Nanotubes carbon: imveliso, ukusebenzisa, iimpawu

Amandla yeyona mveliso ibalulekileyo, nto leyo kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi babantu. I-eneji isimo ilizwe kuxhomekeke umsebenzi izazinzulu ezininzi kolu shishino. Namhlanje, bona bafuna eminye imithombo yamandla. Ukuze ezi njongo, athe athanda ukusebenzisa nantoni na, ukusuka kwelanga kunye namanzi, ndide ndiwufeze ngamandla umoya. Izixhobo ukuba unako ukwenza amandla kokusingqongileyo, iya kuthakazelelwa kakhulu.

Overview

nanotubes carbon - enku- liqengqiwe grafayithi moya kunye imilo zezindlu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ubukhulu efikelela amashumi eziliqela neenanometer ukuba ngeesentimitha eziliqela elide. Ekupheleni kwale nanotube enza intloko ungqukuva leyo yenye yinxalenye fullerene.

Kukho ezinye iintlobo ze nanotubes carbon: ebuntsimbi kunye semiconducting. Umahluko engundoqo conductivity yangoku. Uhlobo lokuqala unako ukuqhuba ngoku kubushushu ka-0 ° C, kwaye eyesibini - kuphela kumaqondo obushushu ephakamileyo.

nanotubes carbon: iipropati

Uninzi ezenzekayo ngoku ezifana Applied Chemistry okanye zezenzululwazi, ezinxulumene nanotubes leyo abe carbon samathambo. Yintoni na? Phantsi kwale isakhiwo libhekisela molekyuli ezinkulu, leyo ezihambelanayo kuphela atom carbon. nanotubes carbon, ezo zisekelwe iimpawu ifomu iqokobhe closed, lixabiseke kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, ukubunjwa ze data semilo zezindlu. ngemibhobho Ezo nibe senilungile iqengqwa grafayithi sheets, mhlawumbi ukuba kukhule kusuka kuvala ethile. nanotubes carbon, apho imifanekiso ziboniswa ngezantsi, kufuneka isakhiwo engaqhelekanga. Baya kuza iimilo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu: olunye-ezikroziswayo multi-umaleko, ngqo kunye emide. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba nanotubes zi- zibuthathaka, ukuba izinto kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, izifundo abaninzi baye bafumanisa ukuba iimpawu ezingundoqo ezifana eqine kunye namandla flexural. Phantsi yesenzo luxinzelelo olungamandla ngomatshini, izinto musa sukela ungazaphuli, oko kukuthi, ungakwazi ukulungisa ukuya yombane ezahlukeneyo.

ubuthi

Ngenxa zophando ezininzi, kwafunyaniswa ukuba nanotubes carbon kungabangela iingxaki ezifanayo kwimicu asbestos, ngamanye amazwi ukuba iintlobo yamathumba amabi, kwakunye nomhlaza wemiphunga. Izinga nempembelelo embi ye-asbestos ixhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nezinyuko liqine. Ngenxa nanotubes carbon ube nelitye encinane kunye nobukhulu, ukuba ukungena kalula emzimbeni kunye nomoya. Ngaphezu koko, awela pleura kwaye zifakiwe esifubeni, yaye ekugqibeleni kunokubangela ezahlukahlukeneyo iingxaki. Izazinzulu waqhuba eksperimenti kongezelelwa ukutya yeempuku ngamasuntswana nanotubes. Products of omncinci phantse akazange ahlale ixesha umzimba, kodwa zizakwenza - wemba kungena iindonga esiswini kwaye ibangele zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo.

iindlela ukulungiselela

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho ezi ndlela zilandelayo ukuvelisa nanotubes carbon isigxina arc, ablation, isimemezelo umphunga.

Amanzi Electric. Ukulungiselela (nanotubes carbon zichazwe kweli nqaku) kwi-plasma yoyalo yombane, elivutha helium. Loo nkqubo kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezizodwa zobugcisa ekuveliseni fullerenes. Kodwa ezinye iindlela arc zisetyenziswa kule ndlela. Umzekelo, loxinano yangoku kunciphisa, kunye cathodes kusetyenziswa nende enkulu. Ukudala umoya helium kuyimfuneko ekukhuliseni uxinzelelo lwesi sakhi. nanotubes Carbon afunyenwe wokutshiza. Ukuba inani labo liye landa, kufuneka angene ngumnxibelelanisi grafayithi ngentonga. Kwiimeko ezininzi, umxube kumaqela ahlukeneyo ngentsimbi. Ngaphezu koko, kukho utshintsho uxinzelelo kunye nendlela meko. Ngaloo ndlela, a pellet cathode, yaye apho nanotubes carbon akhiwa. iimveliso Kugqityiwe abasukela perpendicularly ukusuka cathode kwaye eqokelelwe ube zizithungu. Zinelungelo ubude microns 40.

Ablyasatsiya. Loo ndlela yaqanjwa Richard Smalley. kubume bayo usendleleni yokuba umphezulu aphele grafayithi ezahlukeneyo reactor, elisebenza kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. nanotubes Carbon akhiwa komphunga grafayithi kwi kumazantsi reactor. Okupholisa angamahilihili kubo lwenzeka ngokusebenzisa kumgangatho okupholisa. Kwimeko yokuqala, inani lweziqalelo ilingana no-60%, ngoko kulo mzobo ndlela kunyuke nge-10%. Iindleko laser indlela absolyatsii ibiza ngaphezu kwabo bonke abanye. Ngokubanzi, nanotubes wayifu- single elungiswe ngokutshintsha lobushushu reaction.

Isimemezelo ovela kwisigaba gas. carbon indlela umphunga nokufumba lwasungulwa 50 ubudala. Kodwa akukho bani ongewayenako ukuyipopola sasikukuba kunokwenzeka ukufumana nanotubes carbon. Ngoko ke, kuqala kufuneka ulungiselele kumphezulu kuvala. Njengoko kusenokuba amasuntswana omhle zesinyithi ezahlukeneyo, umz, ayibe, nickel kunye nabanye. Nanotubes niqalise ukuba kuvela umaleko kuvala. ubukhulu yabo ixhomekeke kubungakanani catalyzing isinyithi. Umphezulu lusitsha ukuze lobushushu eliphezulu, kwaye ke kukho ubonelelo yirhasi equlethe carbon. Phakathi kwazo, - .., IMethane, atsetelen, ethanol, njl Njengoko engaphezulu inkqubo igesi ammonia. Le ndlela mboniso yi- nanotubes ixhaphakileyo. Le nkqubo ngokwayo lwenzeka kwi kumashishini mveliso ezahlukeneyo, ukwenzela ukuba imali encinane lichithwa ekuveliseni inani elikhulu kweetyhubhu. Enye inzuzo kule ndlela kukuba amalungu nkqo ingafumaneka naziphi amasuntswana iintsimbi ezisebenza lo kuvala. Ukulungiselela (nanotubes carbon zichazwe macala onke) wenza umbulelo kunokwenzeka ukuba uphando Suomi Iijima, ababona phantsi neemicroscope ngenxa imbonakalo yabo ngenxa Yindibanisela carbon.

Eyona eziphambili ze

izinto Carbon zihlelwa ngokwenani lamanqanaba. Uhlobo elilula - nanotubes carbon olunye-sibiyelweyo. Ngamnye kubo okusuka malunga 1 NM, kunye nobude yabo ibe nkulu kakhulu. Xa siqwalasela isakhiwo, imveliso kubonakala ngathi urhangqo grafayithi usebenzisa igridi ezinamacala amahlanu. Xa eziphezulu yayo ibekwe carbons. Ngenxa yoko, ityhubhu ngokumila zezindlu, ayinazo ezivuzayo. Indawo yayo ephezulu uyawavala izixhobo ezineziciko eziquka iimolekyuli fullerene.

umbono olandelayo - nanotubes carbon multiwall. Ziqulethe kwiiseli ezininzi grafayithi ukuba zifunjwe elimile njengesilinda. Le therebetween Umgama kugcinwa 0,34 NM. Ubume elolu hlobo luchazwe ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezimbini. Ngomhla wokuqala, multi-ityhubhu - umbhobho ezimbalwa olunye-udonga ekwiseli elijongeka unodoli Russian. Xa yesibini, nanotubes multi-onodonga, kukho iphepha grafayithi leyo isongwe izihlandlo eziliqela ngeenxa ngokwayo, nto leyo efana kwiphephandaba esongiweyo.

nanotubes carbon: izicelo

Izinto ilungu elitsha kraca kwiklasi ye kunyaka. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, ukuba isakhiwo isidumbu eyahluke ukusuka iimpawu grafayithi okanye diamond. Ngoko ke isetyenziswa rhoqo ngaphezu kwezinye izinto.

Ngenxa iimpawu ezifana uqine, amandla flexural, conductivity, ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi:

• njengoko kwezithako ukuba neeplastikhi;
• ngunobangela izixhobo zokukhanyisa, kwakunye imiboniso panel caba handsets networks zonxibelelwano;
• njengoko absorber lamaza kagesi;
• ukuguqulwa amandla;
• anodes kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo ibhetri;
• Ukugcinwa hydrogen;
• ukuvelisa izixhobo kunye capacitors;
• imveliso zisasilela kunye yokukhulisa yesakhiwo kunye neepropati.

Iminyaka emininzi, nanotubes carbon, ukusetyenziswa nto leyo ayiphelelanga ishishini elithile, esetyenziswa kuphando lwesayensi. Ezo zinto unesigxina uswele amandla emarikeni, njengoko iingxaki kunye nemveliso elikhulu-scale apho. Enye ingongoma ebalulekileyo iindleko eziphezulu nanotubes carbon, apho malunga ne-120 zeerandi ngamnye yegram enye ukwimo.

Zisetyenziswa njengento esisiseko ekuveliseni zisasilela ezininzi, ezo zisetyenziselwa ukwenza izinto ezininzi zemidlalo. Enye imboni -avtomobilestroenie. Functionalization of nanotubes kwekhabhoni wetu lifinyele ukulobola Iipholima iipropati conductive.

Ukungavumelani kwe conductivity thermal of nanotubes liphezulu ngokwaneleyo, ngoko ke ingasetyenziswa njengesixhobo okupholisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ezinkulu. Kwakhona baye benza iminqwazi ukuba ziqhotyoshelwe kwimibhobho probe.

Izicelo yesebe ibalulekileyo ziquka ubuchwepheshe computer. nanotubes Ngenxa kakhulu ingakumbi ubonisa ezimcaba-panel. Ngoncedo kubo, unga nciphisa ngokubaluleka ubungakanani computer, ngokunjalo ukwandisa intsebenzo yayo zobugcisa. izixhobo Ready kuya kuba amaxesha amaninzi mkhulu ubuchwepheshe yangoku. Ngokusekelwe kwezi zifundo, ungenza phezulu-kinescopes.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, lo iityhubhu ziya kusetyenziselwa kuphela elektroniki, kodwa amacandelo ezempilo kunye namandla.

production

ngemibhobho carbon, imveliso leyo isasazwa phakathi iintlobo ezimbini kuzo, ngokulinganayo zasasazwa. Oko kukuthi, MWNT ukuvelisa ngaphezulu kakhulu SWNT. Uhlobo lwesibini do ngethuba likaxakeka. Iinkampani ezahlukeneyo gqolo ukuvelisa nanotubes carbon. Kodwa imfuno ke ngokubonakalayo musa ukusebenzisa; kuba malini phezulu kakhulu.

production iinkokeli

Okwangoku, esi sikhundla okhokelayo ekuvelisweni nanotubes carbon ahlala kumazwe aseAsia, umthamo wemveliso leyo amaxesha ngaphezulu kwe-3 ngaphezulu kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu ne eMelika. Ngokukodwa, imveliso MWNT ibandakanyeka eJapan. Kodwa amanye amazwe, afana Korea kunye neTshayina, ayizange ingenelwe kule salathisi.

Production eRussia

imveliso yasekhaya of nanotubes carbon usemva kakhulu kwamanye amazwe. Enyanisweni, yonke into ixhomekeke ngomgangatho wophando kule ndawo. Akukho nto kwabiwe imali eyaneleyo ukwenzela uphuhliso lwamaziko inzululwazi neteknoloji lizwe. Abantu abaninzi ukuqonda uphuhliso zezenzululwazi, ngokuba mna andazi ukuba ingasetyenziswa njani kushishino. Ngoko ke, akulula xa uqeqeshelwa ukuba entsha kuqoqosho trail runs kunzima kakhulu.

Ngoko ke, umongameli Russian wakhupha umthetho, lobeka uphuhliso lweendawo ezahlukeneyo zezenzululwazi, kuquka izinto carbon. Ukulungiselela le njongo, kukho inkqubo yophuhliso ekhethekileyo wadalwa ukuvelisa zabo technologies. Inkampani "Nanotechnologies" wadalwa ukuze zonke manqaku ukuze zenziwa ,. ukusebenza kwayo zabelwa isixa esikhulu-mali karhulumente. Yaba yena oya ukulawula uyilo, imveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwizicelo woshishino nanotubes carbon. Imali eyabelwe tirhisa kuphuhliso ngamaziko ophando ezahlukeneyo iilebhu, kwakunye womeleze impumelelo ekhoyo zezazinzulu zasekhaya. Kwakhona, le mali iya kusetyenziselwa ukuthenga izixhobo kwizinga eliphezulu kwimveliso nanotubes carbon. Kufuneka uthathe unonophelo abo nezixhobo eziza ukukhusela impilo yabantu, ekubeni izinto ubangela nezahlukahlukeneyo izifo.

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, yonke ingxaki ilele ekukhuliseni imali. Inkoliso abatyali abafuni ukutyala imali kuphando nophuhliso, ingakumbi ixesha elide. Onke amashishini bafuna ukubona ingeniso, kodwa Nano-ungaya iminyaka. Nantso into utyhala abameli amashishini amancinane kunye naphakathi. Ukongeza, ngaphandle zotyalo-mali kuwonke akayi ukuqala ngokupheleleyo imveliso kunyaka. Enye ingxaki kukunqongophala isiseko somthetho, ekubeni akukho njengekhonco phakathi zikumanqanaba ahlukeneyo zeshishini. Ngoko ke, imveliso carbon nanotube eRashiya, nto leyo ibango, kufuna nje kuphela zemali, kodwa zotyalo-mali yengqondo. Nangona Russian Federation ukude kumazwe Asia ukuba kukhokelele kuphuhliso By.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uphuhliso kushishino benza kumasebe imichiza zeeyunivesithi ezahlukeneyo Moscow, Tambov, eSt Petersburg, naseNovosibirsk kunye Kazan. Kubavelisi aphambili nanotubes carbon Iqinile "garnet" kunye Tambov isityalo "Komsomolets".

izinto ezilungileyo nezingalunganga

Phakathi eziluncedo ukuze sikwazi ukubona iimpawu ezizodwa nanotubes carbon. Basimisela izinto ezomeleleyo, umhlaba ophantsi kweempembelelo ntshikilelo ngomatshini lutshatyalaliswe. Ukongeza, ukuba zisebenza kakuhle xa ugoba, bazolulela. Oku kwaba yimpumelelo ngenxa isakhiwo closed yesakhelo. ukusetyenziswa kwazo akuphelelanga kwicandelo elinye. Kwimibhobho ziye zasetyenziswa xa ngomatshini, elektroniki, amayeza kunye namandla.

ethile Huge ifuthe elibi kwimpilo yabantu. Amasuntswana nanotubes abangena umzimba womntu, ezikhokelela ngamathumba amabi, kunye nomhlaza.

Into ebalulekileyo ngemali eli candelo. Abantu abaninzi abafuni imali kwinzululwazi, njengoko ufuna ixesha elininzi ngenxa yenzuzo. Kwaye ngaphandle ukusebenza iilebhu uphando ayikwazi ukuba uphuhliso By.

isiphelo

nanotubes Carbon zidlala indima enkulu ezintsha zobuchwephesha. Iingcali ezininzi ukuqikelela ukukhula kolu shishino kule minyaka izayo. Kuya kubakho ukwanda okubonakalayo amandla emveliso, nto leyo eya kunciphisa iindleko iimpahla. Ngenxa ukuhla kwamaxabiso, ityhubhu iya kuba imfuno esikhulu, yaye uya kuba zilahleka eziphathekayo izixhobo ezininzi kunye nezixhobo.

Ngoko ke, siye safumanisa into okuthathwa ezi mveliso.