo mihla kunye panels bokuhombisa ithengiswa ngempumelelo, kunye nolwazi malunga nobuchwepheshe lokuvelisa ngqangi zifikeleleke kubo bonke yabakhenkethi nxanelwe ulwazi.