Yintoni na umbandela kukhetho? Le mpumelelo yokuzalela lwangoku

Ukheto yenye zenzululwazi kakhulu mihla phambili. Ngenxa impumelelo yayo ziye wadala iindidi ezintsha izinto eziphilayo, okunyusileyo iinzuzo ezininzi uluntu. nendaba, iinjongo kunye nezalathiso eziphambili lweenkomo eza kuxutyushwa kwinqaku lethu.

imisebenzi zeziFundo kunye nokukhethwa

Yintoni na umbandela kukhetho? Inzululwazi yokuphucula ezikhoyo nokuphuhlisa iintlobo ezintsha zezilwanyana, izityalo iintlobo kunye ezincane. isifundo yaso isifundo nozalisekiso practice kweepateni ezithile zazivelela yabo. Le mpumelelo ye-akhawunti yokuzalela mihla amashumi amawaka yezimbiwa umzimba womntu. Isiseko theoretical oku esinye inzululwazi - imizila yemfuza. Iqwalasela iimpawu kwimfuza kunye Ukwahluka zonke izinto eziphilayo.

Iinjongo eziphambili lweenkomo kukuba ezizalana iintlobo ezinemiphumela zezityalo neentlobo ezizalayo. Ngaphezu koko, iingcali uzama ukuzisa abantu abo nabalulamileyo yimiqathango kokusingqongileyo kunye notshintsho ecaleni ntle kubo. Micro-eziphilayo inikezwe njengoba ufuna. Le ukumelana iinkqubo mutational kunye nezinga division of iintsholongwane iiseli luncedo.

iindlela Basic yokuzalela

Yintoni na umbandela yokukhethwa, siye safumanisa. Kodwa ekubeni zonke izinto bafunda zahluke kakhulu enye kwenye isakhiwo neempawu, ngamnye kubo kukho amaqela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlola. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu basebenzisa ukhetho isole. Ukukhethwa yeyona ndlela iphambili. Kunye naye esebenzisa hybridization kunye isenzo mutagens. Ngelo langoku ibakala uphuhliso kusetyenziswa iindlela zovavanyo ngokwesiseko entsha - izakhi kunye iseli.

biotechnology

Okwangoku, iinkqubo zebhayoloji kunye neenkqubo babe scale kwemveliso yoshishino. Isiphumo wafumana kakhulu iintlobo Cya, inkcubeko iiseli kunye nezihlunu izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Kwaye ke impumelelo lweenkomo mihla ivelisa imveliso yendalo kunye iipropati kwangaphambili.

Iimpawu of plant yokuzalela

Ngoko ezixabisekileyo zefomu - esingunobangela ngokukhethwa. Noko ke, isakhiwo ethile kwisityalo ivumela ukusebenzisa kuphela iindlela ezithile ukudala imisebenzi emitsha esekelwe yokuqala. Le yokuzalisana, polyploidy, kunye hybridization mutagenesis. Phakathi kwabo sinokubalaselisa emveli angaphezulu. Le ukhetho ezahlukeneyo kweentlobo kunye hybridization. Ukuze eze iindidi ezintsha umgangatho Waqonda, kuyimfuneko ukuba aqhube umsebenzi onzima. Ihlala ekukhetheni iintlobo lokuqala hybridization ilandelwa yi yokhetho. Ngale ndlela, ngokuthi ezikhwela apile ukunambitheka iqabaka iimpawu ezixabisekileyo zifunyenwe iintlobo yokudibanisa iipropati ezixabisekileyo hybrids.

Effective yezityalo ukuzalela yeyona ndlela heterosis. Ukwenza oku, kufuneka ungenise uluhlu elizimeleyo lwemigca ezihlambulukileyo, welani nabo kunye nabanye. Ngenxa yoko iintlobo ezinemiphumela izityalo ezininzi iziqhamo kunye ukudla.

Le mba we polyploidy ukwanda ezininzi kwinani zofuzo. Ekuqaleni, kwaba yobume ngendlela yemvelo xa baboniswa izityalo mutagens. Ngelo langoku nqanaba, abalimi kaninzi oku bekwenza kwiiseli diploid colchicine alkaloid. ifomu wafumana baye banda ukuchuma kuthelekiswa lokwaNdlalela. A kweejini kutshintshwe tetraploid zabo.

izilwanyana ezizalayo

Le izilwanyana ezizalayo kusetyenziswa iindlela ngandlel ezahlukeneyo, ngokuba bengengabo ziyakwazi yokuzala kwezityalo. Izazinzulu sebenzisa ukhetho ikakhulu ngamnye hybridization kweentlobo ezimbini. Xa yokuzalisana ukwanda iqatshelwe homozygosity, nto leyo ekhokelela ukonakala kwazo iintlobo kunye nelahleko iimpawu zayo ezixabisekileyo. Ukuze uphephe oku, abalimi we ezifutshane outbreeding. izazinzulu ngamnye exabisekileyo akwazi ukungena iminqamlezo abantu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Imizekelo izinto ezinjalo zikhwelwe esile gqith nehashe - imeyile, kunye neemazi yak - haynak. Ingxaki yeyokuba uninzi ngamnye ezifunyenwe iminqamlezo ezinjalo abulawe akakwazi ukuvelisa inzala ochumileyo. Le ongasetyenziswayo kuyo lo mgaqo yinto liger kunye Tigon, iimazi ezo bayakwazi yokuzala ngakumbi.

Cya, kwaye ingakumbi zizalele

Ngoku, makhe sibone ukuba yintoni na isifundo ngokukhethwa ezincinane. Oku zonke iintlobo iintsholongwane prokaryotic, lenyama, fungi elilodwa olunye-kunye nezityalo asezantsi - lisiza. Uninzi lwabo imithombo amayeza, ongeziweyo efula, izichumiso, esetyenziswa ekwenziweni iimveliso iwayini, isonka kunye yobisi. Ukuze adlulisele uhlobo ezixabisekileyo kunye nemveliso kwimveliso mveliso, kufuneka uye kwizigaba eziliqela. Okokuqala wachaza ukuba iiseli ezininzi izinzile. Isiseko sale selection emsindweni yemfuza. Ngeentlobo Eminye ezixabisekileyo kunyangwa mutagens. Emva kokuba oko kuyimfuneko ukuchonga iiseli aveza imveliso sele bububumbi kweejini. clones ezikhethiweyo phantsi kwiindinyana ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokwanda entsha medium. Nobunzima sele ezikhethiweyo ezityalwe ngendlela engazange mveliso.

Namathemba kuphuhliso biotechnology

Le mpumelelo yokuzalela mihla kuye kwanceda ukusombulula iingxaki ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Umzekelo, osanda ethatyathwe, iintlobo zezityalo kakhulu futhi iintlobo zezilwanyana banceda ukunika iindawo ukutya umhlaba ukuba ngakumbi abasweleyo.

Ukusetyenziswa semisundululu nezichumisi ukuba zisekelwe chemotroph kunye yimisundululu anike olukhawulezisiweyo ukukhula intlama izityalo. Xa usebenzisa izinto ezifunyenweyo abalimi, umhlaba anikwe kakuhle ne-nitrogen kunye phytohormones.

Ngokuzala kwezityalo baya usebenzisa izihlunu inkcubeko indlela, apho ungafumana izinto lokutyala akuxhomekekanga ngamagciwane. Ngenxa yokuba micro-eziphilayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje abalimi udale iiproteni ezintsha isekutyeni ukuba bafakwe ngcono zizilwanyana.

Ukheto kwakhona yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwishishini loxubo mihla. Nge biosynthesis walungisa iihomoni, imithi, kunye nee-enzayim.

Ngenxa yoko, ukukhethwa ngesihloko iindlela, owosindiswa ngawo wena unako ukuphucula imveliso namashishini ezolimo, ukutya kunye amayeza. Okwangoku, ngenxa impumelelo inzululwazi wadala ntlobo zale mihla, kukho iintlobo kunye ezincinci eziphilayo, ngenxa apho ezininzi iingxaki abantu ziya kusombululeka.