Space ukuhlola: abahloli isithuba, izazinzulu, ukuvulwa

Space ... Ilizwi elinye, nendlela umdla imizobo liphuma phambi kwamehlo akho! Izigidi zezigidi saa kuyo yonke iphela, ukude kwaye ngaxeshanye ezingenakuphela kufutshane yaye oyintanda Milky Way, nakwiinkwenkwezi Big no Little Dipper, kuba ngoxolo ibekwe elundini enkulu ... uluhlu alupheli. Kweli nqaku sijonga imbali ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni, yaye ezinye iinyani ezinika umdla.

Space uphando kumaxesha amandulo: kamsinya nje wajonga iinkwenkwezi?

Ngaphambili phayaa, abantu ababa ukubukela iiplanethi kunye nethala ngezibonakude "Hubble" uhlobo. Izixhobo kuphela abathanda ubuhle zezulu kwaye wenze uphando isithuba, amehlo abo. Kakade ke, akukho nto kodwa ilanga, inyanga kunye neenkwenkwezi, "yerediyo" yabantu ayikwazanga ukubona (ngaphandle kwe nonomgca ngo-1812). Ngoko ke, abantu ndiyaqonda kuphela ukuba indlela ukukhangela okunene ezi iibhaluni mthubi mhlophe esibhakabhakeni. Kodwa ke, abemi umhlaba yahlukile ukhathalelo ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba waphawula ukuba izangqa ezibini ukunqumla esibhakabhakeni, ngoko shwaka emva kunina, elitsha ukuba ngoku. Kwaye bafumana ukuba zonke iinkwenkwezi kuba ukuziphatha olufanayo: abanye babo fixed kunye nezinye utshintsha indawo yayo isikhokelo ezintsonkothileyo. Ngoko ke waqalisa ukuhlola enkulu isithuba engaphandle noko efihliweyo kuyo.

impumelelo enkulu kule nkalo ezenziwe amaGrike amandulo. Ngabo kuqala wafumanisa ukuba iplanethi yethu ukulenza. izimvo zabo malunga nendawo komhlaba elangeni yahlulwe: Ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba umhlaba lijikeleza umzimba yasezulwini, abanye babekholelwa ukuba ichasene (kwakukho abaxhasi kwenkqubo geocentric zehlabathi). Ngemvumelwano amaGrike amandulo Abazange beze. Lonke uphando lwabo emsebenzini kunye nesithuba zafakwa kwiphepha kwaye ezihonjiswe kwi ama osihloko sithi "Almagest". Umbhali Kwalo compiler zesifundiswa yamandulo omkhulu uPtolemy.

I Renaissance nokutshatyalaliswa iingqiqo endala isithuba

UNikolay Kopernik - ngubani na weva ngeli gama? Yaba nguye ngenkulungwane ye-15 watshabalalisa ingcamango lesiphoso kwenkqubo geocentric zehlabathi babeka phambili yabo, heliocentric, owathi ukuba ngumhlaba ojikeleza ilanga, kwaye awunakho ukwenza ngolunye uhlobo. Ephakathi Kwamacala kunye nebandla, ngelishwa, akazange ukulala. bathanda intetho ligunyaziswa heretical, kunye nabalandeli ingcamango Copernican kutshutshiswa. Omnye abalandeli bakhe, UGIORDANO Bruno watshiselwa esibondeni. Igama lakhe wahlala ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, kwaye siye sikhumbule ukuba sisazinzulu enkulu ngentlonipho nombulelo.

Umdla ezikhulayo emajukujukwini

Emva kwezi ziganeko, ingqalelo izazinzulu ngeenkwenkwezi kuye kwakhula kuphela. Space ukuhlola baba ngakumbi umdla ngakumbi. Ima iqala ngenkulungwane ye-17, kwabakho ukufunyanwa entsha enkulu ngu Kepler abaphandi bafumanise ukuba komzila apho izijikelezi-langa zijikeleza ngeenxa ilanga, azaba zinqila, njengokuba ngaphambili, kunye okweqanda. Ngokusebenzisa esi siganeko kwinzululwazi litshintshile kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, Isaak Nyuton wafumanisa ubucukubhede yaye uyakwazi ukuchaza imithetho ngayo imizimba ukuhamba.

Ukufunyanwa kwe iiplanethi ezintsha

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, siyazi ukuba zonke iiplanethi kwisixokelelwano elanga ukuya kwezisibhozo. De kwango-2006, inani labo ilingana elithoba, kodwa emva zakutshanje kude iingcingo ebushushwini neplanethi nokukhanya - iPluto - ngaphandle kwinani imizimba Bajikeleza umzimba wethu wasezulwini. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yobukhulu balo amancinci - kuphela indawo Russia sele ngaphezu yonke iPluto. Sanikwa ubume yiplanethi encinane.

De kwaba yinkulungwane ye-17, abantu babekholelwa ukuba zonke iiplanethi kwinkqubo elanga ezintlanu. Izibona akazange kodwa khona, ngoko ke kuthiwa bagwetywa kuphela ezo imizimba yasezulwini babone ngamehlo abo. Beyond ISaturn ngamakhonkco alo emakhonkcweni e ngumkhenkce, izazinzulu azikhange zikwazi ukubona. Mhlawumbi, siya kuqhubeka bayotywe ukuba kwakungelula uGalileo Galiley. Yaba nguye owasungula ezinjengeetelescope yanceda izazinzulu ukwenza isifundo ezinye iiplanethi ubone ezinye imizimba yasezulwini i-Solar System. Ngenxa kweteleskopu bevayo ubukho leentaba yimingxuma eNyangeni, nelokuthwasa kwenyanga kaZeyus, uSaturn Mars. Kwakhona kule sunspots efanayo uGalileo zisaqala. akukho nje kuphuhliswa Science, yena moya phambili yi ephala. Kwaye ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, izazinzulu sele wayesazi ngokwaneleyo ukwakha kuqala isiphekepheke ndiye kusoyisa isibhakabhaka esineenkwenkwezi.

Njani na inzululwazi yonke kwi leSoviet

izazinzulu Soviet ziye bachitha uphando indawo enkulu kwaye bafumene impumelelo enkulu ekufundeni ngeenkwenkwezi kunye nophuhliso imikhumbi. Noko ke, ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 sele kudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwama-50 phambi kokuba satellite indawo yokuqala ukoyisa nobukhulu bendawo yonke. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1957. Isixhobo laphehlelelwa eSoviet Union kwi-Baikonur Cosmodrome. I-Hewana zokuqala na ileqa iziphumo eliphezulu - injongo yabo ukuya enyangeni. Isixhobo sokuqala ukuba ukuhlolwa umhlaba kumphezulu kwenyanga ngo-1959. Yaye kwinkulungwane yama-20 ukuba yavulwa Space Research Institute, awathi umsebenzi kakhulu zenzululwazi yokufumanisa.

Kungekudala emva kokuba ukuqaliswa-Hewana uye waba eziqhelekileyo, ukanti omnye kuphela mission kwenye kwendiza emhlabeni yaphela ngempumelelo. Le yiprojekthi "Apollo", apho izihlandlo eziliqela, ngokutsho nenguqulelo esemthethweni, amaMelika igqampe kwi inyanga senziwa.

"Uhlanga isithuba" International

1961 waba abangenakulibaleka kwimbali astronautics. Kodwa ngaphambili, ngowe-1960, kwisithuba batyelela izinja ezimbini, lweziqhulo ngawo ihlabathi liphela uyazi: Belka kunye Strelka. Babuya isithuba ayiphazanyiswa, adumileyo kunye babe zamaqhawe yokwenene.

Kwaye ngo April 12 kunyaka ozayo ukuze uyihlole yonke waya uYuri Gagarin - umntu wokuqala eyayisuka ukushiya Umhlaba ababe- "Vostok-1".

I-United States wayengafuni ukunika indlela eya ubuntshatsheli waseUSSR kugqatso emajukujukwini, ngoko sifuna ukuthumela umntu emajukujukwini phambi Gagarin. I-United States elichithwe ngokusesikweni satellite: Russia ayikwazanga ukuqala umatshini iinyanga ezine phambi Melika. Xa ongenawo bamazwe isithuba baye batyelela indawo ezifana Valentina Tereshkova kunye Alexei Leonov. Last wenza spacewalk yokuqala ehlabathini, kwaye ke impumelelo lukhulu United States kuphuhliso indalo ekususeni kuphela usomajukujuku ibhabha Orbital.

Kodwa ke, nangona impumelelo ebalulekileyo ye-USSR kwi "ugqatso isithuba", iMelika Kwakhona angaphosi. Kwaye July 16, 1969 kwisiphekepheke "Apollo-11", ibithwele boyisa indawo equka iingcali ezintlanu, laphehlelelwa ukuya kumphezulu iNyanga kaThixo. kweentsuku ezintlanu, umntu wokuqala ukubeka unyawo phezu kwamanzi satellite Yomhlaba. Igama lakhe Neil Armstrong.

Uloyiso okanye lahluleka?

Ngubani kunjalo waphumelela ugqatso enyangeni? Lo mbuzo akukho mpendulo ngqo. Kwaye eSoviet Union, kwaye United States kwabonisa ecaleni okusemandleni alo: kokuba yala maxesha kunye nokuphucula impumelelo zobugcisa imikhumbi zangaphezulu, wenza izinto ezifunyaniswe ezininzi ezintsha iisampuli nanto phezu kwenyanga eziye zathunyelwa kwi-Institute of Research Space. Enkosi kubo, kwafunyaniswa ukuba satellite koMhlaba wenziwe intlabathi namatye, ngokunjalo ukuba inyanga akukho moya. Neil Armstrong nentwana kwasala iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane eyadlulayo phezu kwenyanga, yaye ngoku lalikhona. Into nje abanayo nto ukucima: esihamba ovinjwa umoya, akukho umoya okanye amanzi. Kwaye ukuba uya nenyanga, yaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukuphuma wazibalula embalini - ngokoqobo nangokomfuziselo.

isiphelo

Imbali yoluntu abazizityebi ebanzi, kuquka abaninzi lwezona ezinkulu, iimfazwe, uloyiso amakhulu kunye nelahleko umonakalo. Uphuhliso isithuba komhlaba kunye wayibamba nophando mihla yi ekunene ayikho indawo yokugqibela kumaphepha imbali. Kodwa akukho namnye oku kwakungayi kuba xa ukuba aba bantu bame abazahluleleyo ezifana noHerman titov, uNikolay Kopernik, uYuri Gagarin, Sergei Korolev, uGalileo Galilei, UGIORDANO Bruno, kwaye abaninzi, nabanye abaninzi. Onke la madoda amakhulu hlukile ayenengqiqo obalaseleyo, iphuhlise izakhono ukufunda physics nemathematika, umlinganiswa esomeleleyo kunye nentando yentsimbi. Kufuneka into sifunde kubo, sinokufunda kwezi izazinzulu amava angathethekiyo kunye neempawu ezintle kunye neempawu. Ukuba abantu iza kuzama kuba njengazo abenzi bazo, omninzi ukufunda, uqeqesho, baphumelele esikolweni yaye eyunivesithi, sinako ngokuzithemba sithi kusekho okuninzi obafunyanwa enkulu kunye nendawo enzonzobila kungekudala ziza kuphandwa. Kwaye, xa amazwi enye ingoma edumileyo umendo ezinothuli iiplanethi ezikude kuhlala umkhondo zethu.