"Smerch" (MLRS): i-TTX kunye nesithombe seenkqubo ezininzi ze-rocket

Emva kwexesha elingenakulibaleka "uKatyusha" kwiiKomiti zethu zoMkhosi, zihlala zihlawulwa ngokukodwa kwiinkqubo zomlilo we-rocket. Oku akumangalisiyo: ayenzixabiso elincinci, elula ukwenza, kodwa zihamba ngokugqithiseleyo, ukuqinisekisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwabasebenzi bezitha kunye nezinto eziphathekayo nantoni naphi na, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kulwaphi na ukulwa.

Omnye wabameli abanobuchule beli ntsapho kwakuyi-"Smerch" inkqubo. I-MLRS kulo lonke ixesha lesicelo sayo ibonise ukuba iyisixhobo esisebenzayo nesithembekileyo.

Kutheni le nkqubo ingasetyenziswa?

"I-Smerch" yenzelwe ukutshabalalisa zombini amandla otshaba kunye nezithuthi ezinkulu . Ngosizo lenkqubo, amaziko okulawula kunye namaziko oonxibelelwano angatshatyalaliswa, kunye nemigodi yam ibanga elingama-70 km likude.

Imbali yendalo

Ngowe-1961, amaQumrhu oMbutho we-USSR amkela iM-21 MLRS, iimpawu ezingenelisekile ngokupheleleyo kwimikhosi yamaSoviet. Yingakho ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1970 kwi-SNPP "Splav" uphando lwezenzululwazi olujolise ekudaleni umbane we-rocket emlilweni, oya kuqinisekisa ukuxhatshazwa kwezinto ekujoliswe kuzo ngokuxhobisa iigobolondo ezinamandla kunye neziqulatho eziphezulu, zenzeke ngokukhawuleza.

Ngenxa yoko, phakathi no-1980 iqulunqo elithi "Smerch" lithunyelwe kwiKhomishoni yoLwazi lweNkcazo ukuba iqwalaselwe. I-MLRS yanikezela ukuhanjiswa kweprojekti emgama ukuya kuma-70 km. Khumbula ukuba iimfuno zomkhosi zanikezela i-chassis, ukubonelela ngokujikeleza kwimihlaba ngokukhawuleza ukuya kwi-70 km / h (kunye nokuhamba okuphezulu).

Isiqalo sokuvelisa

Uhlelo olutsha lwe-"Smerch" lwe-reactive luhlangabezane nazo zonke izicelo, bekunamathuba amakhulu ngenxa yokuveliswa kwexabiso elincinci, ngoko ke ngo-1985 kwanikezelwa umyalelo ekuqaleni komsebenzi kwimveliso ye-serial yenkqubo. Ekubeni ngo-1987 umsebenzi wawugqityiwe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye "i-Smerchs" yokuqala yaqalisa ukutshutshiswa kwecala.

Ekuqaleni konyaka ozayo iMLRS (ngokuqwalasela ngokugqithiseleyo ukupheliswa kwezinye iingxaki kunye namazwi) ekugqibeleni yaphakanyiswa ukuba yamukelwe yilizwe.

Iimpawu eziphambili zeprototype

Iprogram ekhishweyo yaxotha iigobolondo ezingama-200 mm, kunye neloluhlu lokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo utshaba lwe-20/70 km. Inzuzo enkulu yeendlela eziphambili zokuqhuma iindawo eziphambili zokuxhaphaza kukuba i-action yabo yayingekho ngaphantsi kweempawu zokulwa zamandulo ezazisetyenziselwa "i-bastards".

Ngoko, ulwahlulo lokutshatyalaliswa kweentshaba (!) Ubusana luba ngaphezu kwee-1300 kumitha ukusuka kwi-epicenter ye-explosion charge. Elinye iqela leesksi liyakuthwala lisuka kuma-25 ukuya kwi-35.

Iinkcukacha zeenkqubo ezamkelwe ngenkonzo

Nangona zonke i-TTX ezikhankanyiweyo ngasentla, iingcali zempi zazingenelisekanga ngokupheleleyo ngombutho ohlaselayo. Emva kokugqitywa kokukhanya, inguqu yokugqibela yeSmerch MLRS, i-TTX yayo iboniswe ngezantsi, yabonakala.

Ngaloo ndlela, i-caliber yaphakanyiswa ibe yi-300 mm, ubunzima be-projectile bonyuka baba yi-815 kilogram. Inkokhelo ngokwayo ye- explosive inesisindo esingama 250 kilogram. Uluhlu lokuqhuma luhlala lufana (ubuninzi beekhilomitha ezingama-90). Ngelo xesha abaqulunqi bahlinzekanga nje kuphela okulandelwayo (into 123), kodwa kunye ne-chassis yesondo esekelwe kwi-MAZ-543A.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-MLRS 9k58 "Smerch" - oku kuyinkimbinkimbi, equka izinto ezininzi ezakhayo.

EziPhambili

• I-Chassis 9A52-2 esekelwe kwi-MAZ-543A.
• Umatshini wokuthutha nokulayisha 9T234-2.
• Iigobolondo ngokwazo.
• Ukulawulwa komlilo ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nenkqubo yokulungisa "Vivarium".
• Iindlela zokuqeqesha nokuqeqeshwa kwabaqhubi bezakhiwo ezinzima.
• Isithuthi esiyinkimbinkimbi yokuhlola uphando lwe-1T12-2M.
• Ukubeka inkqubo 1B44.
• Izixhobo zokulungiswa nokugcinwa kwenkcazelo ye-9F381.

TTX esebenzayo

Njengoko sele sele khankanywe ngasentla, i-chassis 9A52-2 isekelwe kwimoto ye-MAZ-543A, i-wheel drive yayo eyi-8x8. Ngokubhekiselele kwiyunithi yezixhobo, iqukethe izikhokelo ezilishumi elinesithandathu, i-swing mechanism enefuthe kunye nezixhobo zokulungisa, kunye nezixhobo ze-electromechanical and hydraulic devices.

Izikhokelo kunye neendlela zokujikeleza zingakhokelela ama-projectile kwikota ye-5-55 degrees. Isikhokelo esiphezulu-ngaphakathi kwee-degrees ezingama-30 kwicala ngalinye. Le ndlela efanelekileyo yokusebenza "i-Tornado" kwiintlobo ezininzi ihluke kwi-"Iqhwithi" efanayo, apho umda wekhokelo uphezulu-ezifanayo ezingama-30 degrees (15 degrees kwicala ngalinye). Ukuze inyunithi ibomelele ngexesha lokudubula, kukho iimpawu ezimbini zokumisa imimandla kwinqanaba elingemuva, faka kwakhona ngesandla.

Inzuzo yinkxalabo yinto yokuba izibhamu zingathunyelwa ngqo kwiikhokelo. Ukuqwalasela ukuba inqwelo ye-chassis ixhotyiswe kwiinkqubo zobomi besikhokelo kunye nesiteshi somsakazo ophezulu, kwanokuthutha ebusuku akubonisi ubunzima obuthile.

Ulwazi lwekhokelo

Izikhokelo ngokwabo zenziwa ngendlela yeepayipi ezinobumba obukhulu, kwiindonga apho kukho i-screw groove, apho i-pin ye-reactive charge ifaka ngexesha lokudubula. Le nkcenkceshe i-analog yesibhamu kwimibhobho yeengalo ezincinci, kuba ichaza i-vector efunekayo yendiza ye-projectile.

Iisethi zonke zezikhokelo zizinze ngokuqinileyo kwisisu somlo wesigxina. Ngenxa yeendlela ezimbini ezixubileyo ezixhunyiwe kumatshini ophezulu, esi si siseko singakhokelwa ngokuchanekileyo ekujoliswe kuko kusetyenziswa iindlela zokujikeleza.

Kwi-trajectory enikeziweyo, loo ntlawulo iqhutywe ngeendlela ezibonakalayo ezinjenge-RPG shots). Inkqubo yomlilo we-volley "Smerch" ngexesha elilodwa lihlanganisa kuphela iihektha ezingama-67!

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukudubula kuqhutywa kwiindawo ezivaliweyo. Kunokwenzeka ukulawula umlilo ngokuthe ngqo kwi-cab yomqhubi. Ukubala kobunzima kubandakanya abantu abane ngexesha loxolo kunye neyesithandathu emkhosini. Umlawuli we-BM, umputi omnye, kunye nomqhubi womqhubi bamiselwa. Inani lamajoni ekhonza umpu uyahluka.

Ncinane malunga neebhokhwe

Akufanele kucingwe ukuba i-"Smerch" iigobolondo yinto yokuhlawula i-banal blasting. Njengamanje, ngaphezu kwezinto eziliqela zeentlobo zabo zisebenzisiweyo, kwaye iintlobo ezintsha zeemveliso ziphuhliswa rhoqo.

I-projectile ye-high-explosive high standard 9M55F isetyenziswa rhoqo. Inxalenye yentloko iqinile, ubunzima bezinto eziqhumayo abugqithisi i-100 kg. Isetyenziselwa ukusingatha iinqaba eziphambili zeentshaba, ukulwa namabhinqa asweleyo kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwezithuthi ezikhuselekileyo ezihamba ngeempahla.

Ngokukodwa ukutshatyalaliswa kwabasebenzi bezitha, umzekelo 9M55K waveliswa. Kwintloko yentloko nganye kukho izinto ezingama-72 ezingabonakaliyo (2 kilogram nganye) eziqulethe iziqhumane kunye nezinto ezihlaselayo. Iintlawulo ezili-10-12 kuphela zanele ukutshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo inkampani ehamba ngeenqwelo.

Ngokuchasene noko, ngokucwangciswe ngokukhethekileyo ukulwa neenqwelo zokulwa (kubandakanywa namathangi aphezulu), i-projectile 9M55K1 yaphuhliswa. Kulo kwentloko yayo kukho iinqununu ezinhlanu ngokubona ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukuba inkqubo ye-"Smerch" yokulwa isetyenziselwa indima "ngumzingeli wamathangi", ngoko kukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwenkampani yonk 'itanki (!), I-volley enye yeemoto ezine zanele.

Ezinye iinkqubo

Icandelo elijikelezayo lomatshini liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kwisixhobo sayo. Idizayini yayo iquka isihlalo esiqhawulayo, i-rotary, ukuphakamisa nokuhlawulela iinkqubo, kunye neendlela zokukhokela kunye nenkonzo yomsebenzi. Iimpawu zokubaluleka ezibalulekileyo (kubandakanywa nokugungqa i-hydraulics), apho ukuchaneka kokudubula kuxhomekeke kakhulu. Inkqubo yokuhlawulela iquka iibini zeengxowa zokuthambisa kunye neengxenye zokuqinisa.

Ngokubanzi, i-"Smerch" i-MLRS, ifoto esele kwinqaku, ngaphantsi komlilo we-volley ilawulwa yintlawulo ebangeleyo, ukuze kungabi nje ukuchaneka kokudubula kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zeembuyekezo, kodwa kunye nokukhuseleko kokubala konke.

Ngendlela eqhelekileyo, i-drive ye-hydroelectric isetyenziswa ukukhokela izikhokelo ekujoliswe kuyo. Ukuba umbane uyaphumelela okanye ukhubazekile, kukho umqhubi wencwadi. Xa uhamba, zonke iindawo ezijikelezayo zivaliwe ngokuvala izibhloko. Ukongezelela, ukupompa kwe-hydraulic ye-rocker kukhulula ngokukhululeka xa kukho ukuqhuma.

Isixhobo esinenjongo siquka ukubonwa okuqinisekisiweyo nokubonakaliswa kakuhle kwe-D726-45. Isixhobo esikhulu siqhelekileyo sepom-pum-panorama PG-1M.

Inkqubo ethi "Smerch" income?

• Gcwalisa ukubala kokuphepha, okunika amandla okuqhuba zombini ukulwa nokuqeqeshwa.
• Ubungakanani bomlilo omnye kunye nomlilo. Ukuba i-volley isusiwe, zonke iiplectile zihamba ngeeyure ezingama-38. Esi sixhobo esipheleleyo smerch "Smerch" sihluke kwabanye abahlobo, okufuna ixesha elingakumbi lokudubula.
• Ukuba kukho ithuba lokushaya isibalo sokudubula ngomlilo okanye isiphazamiso somlilo, unokukwazi ukulawula umlilo ukusuka kwindawo yokukhusela, ephakathi kwimizuzu engama-60 ukusuka kwimoto.
• Ingxenye yesigqeba sezinto zokulawula ziphindiwe. Nokuba ngaba izinto eziphambili zihluleka, unokujolisa ekujoliswe kuyo kwaye uphendule ngesandla.

Ezinye iinkalo

Ekubeni i-complexity yamkelwa ngokusesikweni ngokutsha (ngo-1987), kwangoku akucetywanga ukuthatha umveliso. Ngaphezu koko, namhlanje iinkqubo eziliqela ziye zaphuhliswa ukuba zenze i-modern "i-Tornado" ekhoyo.

Ngoko, kwakukho sikhokelo sale nkqubo ukuba inzima ifumana inkqubo yokulawula umlilo ngokuzenzekelayo iVivarium, nangona ngaphambi kokuba "iKapustnik" ifakwe ngaphambili, eyasetyenziswa ngokufanayo kwi-Uragan MRSA.

Ngokwesiko, abaqulunqi bethu baye banyamekela umsebenzi ongenakwenzeka kuzo zonke iinkqubo kwiimeko zemozulu ezinokuthi zidibene kuyo yonke indawo yangaphambili. Ngaloo ndlela, isistim somlilo se-storm "Smerch" singasetyenzwa kumaqondo okushisa ukusuka kwi -50 ukuya kwi-45 degrees Celsius.

Ukongezelela, namhlanje abaqhubi be-complex combat have the ability to see the target, nokuba ngaba akukho zilungelelaniso ezithunyelwe ngaphambili okanye udibana nomfaki. Inyaniso kukuba (ngokuhambelana ngokupheleleyo neprogram yezixhobo kwakhona ukuya ku-2020) izixhobo ezihlaziyiweyo "iiNkqantosi" zisebenza ngokugqibeleleyo nokuthunyelwa kwezithuthi ezingenanto ezingenakunyulwa, eziye zamukelwa yimikhosi yethu.

Kuyafana nezinye iinkqubo zokukhokela ngokuzenzekelayo, ezisele zisevisi okanye ziphuhliswa. Ngoko, kwiimeko zokulwa, abaqhubi bangasebenzisa iinkqubo zokukhokela "Iintshukumo" okanye "amaGrike". Ngokubanzi, "Smerch" - i-MLRS iyamangalisa "iplastiki", inika ubungakanani obukhulu beendlela zokusetyenziswa kwayo.

Umyalelo wokuSebenzisana kokuSebenza

Njengakwezinye iimeko, ukusetyenziswa kwale nkqubo yomlilo we-rocket kuthotyelwe ngokupheleleyo kwiimfuno ezikhethekileyo zeCharter.

Okokuqala, iposi yomyalelo weqela le-MLRS kufuneka lifumane ulwazi malunga notshaba, kunye nendawo yokuthunyelwa kwayo. Ngokusekelwe kwingcaciso efunyenweyo, kubalwa izibalo malunga nesikhokelo sempembelelo. Khetha uhlobo lweempahla, ubuninzi bomlilo, kunye nokuhlengahlengiswa kwayo, kuxhomekeka kwiimeko phantsi. Emva koko, yonke inkcazelo idluliselwa kwisithuba somyalelo sokwahlukana, okhethwe ukuba kusombulule umsebenzi wokulwa ochaphazelekayo.

Emva koko, abalawuli bamagosa bavavanya idatha efunyenweyo, idibanisa kunye nezibonelelo ezifumanekayo. Ukuqwalasela ukuba "i-Smerch" yindlela yokusebenza, ukusebenza kwayo kudinga indawo evulekileyo kwaye evulekile, ekubeni imeko kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zokhuni okanye ezintabeni, ukuqaliswa kwama-projectile kunokungakhuselekanga kubaqhubi ngokwabo.

Ulwazi luye lwadluliselwa kubalawuli beeyunithi, abajongene nempembelelo kwizithuba zeentshaba.

Idatha yokudluliselwa iqhutywe kwiziko lekhomputha ye "Smerch" ibhetri (imashishini ezithandathu). Yonke into iyenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo, kuba umkhosi uye wafumanisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba loo ndlela ikhulisa ngokukhawuleza ukusebenza komlilo. Ukongezelela, oku kunciphisa ixesha elifunekayo ukuzisa ubunzima kwiindawo zokulwa emakhulu amaxesha.

Ngokukhawuleza emva koko, abalawuli beeyunithi balinde umyalelo wokuvula umlilo kwiindawo ezizondayo.

Yiloo nto "i-Tornado". Le MLRS yabonakala iyisisombululo esisebenzayo kwaye inokwethenjelwa, kwaye ke imi namhlanje kwi-arsenal yamazwe amaninzi ehlabathini. Iinguqulelo ezilungisiweyo zisoloko zithunyelwa kumabutho ethu namhlanje.