Sizinze Chemical: iikhemikhali lwesilinganiso rhoqo kunye nendlela yokuvakalisa

Ngowe-1885, yamachiza French yemichiza Le Chatelier laphehlelelwa, yaye ngowe-1887 yamachiza waseJamani Brown bugwetyelwe umthetho lwesilinganiso kwemichiza kunye imichiza lwesilinganiso rhoqo, waza wafunda aphila impembelelo yeemeko ezahlukeneyo lwangaphandle.

Kakuhle eli lwesilinganiso kwemichiza

Lizama - umbuso onamandla, nto leyo ke ithetha ukuba izinto zisoloko ezihambayo. Products ukubola kwi wezenzi kunye reactants adityaniswa iimveliso. Izinto kuzinambuzane, kodwa boxinzelelo kuhlala ingatshintshanga. Indlela abasabela irekhodwa kunye notolo kabini endaweni wophawu bayisayine ukubonisa ukuba ingathityazwa.

iipateni Classic

Nkqu ngenkulungwane lokugqibela, yaziwa baye bafumanisa imithetho ethile ezibonelela kungenzeka ngokutshintsha indlela abasabela ngayo amandla efanayo. Ulwazi indlela abasabela kwemichiza uthathe indawo, ngendlela emangalisayo kubalulekile ukuba uphando elebhu kunye nemveliso mveliso. Ngelo xesha linye kubaluleke kakhulu ukukwazi ukulawula onke la. Kuyinto yobuntu ukuphazamisa kwiinkqubo ezininzi zendalo, ingakumbi ngokubhekiselele ingathityazwa, ngoko ukusebenzisa ukuba inzuzo yabo. Ukususela ukwazi reactions kwemichiza iya kuba luncedo ngakumbi ukuba umyalelo ogqibeleleyo ulawulo.

Umthetho ngentshukumo chemistry esetyenziswa yi ekhemisi ukubala ngokuchanekileyo isantya basabela njani. Inika umbono ocacileyo ngoko nayiphi imichiza akuyi kuziswa esiphelweni ukuba iya kubanjwa sisixokelelwano esivalekileyo. Molekyuli zakha izinto kwaye kwisenzeko rhoqo random, yaye kungekudala zenzeka indlela umva apho molecule wachacha izinto eqala.

Kushishino, le ezininzi eziqhele ukusetyenziswa inkqubo source evulekileyo. Izikhephe, izithuthi, kunye nezinye izikhongozeli, apho ekudibaneni kwemichiza ukuba ivulwe. Oku kukuqinisekisa ukuba xa besenza ezi nkqubo asuswe kwaye imveliso efunekayo ukuba balahle yeemveliso engenamsebenzi basabela njani. Umzekelo, amalahle utshiswe amaziko evulekileyo, kilns isamente ezenziwe an open-uhlobo udubulo iziko ezisebenza nge moya rhoqo, kwaye ammonia uya kuhlanganiswa kunye nokususwa oqhubekayo ammonia.

Umva lakho iikhemikhali reaction,

Njengoko igama libonisa, unako ukunika iinkcazelo ehambelana: ingqalelo indlela vuhlayiseki bazisa ekupheleni ngaphandle kokutshintsha indlela yayo elibaleka behamba endleleni kwangaphambili nokuba umahluko xi eguquguqukayo obushushu. osemqoka lwabo lokwahlula kukuba ezinye iimveliso bangawushiya imihlaba basabela njani. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, unako ukufumana irhasi (CaCO ₃ = cao + CO _2), kwenze (Cu (NO _{3) 2} + H ₂ S = nganeni + 2HNO _3), okanye ezinye iikhompawundi. Le yokusabela iya kuqwalaselwa ayibuyiseki umva, ukuba isixa esikhulu ubushushu zakhutshwa ngexesha lenkqubo, umzekelo: 4P + 5O ₂ = 2P ₂ O ₅ + Q.

Phantse zonke esisabela kwenzeka kwindalo ingathityazwa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba iimeko zangaphandle ezifana lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo, phantse zonke iinkqubo kungenzeka ngexesha elinye kumacala ahlukeneyo. Njengoko umthetho ngentshukumo chemistry, isixa ubushushu wendele lilingana nenani eyabelwe, nto leyo ithetha ukuba xa umntu basabela exothermic, owesibini (umva) bude endothermic.

sizinze Chemical: chemical lwesilinganiso njalo

Reaction - i "isenzi" Chemistry - imisebenzi eziqwalasela ekhemisi. abasabela ngayo abaninzi yiya ukugqitywa, kwaye emva koko ndikuyeke, nto leyo ethetha ukuba reactants zitshintshele ngokupheleleyo zibe ziimveliso ngaphandle kokuba akwazi ukubuyela kwimeko yalo yantlandlolo. Kwezinye iimeko, basabela ayibuyiseki umva ngenene, ezifana ukutshiswa utshintsho emzimbeni amachiza iimpawu kweziyobisi. Noko ke, zikho nezinye iimeko ezininzi apho ngovukelo nje kuphela, kodwa kananjalo oluqhubekayo kwakunye kweemveliso basabela wokuqala wezenzi ndawo owesibini.

karhulumente Dynamic apho xi le reactants kunye neemveliso sihlale rhoqo, kuthiwa kuvuselele. Kuyenzeka ukuba ukuqikelela ukuziphatha izinto kunye nemithetho ethile esebenza kumacandelo, efuna ukunciphisa iindleko zokuvelisa kweekhemikhali ezithile. Ukuze siqonde iinkqubo ukuba agcine okanye ngokumandla ezisongela impilo yabantu, naye olunoluncedo ingqikelelo lwesilinganiso chemical. Zemichiza sizinze rhoqo lixabiso le ngumba reaction, nto leyo exhomekeke emandleni ionic lobushushu, kwaye akuxhomekekanga kwi lamanani i reactants nemveliso isisombululo.

Ukubalwa njalo lizama

Le ubuninzi dimensionless, hhayi ukuba inani elithile leeyunithi. Nangona yokubala idla obhalwayo reactants zombini kunye neemveliso ezimbini, iyasebenza na inani labathathi-nxaxheba bayavuma. Ukubala kunye nokutolikwa kwale njalo lizama kuxhomekeka ekubeni basabela imichiza inxulunyaniswa kunye lwesilinganiso yohlobo olunye okanye owahlukeneyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba onke amacandelo njani ukuba izinto ezingamanzi nyulu okanye iigesi. Kuba esisabela ukufikelela lwesilinganiso owahlukeneyo, kukho isigaba ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphezu kwesinye, yaye ubuncinane ezimbini. Umzekelo, ulwelo kunye neegesi okanye eziqinileyo kwakunye ezingamanzi.

Ixabiso le njalo lizama

Ukuba ufuna nayiphi na lobushushu banikwe njalo lizama, kukho mnye kuphela ixabiso etshintsha kuphela xa amaqondo obushushu apho indlela kwenzeka kuyahlukahlukana kuyo naliphi icala. Kuyenzeka ukwenza ezinye iingqikelelo malunga indlela lwekhemikhali, ngokusekelwe ekubeni njalo lizama mkhulu okanye amancinci. Ukuba ixabiso mkhulu kakhulu, lo lizama ukhetha indlela ekunene kwaye ajike iimveliso ngaphezulu nje wezenzi. Ukusabela kulo mzekelo nga ngokuba "ngokupheleleyo" okanye "oluninzi".

Ukuba ixabiso njalo lizama nto incinane, oko usabela kukholekileyo ekhohlo, apho ubungakanani wezenzi waba ngaphezu imveliso kwakhiwa. Ukuba eli xabiso isondela zero, oko kuthathwa ukuba indlela lungenzeki. Ukuba amaxabiso constants kuvuselele ngenxa phambili kwaye ukubuyisela reactions phantse efanayo, isixa-mali reactants kunye neemveliso nakho phantse twatse. Olu hlobo yokusabela kuthathwa ukuba ingathityazwa.

Cinga yokusabela ethile ingathityazwa

Thatha izinto ezimbini imichiza ezifana iodine yehayidrojini, leyo xa ixutywe ukunika into entsha - hydrogen iodide.

H ₂ + I ₂ = 2HI

Ngexesha uthabathe Velocity v ₁ basabela ngqo, kunye v ₂ - rate reaction umva, k - lwesilinganiso rhoqo. Ukusebenzisa umthetho ngentshukumo, ibinzana ilandelayo:

v ₁ = k ₁ * c (H ₂₎ * (I _{2) c,}

v ₂ = k ₂ * c ² (HI).

Xa kuxutywa iodine molekyuli (I ₂₎ yehayidrojini (H ₂₎ intsebenziswano yazo iqala. Ngelo isanda, ukufumaneka ubuninzi bezi zinto, kodwa ekupheleni impendulo iphezulu luxinzelelo le khompawundi amatsha - hydrogen iodide (HI). Ngokufanelekileyo, khona apho kuya kubakho iirhafu ezahlukileyo basabela. Ekuqaleni, baya nkulu. Ekugqibeleni kuza ixesha apho le milinganiselo bayalingana, yaye yimeko ebizwa ngokuba lwesilinganiso imichiza.

Le constants elithi imichiza lizama alathelwe ngokubanzi kunye kwizibiyeli: [H _2], [I _2], [HI]. Ukususela bayalingana, ngoko isantya lizama:

k ₁ [H _2] [I _2] = k ₂ [HI] ^2,

ukuze ufumane inxaki of constants lwesilinganiso chemical:

k ₁ / k ₂ = [HI] ² / [H _2] [I _2] = K.

Umgaqo Le Chatelier-Brown

Kukho lo mthetho ilandelayo: ukuba inkqubo leyo zilingana, ukuze avelise ngendlela ethile (ukutshintsha kweemeko lwesilinganiso imichiza ngokutshintsha ubushushu okanye uxinzelelo, umzekelo), intsalela iza nala ngokuyinxenye ukulwa isiphumo utshintsho. Ukongezelela chemistry, lo mgaqo ukwasebenza kwiqela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwiinkalo Pharmacology kunye economics.

Chemical lizama rhoqo kunye nendlela yokuvakalisa

Ibinzana lizama inokuchazwa ngokoMthetho yoxinaniso kweemveliso reactants. iikhemikhali kuphela kwisigaba zolwelo kwaye sukube zifakiwe formula lizama, ukususela lwee- ulwelo eziqinileyo hayi zitshintshiwe. Ziziphi izinto ezichaphazela ibhalansi khemikhali? Ukuba lubandakanya ulwelo esulungekileyo okanye eziqinileyo, oko kuthathwa ukuba iye K = 1, kwaye ke akukho kuphinda kuthathelwa ingqalelo, ngaphandle kwezisombululo ezithandwa kakhulu. Umzekelo, amanzi acocekileyo na umsebenzi we-1.

Omnye umzekelo le carbon okuqinileyo, leyo lisekwa abasabela ngayo iimolekyuli ezimbini carbon monoxide ukwakha icarbon dioxide kunye carbon. Izinto ezinokuthanani eseleyo, iquka ukwengeza a reactant okanye imveliso (utshintsho xi kuchaphazela intsalela). Ukufaka reagent kungakhokelela ekunene zilingana iikhemikhali equation apho kukho iintlobo ezininzi imveliso. Imveliso Ngaphezu kunokukhokelela lizama ngasekhohlo, njengoko engaphezulu iifom wezenzi.

Lizama kwenzeka xa indlela kuthatha indawo macala omabini, oko iba umlinganiselo rhoqo reactants kunye nemveliso. Ngokubanzi, i lwesilinganiso imichiza into emile, ekubeni umyinge iimveliso kunye nezinto ezi rhoqo. Noko ke, sihlolisise ityhila ukuba kulinganisela enyanisweni yinkqubo enamandla kakhulu, njengoko basabela edakasa kumacala omabini ngezinga elifanayo.

sizinze Dynamic ngumzekelo kwemisebenzi karhulumente ngcembe. Ukuze inkqubo ukwimeko ngokuthe ambona xesha lakalokunje, ukuziphatha iyaqhubeka kwixesha elizayo. Ngoko ke, xa indlela ifikelela lizama, umlinganiselo reactant nemveliso boxinzelelo kuhlala injalo, nangona inzuzo basabela.

Njengoko xelela nje malunga complex?

Concepts efana lizama iikhemikhali kunye imichiza lwesilinganiso rhoqo, kuba kakhulu kunzima ukuyiqonda. Thabatha umzekelo lobomi. Ngaba ukhe ziyaxinga phezu ibhulorho phakathi kwezi zixeko zibini, yaye sinikela ingqalelo yokuba intshukumo kwelinye icala kakuhle, walinganisa, ngoxa wena kombiseke yokuxinana kweemoto? Le nto ayilunganga.

Kuthekani ukuba umatshini lulinganiselwa kwaye liyanyikima ngesantya esifanayo kumacala omabini? Yaqhubeka nenani iimoto kuthabathela emizini esisigxina? Xa entry nesantya uphume kuwo omabini emizini iyafana, kodwa ke inani iimoto kwisixeko nganye uzinzile ngokuhamba kwexesha, oko kuthetha ukuba yonke le nkqubo zilingana olutshintshayo.