Ukubona Rutherford

Ernest Rutherford - unique, isazinzulu abanetalente kakhulu kwaye engaqhelekanga kakhulu. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zenziwa nguye emva kokwamkela Prize Nobel. Ngowe-1911, le ndoda amava impumelelo Rutherford (ngoko ke igama kamva), nto leyo avunyelwe ukuba afune ngaphakathi atom uze ube nombono esebenza ngayo.

imifuniselo eziliqela ziye zaqhutywa kunye atom ngaphambili. umbono wabo ibalulekileyo kukuba xa engile ezahlukeneyo kuka amasuntswana ukuqokelela ulwazi olwaneleyo abangenza kukho ithuba lokuba athethe into ethile malunga isakhiwo atom. Ngenkulungwane yama-20, izazinzulu babeqinisekile ukuba iqulethe ngaphakathi ngokwayo electron ezi kakubi ityala. Noko ke, zezona lwimi zisetyenziswa ngexesha ukufumana uluvo lokuba i-atom ifana igridi kakuhle icala ezingcakacileyo leyo izaliswe elektroni nentlawulo ezimbi. Le modeli ngokuba "njengonombombiya zeerasintyisi."

Rutherford yaba yinto eyahlukileyo. gun Scientific yakhiwe esalinikwayo umqadi ube mnye lecondzile kwe ngamasuntswana. Wayefana ibhokisi leaden, nto leyo noqhoqhoqho elimxinwa. Ngaphakathi yafakwa izinto radioactive. Alpha amasuntswana, apho ezintweni into radioactive kuzo zonke iindawo ngaphandle mnye, ziye lilo isisitheliso ilothe, kwaye kuphela kumngxunyana Iko ngqo ngokukodwa msebe yamasuntswana. Endleleni yakhe ngoko kucwangcisa screens ezimbalwa ukhokelo kwiindawo zokubeka yolwazi amasuntswana zitenxe evela kwicala lasekunene. Ngenxa yoko mava uRutherford inqwelo ukuya ekujoliswe swi umqadi yamasuntswana lo, le thagethi ngokwako zazimela ngefoyile ye zesinyithi ezicekethekileyo kakhulu. Naxa ilixesha Hit alpha-ray.

Emva Amasuntswana alpha zingqubane atom le mifanekiso, baza baqhubeka nendlela yabo, waza ekugqibeleni wafunyanwa ngokwawo phezu phosphor leskrini wamiswa emva koko kujoliswe kuko. Xa amasuntswana hit ikhusi, i-flash abhalwe kwayo, phezu apho experimenter onokugweba njani kwaye yintoni nobungakanani kumagama-amasuntswana ukuba baphambuke ukusuka kwicala ngqo sesindululo ngenxa zicinywe atom ye igolide.

Rutherford kwakuyinjongo ngenxa yokuba akukho bani phambi kwakhe akazange azame ukuba ukuhlola, nokuba amasuntswana ezithile baphambuke kwigophe enkulu. Le modeli endala yegridi akazange avumele nkqu ubukho lweziqalelo nzima yaye zeyamane i-atom, ukuze babe nako ukwala amasuntswana alpha ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kwi engile enkulu ngokwaneleyo.

amava kaRutherford kwakhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba inkoliso ubunzima buzinze mbandela eshinyeneyo kakhulu, nto leyo ibekwe intliziyo atom. Inxalenye ukuphumla eneneni ngaphantsi eshinyeneyo kakhulu kunokuba kwabonakala ngaphambili. ingaphezulu uRutherford iziko hyperdense equkethwe, leyo uye wabizwa ngumongo, leyo, ngasendleleni, kukho intlawulo esincumisayo bagxila.

Umfanekiso-atom, leyo rhuthu ingcali yenzululwazi, thina ngoku eyaziwa sele kakuhle. imodeli kaRutherford usendleleni yokuba iziko ise nucleus nentlawulo eyakhayo, kuqwalasele yonke ubunzima atom. Ngokubanzi, i-atom cala. Ngoko ke, inani elektroni ngaphakathi, kwakunye intlawulo zenyukliya, lingana ne ukuya isiqalelo inani kule nkqubo ngamaxesha athile. Kucacile ukuba electron alunakuzola ngaphakathi atom, njengoko baya kuwa nje kungena ngumongo. Bona ukuhambahamba malunga efanayo njengoko izijikelezi-langa zijikeleza ngeenxa ukukhanya kwelanga.

Le umlinganiswa intshukumo ukuchaza isenzo imikhosi Coulomb ukusuka ngumongo. Athom uzinzile ngokwaseburhulumenteni unexcited, ukuba angaphila isixa elide, ngaphandle esikhupha naziphi amaza. Kodwa ke imodeli langa le-atom, nangona oko ngokomfuniselo, nako ukundicombululela kutheni uzinzile.