Roosevelt Omtsha Mphathe kunye nendawo yayo kwimbali

iinguqu Franklin koDelano Roosevelt kaThixo, kwakunye wazala zabo Great Depression, ngonaphakade kwimbali kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Yintoni idume kakhulu "New Mphathe" kunye nokuba nako okunene uwine le ntlekele yezoqoqosho?

prehistory

Ngo 1920, akukho akukho zimpawu lembandezelo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, eUnited States emva kokuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi sele iqalile kwakhona uqoqosho. Umthamo kwimveliso zanda, eqwalasela ikhula nangokuzithemba nabo ukuba Melika - indawo apho kungekho ngxaki. Kodwa ke kucacile kwabonakala ekhohlisayo.

Kunye isantya yemveliso mveliso kunye nexabiso eyandisiweyo kwizabelo zamashishini. ukuqashisela istock market iye yaba craze abaseMelika. Wonke umntu wayefuna ukwenza imali kwi istock exchange ubuncinane ezithile idenariyo, ukuba ungoyiki ukuba ku-mboleko ebhankini. Ngenxa yoko, ixabiso lezabelo ngakumbi nangakumbi Banduluka namanani kanye. Ekupheleni kwale 20 Kwafika lokwehla kwezoqoqosho. Njengokugudisa neziphumo, i-Fed wajika umatshini wokushicilela kunye nokunyusa inani mboleko. Kodwa ke isambuku semali akazange aye kungena kolu shishino, kwaye istock exchange. Oku kube negalelo ekubeni imarike isitokhwe iye yaba iskimu yephiramidi, leyo nje yawohloka, yokungcwaba phantsi amanxuwa ayo lonke uqoqosho. Ngo-Oktobha 1929, le New York Stock Exchange isiqaqa: wawa ixabiso share, baza baqalisa yokuthengisa abo emikhulu. Kwaye ngoko - Chain Reaction: kunye abanini lwezabelo bonakalise amashishini abo. Amawaka abantu ngephanyazo waba abangasebenziyo.

Le ntlekele naa ngokukhawuleza kulo lonke uqoqosho: kushishino, iibhanki, ezolimo. Ukususela 1929 ukuya 1933. inani abangasebenziyo liye lanyuka ukusuka kuma-3 ukuya kwi-25%, okt omnye eMelika ezine wayengasebenzi. Ingakumbi nengxaki strong hit the kwiidolophu ezincinane, uninzi lwazo nje extinct.

Akumangalisi ukuba emva konyulo olulandelayo weza amandla asikuphela Republican kunye Democratic Party. 4 on March 1933 umgqatswa wakhe Franklin koDelano Roosevelt wathabatha ofisi kaMongameli US. Ngokungafaniyo ababengaphambi kwakhe, yazenzela kunokuba leftist kwaye bakholwa ukuba urhulumente kufuneka kuthatha amanyathelo kwiinkqubo zoqoqosho kunye nokunceda abemi balo ukumelana nengxaki, kunokuba ulinde de kuqoqosho "kubuyela ezingqondweni." Ezi nkolelo ziboniswe wokuguqula, eyaziwa ngokuba ibitheni Entsha.

imboni

Phakathi ku-1933 ligqithise umthetho, ekuthi ngawo amashishini laqalisa babizwa ngokuba "Iikhowudi yokhuphiswano efanelekileyo". La maxwebhu ezo ngoosomashishini ngokwabo, yaye yavunywa yi nguMongameli. Zibonisa umthamo zemveliso, ixabiso ngokuba, umyalelo lonikezelo, kwakunye nemiqathango yengqesho yabasebenzi (wemivuzo, ubude ubuninzi ngeveki yokusebenza). Ekubeni Mphathe Entsha sinike amathuba noosomashishini big ixabiso eyenziweyo eliphantsi okanye ukunciphisa imveliso. Ngelo efanayo ixesha ayahlonitshwa kwaye ke iimfuno zabasebenzi. Emva kokuba ukwamkelwa iikhowudi eyandileyo ngendima kwiimanyano zabasebenzi, ezaziwayo njengabameli esemthethweni abasebenzi.

Kwisithuba seminyaka emibini emva kokuba ulwamkelo umthetho onke amashishini zibe phantsi kolawulo olungqongqo karhulumente. Ngokukodwa wadala kushishino Administration National ekuPhulukenwe iphumelele ilungelo nokuba ukuvala ishishini.

umsebenzi

Ikhosi Roosevelt akuxhomekekanga kuphela utshintsho kwishishini. UMongameli bafuna ukunciphisa izinga lentswela-ngqesho, apho bafikelela ubukhulu umxhelo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, siye waququzelela imisebenzi yoluntu ezinkulu, ngenxa yentlawulo apho imali zaye zabelwa ukusuka mali. Enye yeeprojekthi ezinkulu yelo xesha yaba kukwakha izityalo lombane kwi Tennessee River. ingqalelo ekhethekileyo yahlawulwa kwingqesho kulutsha - nkampu umisele abangasebenzi Amerika abaselula apho bakwazi ukusebenza iinyanga ezintandathu kwi $ 30 ngenyanga nganye. Kakade ke, la manyathelo musa ukuphelisa ngqesho, kodwa nokuba anciphise nje kancinane.

ezolimo

Ukuwa amaxabiso iimveliso zolimo kwakhokelela zonakalise omkhulu kumafama, ubuhlwempu nendlala, apho kwakungekho ngaphantsi babe ngoko Melika kunokuba kwiilali Soviet collectivized. Ngoko ke, i Ndenzele New ubonelela ngamanyathelo ukuvuselela ezolimo. Kukho nazo wamisa iibhodi zikarhulumente ukuba alawule eli nqanaba yoqoqosho. Ekuqaleni, amanyathelo ukulima ezohlangulo kunokuba liye - imveliso zithengwe kwaye ngoko nangoko batshatyalaliswe. Ukuvuselela uqoqosho ukunciphisa ozozogidi kwaye wahlawula umrhumo kuyo. La manyathelo bazuza amafama ezinkulu kakhulu. abanini Small ukhuphe uncedo lwemali karhulumente ukufuduswa umhlaba ngcono, ukuthenga ezifama. Kwakhona zafaka uphuhliso lwentsebenziswano. ingxaki kwetyala yamafama isonjululwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: iibhanki mhlaba federal wabanika mboleko, ngenxa apho abalimi kufuneka ukuba uhlawule ityala etyalwa iibhanki zabucala.

iibhanki

lokulungisa umnotho, wabavusa esithi. Into yokuqala urhulumente yaqhuba uhlaziyo omkhulu egcina imali, ukuguqulela wonakaliswa phantsi kolawulo karhulumente. imithetho emitsha kolu kwimarike sele zamkelwe. Ukususela ngoku, ngasechwebeni azikwazi ukusebenza nezibambiso. Ukongeza, imithetho-mboleko exchange zasekwa ngokucacileyo. Kodwa nyathelo libalulekileyo ukuba Mphathe New eyaqaliswa ngo zebhanki, inshorensi imali leyo. ibhanki nganye ukuba atsale inxalenye yengeniso yazo kwingxowa-mali ye-inshorensi okhethekileyo, yaye awile sihlawulwe imali abagcinisa. Lo mthetho uye wanceda ukunqanda "ngohambo abagcinisa 'bafuye nokuzithemba iibhanki, nto leyo usoloko wobbles ngexesha lentlekele.

iziphumo

Ngoko ke, yintoni wanika i "New Mphathe" kuqoqosho American? Ngelishwa, le nguqulelo sayamkela iye wasilela ukuthintela ingxaki entsha, leyo yaqhambuka ngowe-1937, kodwa bakwazi ukuthintela yesiqalo lwentlalo ingenzeka lula kwiminyaka 30: ngokuba zonke iimeko baye bakha eMelika wanamhla. iinguqu Roosevelt baye zinentsingiselo ngokubanzi; baye babonisa ukuba urhulumente unako kwaye kufuneka uthathe unonophelo abemi balo. Bayibeka iziseko yommiselo karhulumente ka lwezoqoqosho, nanto leyo oluqhutywa onke amazwe mihla longxowankulu. Lamkele inkqubo amanyathelo avumele ukuba uwugudise imiphumela emibi yintlekele yokudodobala koqoqosho.