Seven kubugcisa yokuziphatha kumaXesha Aphakathi

Xa intliziyo yaseYurophu inkcubeko aphakathi ukubeka Yindibanisela ubuKristu, ilifa yamandulo bokuzazi kwezizwe amaqaba. iimpawu uphawu kwexesha - ukwala ulwazi ngqo lwamava zehlabathi zendalo kunye babantu, yaye ophambili nemfundiso yonqulo. Ngenxa yokubethelela ukuba ingcaciso yamaKristu iphela kunye kokoma of Sciences ezininzi kwinkulungwane V ku XIV elikholisa ukubizwa ngokuba 'emnyama. " Noko ke, ngeli thuba ekwandiseni ulwazi abantu ehlabathini, uyaqhubeka, nangona ngendlela yatshintshwa kakhulu, isithethe lwamaGrike namaRoma kwezemfundo, kusekho "zobugcisa ezisixhenxe zobunene".

Isiseko kolwazi

Ukuqala of the Ages Aphakathi ingqalelo le ukuwa Western uBukhosi baseRoma ngenkulungwane V. Ngokwendalo, iintlanga asakhulayo kunye States baye bamkela eninzi evulekileyo, olunentsingiselo kunye sidalwe ithuba Antiquity. Yaba kungekho ngaphandle kwaye isiseko kwenkqubo yemfundo: ingqeqesho, leyo, ngokutsho amaGrike amandulo namaRoma, baba lifanelekile isigaba samalungiselelo olwandulela ukufunda bulumko. Seven ubugcisa free afakwe igrama ngengqiqo (logic), ubugagu, arithmetic, geometry, umculo kunye neenkwenkwezi. I ezintathu zokuqala zayondelelaniswa trivium - inkqubo ezoluntu. Arithmetic, geometry, umculo kunye besayensi quadrivium - iinkalo ezine zezibalo.

Kumaxesha amandulo

Quadrivium wathabatha imilo kwisithuba endala kade. Inzululwazi ephambili iqwalasela arithmetic. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngexesha Greece yamandulo neRoma, kwiiklasi melo ubugcisa abo ningazenzi amakhoboka. Bathe kuphela ezinxulumene nomsebenzi yengqondo yaye akazange kufuna iinzame kakhulu emzimbeni. Xa ubuye akayiqondi imboniselo bezobugcisa ihlabathi, kunye neendlela eziluncedo ukuqonda uhlobo ubonwa.

Ekugqibeleni Trivium abunjwe kamva, xa kumaXesha Aphakathi ekuqaleni. Yaba lokuqala inqanaba lemfundo. Kuphela emva kokufunda iinkalo trivium ukuze ugqithele quadrivium.

Church namagugu yamandulo

In KumaXesha Aphakathi, xa intliziyo iphela ulwazi kunye nokuqonda zomhlaba zisala ubuKristu. Iinkokeli zonqulo bephikisa ukholo na isizathu, lukhetha kuqala. Noko ke, amanqaku amaninzi imfundiso ayikwazanga zichazwe ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ezinye iimpawu bulumko yamandulo.

Kuba kuqala ukudibanisa ulwazi lwamaGrike namaRoma ekuqondeni kwamaKristu zehlabathi ndazama Martianus Capella. Xa wakhe othi "Xa umtshato ka Philology kunye Mercury" ubugcisa zobunene esixhenxe yahlulwe trivium kunye kvadrivy. Capella wathetha ngokufutshane malunga zonke iinkalo ifakiwe kule nkqubo. Trivium akuchaza okokuqala.

uphuhliso olunokubakho trivium kunye quadrivium ababandakanyekayo Boethius kunye Cassiodorus (VI leminyaka). Zombini oosonzululwazi baye benza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso kwenkqubo yemfundo kumaXesha Aphakathi. Boethius liqulunqe iziseko indlela yokufunda. Cassiodorus kwilifa lakhe Italy waseka i "ababekumzi", iindawo apho - isikolo, ilayibrari kunye scriptorium (indawo apho iincwadi yakhutshelwa), - kamva baba mandatory nezigodlo isakhiwo.

emizimbeni yenkolo

Seven kubugcisa siphane ngamaXesha Aphakathi abefundisi bafundisa yaye sentlalo ngaphandle ngokungqinelana neemfuno ibandla. Izifundo yocwaningo kunokuba phezulu - kuphela kwinqanaba apho kukho imfuneko yokuba ukuqonda iinkonzo wemfundiso kunye nolawulo zamaKristu. Zonke zobugcisa ezisixhenxe silinene kumaXesha Aphakathi buqondwe kunye nenjongo eluncedo kakhulu kwaye i nemida kunokuba elimxinwa:

• Mpendulo kuyafuneka ekulungiseleleni amaxwebhu icawa kunye zintshumayelo nokubhala;

• igrama ufundiswa ukuqonda iitekisi Latin;

• ngengqiqo mda ukulandelelana olusesikweni kwaye ukuxhasa amanqaku wokholo;

• Wayifundisa akhawunti izibalo cebetshu asetyenziswe kwinkqubo nokutolika amanani angaqondakali;

• geometry efunekayo somzobo ezintlafunweni;

• Umculo kubalulekile ukuba ukulungiswa kunye nokubulawa lomculo ibandla;

• Ngeenkwenkwezi ukubala imihla leeholide zonqulo.

Imfundo kumaXesha Aphakathi

KumaXesha Aphakathi ekuqaleni zobugcisa ezamahala asixhenxe efunda kuphela kwizikolo emishini. Ubuninzi labemi wahlala ukufunda. lemveli yentanda lidala kwakujongwa phantse isiseko bucala amahlelo ezininzi, ngoko izifundo sifundo azezi ngongoma zingentla. Noko ke, kule scriptorium zikotshwa zikhutshelwe ngononophelo nje iitekisi zamaKristu, kodwa isebenza, imibongo kunye bulumko, ababhali bamandulo. Godlo aba inqaba yemfundo kunye nolwazi lwenzululwazi.

Izinto zaqala ukutshintsha kwi X kwinkulungwane. Ukususela kule nkulungwane baqala ixesha kweentyatyambo nenkcubeko aphakathi (X-XV iinkulungwane.). Lubonakala yi ukunyuka okuthe chu umdla kule miba yehlabathi lobomi, ukuze lomntu. Kukho isikolo isonto, wona kuphela abefundisi, kodwa ke lababantu. In XI-XII cc. kukho zedyunivesithi kuqala. ubomi yeNkcubeko kuxhaphaka izakusuka ekujongeni yoonongendi kunye amabandla kumaziko ezidolophini.

sigaba lenguqu phakathi kwala maxesha babini ozakuthathwa ixesha Carolingian Renaissance.

Seven ubugcisa zobunene phantsi uCharlemagne

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane VIII. karhulumente amakhosi zimanyene kwiindawo enkulu Western Europe. ukuphakama kwayo, ubukhosi ekufikelelwe ebudeni bolawulo Karla Velikogo. King wayesazi ukuba urhulumente onjalo ungalawuleka kuphela ngokudala esebenza kakuhle amagosa unit. Ngoko ke, uKarl Veliky wagqiba ekubeni izilungiso inkqubo yemfundo ekhoyo.

Kuzo zonke isigodlo kunye onke amabandla baqalisa ukuvula izikolo ukuba abefundisi. Abanye baqeqeshwa namarhamente. Le nkqubo yayiquka yobugcisa zobunene ezisixhenxe. ukuqonda kwabo, kunjalo, nangoku kuphela iimfuno zebandla.

Karl Veliky wamema abantu bafunda abavela kwamanye amazwe, ihlelwe sisikolo kwinkundla, apho izibongo, ubuciko, ngeenkwenkwezi wafunda ngengqiqo wabanumzana.

imvuselelo Carolingian baphela kokufa kukumkani, kodwa waba negalelo kuphuhliso olungaphezulu inkcubeko yaseYurophu.

Seven kubugcisa siphane kumaXesha Aphakathi, njengokuba kudala, ngelo intliziyo zemfundo. Bathi ingqalelo, Noko ke, kuphela ngokwesakhelo emxinwa isicelo epraktikhali iimfuno ibandla lamaKristu.