Stupa dha: igama, a ukubaluleka yonqulo. dha Culture

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, phakathi kwezizwe zonke, kukho yokungcwaba ekhethekileyo isiko kunye neendawo ezikhethekileyo kubo. Abantu beze emangcwabeni ooyise, lubanike uviko. Kwiinkcubeko ezininzi, emva kokufa komntu edumileyo Barrow yakhe yokungcwaba ukuba inzala beze kule ndawo kwaye banqule kuye, ukuba akhumbule iimpumelelo umntu wangcwatyelwa khona. E India, lo msebenzi wenziwa a stupa dha. Sicebisa ukuba wazi bhetele. Emva kokufunda eli nqaku, uza kufunda ukuba stupa dha intaba engcwele kwaye udonga - amagama anxulumene. Siya kunixelela ukuba malunga zodumo obuBhuda ezinxulumene ngunozala le mfundiso.

I stupa lokuqala

Ngo-Indiya, i-stupa yokuqala kwavela ngexesha langaphambi amaBhuda. Ekuqaleni, baba ezikhumbuzo ukuba India yamandulo zabekwa phezu kwamangcwaba yabalawuli. Igama elithi "udaka" i imvelaphi laso. Eguqulelwe lithetha "isithsaba", "kwiqhina kweenwele", "yimfumba yamatye nomhlaba" okanye "phezulu intloko." Isiko sebefile iintsalela kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni eIndiya ngaloo mihla bekungekho iindawo zokungcwaba ngengqiqo eliqhelekileyo ilizwi. Kwafuneka ukuba ugcine kuphela iintsalela isigodo okanye uthuthu. Kungenxa kule stupa ibekwe oko abasala emva kwesidumbu.

reliquaries

Emva kwexesha elithile, loo stupa waba reliquary aqulethe iintsalela abantu abadumileyo ngengqiqo yokomoya. Baqala ke ukuba zakhiwe ngexesha Buddha, kwaye kananjalo njengentlonipho yokumbulela. Umzekelo, Lotus Stupa yasekwa nguyise wakhe, uKumkani Suddhodanoy e Nepal (e Lumbini, apho Buddha wazalelwa) ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe. Yena waba imilo zezindlu kunye kumanqanaba asixhenxe okanye amane lotuses.

Ezinye stupas, ayayilwa ngexesha ubomi Buddha, naye okhankanywe kwizicatshulwa. Oku ezine mortars relikvarnyh. Abarhwebi Tapussa Bhallika wakha ababini kubo phezu iinwele nemifanekiso nail notitshala. Le stupa efanayo yamaBhuda zadalwa Anathapindakoy. Eyaziwayo kunye nabanye ukuba uye wakha phezu iintsalela ka Shariputra.

Stupa njengento into yokuba amadini

Buddha ebefuna stupa yakhiwe phezu isidumbu sakhe emva kokumka kwakhe. Uye oku lesikhumbuzo intsingiselo entsha. Ukususela ngoku, lo stupa kuye kuthathwa into ukwenzela iminikelo yabo Buddha-endalo, nto leyo engumqondiso ingqondo Buddha kaThixo. Bakholelwa ukuba ngokwenza iminikelo, abantu baziqwebele iimpawu ezintle. Ngokuthe ngcembe, ukuba bafumane Buddha-uhlobo kuye ngokwakhe ngakumbi yaye ekugqibeleni kufika ukukhanya, ukuze sonwabe ngokupheleleyo.

stupas Ezahlukahlukeneyo ngexesha lethu

Okwangoku, i reliquaries asingabo bonke stupa, njengoko ingengabo bonke bephela zibekwe amathambo. Le stupa isoloko ibekwe kuphela iqhekeza isidumbu, apho uyibize ngokuthi inkunkuma. Kusenokwenzeka ziqulathe imibhalo engcwele okanye izinto, ukukhanyiselwa isambatho utitshala. Ukongeza, udaka kuba zingcwele ndingekho. Kulo mzekelo, oko kuphela nesikhundla indawo yesikhumbuzo, wadala kwinkumbulo zeziganeko ezibalulekileyo ayikho waphawulwa. Ngokufutshane uthetha mortars lula. Kukho ezininzi iintlobo zazo. Yakhelwe imbeko isiganeko ebalulekileyo ebizwa ngokuba stupa lenkumbulo. Kwakhona, ukuba ngaba akafumaneki, emva isifungo. Kweli nqaku siza kujonga stupas ibalulekileyo, nto leyo ithe yadalwa imbeko ze Buddha. They are relikvarnym.

8 stupas relikvarnyh

Emva kokufa zingcwele Buddha eziseleyo emva ukutshiswa ekukholeleka ukuba yahlulwe namalungu asi-8. Baye babekwa stupas 8, ibekwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo Indiya, e abo ezinxulumene utitshala enkulu yobomi, washumayela Buddhism. Ngokufutshane chaza ngamnye kubo.

Ukumkani Magadha Ajatashatru Bawaphakamisa omnye kubo Rajgir, shaki - e Kapilavastu, lichchhavi - e Vaishali, kaKolaya - e Ramagrame, boule - e Allakape, Malla - e Pava. In Kushinagar stupa wakha elinye isebe lokucinga kunye Brahmin evela Vetthapidy osimisileyo kowabo. Le stupas efanayo kunene 8, apho kukho iintsalela ze Buddha. Zibizwa stupas ezinkulu relikvarnymi.

4 iindawo oluya ephawulwe Buddha

Kwakhona amagama aqhelekileyo afana "iindawo 8 oluya" yaye "8 stupas sutricheskih" okanye "8 stupas ye Tathagata." Bona onxulumene ebomini Tathagata, oko kukuthi Buddha Shakyamuni. Buddha ngokwakhe ukhethe iindawo 4 lokuphambukela ezinxulumene nobomi bakhe. Xa umntu wokuqala, akuba ezelwe, zabubamba ukukhanyiselwa kwi wesibini, owesithathu wanika iimfundiso yokuqala parinirvana yesine ekhohlo. Ezi ndawo zibizwa ngokwesithethe kunye Lumbini (Kapilavastu), Bodhgaya, Sarnath kunye Kushinagar ngokulandelelanayo.

Eyona stupas emine ebalulekileyo

E Lumbini Stupa Lotus yadalwa, eyakhiwa Korol Suddhodana (uyise Buddha ka-) ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe. Ingxenye esemqoka yawo ngendlela iLotus. Libonakalisa imbonakalo ukukhanya Buddha kaThixo.

In Bodhgaya wakha Stupa wokukhanya, okanye - i woyise nawuphi na umqobo. umdali wayo lo Dharma ukumkani Bimbisara. Le stupa yakhiwa emva ekukhanyiseleni Tathagata. Yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ezisibhozo kungumqondiso injongo indlela dha - ukukhanya ngokupheleleyo, ukuqaphela engqondweni yakhe. Le tshe kwakhona uphawu yokulwa yonke imiqobo kunye amalengalenga.

Stupa ubulumko (okanye isango 16) yakhiwa ngo Sarnath. Kweli nqanaba, i Tathagata wabanika iimfundiso zakhe yokuqala, ezaziwa ngokuba "Noble Inyaniso Ezine".

Endaweni nokunyamekelwa ngutitshala, e Kushinagar, sakhiwa Stupa parinirvana. Ingxenye esemqoka ngokwemilo yayo - intsimbi, oko kuthetha ubulumko olucokisekileyo Buddha. Le fom -sibonisa parinirvana care.

stupas ezine ehlobene nangemimangaliso

Yi iindawo zikhankanywe apha ngasentla 4 lokuphambukela kamva wongeza 4 ngaphezulu uhlobene ebalulekileyo owenza Buddha. It Vaishali, Sankasya (Shinkasi) Shravasti kunye Rajgir. Kule yokugqibela Buddha wamthoba elephant enomsindo. Yezilwanyana kodwa ke Devadatta, umzala wakhe.

Dha Stupa ubunye okanye noxolelwaniso, yakhiwa imbeko Sangha loxolelaniso. Apha, emva kokuba ekupasiseni Buddha, Yokuqala dha Council. Ngayo izicatshulwa Vinaya kunye sutras zirekhodwe.

stupa Entle ezakhiwe Shravasti imbeko uloyiso iphumelele ngootitshala ezintandathu Buddha kweli uAshera Jetavana, awawunika umthengisi Anathapindaka. Aba titshala babe ngabalandeli iimbono eziphosakeleyo. The Buddha wabonisa ummangaliso kabini. Wavuka emoyeni, apho ezikhutshiweyo kula amadangatye ngokwawo, kunye jet lamanzi ngexesha, yaye ngoko, ehleli phezu kwemitholo, waveza phambi kwabo emazulwini kakhulu ooBhuda. Le lesikhumbuzo elimiswe ngabanye Lisabi.

Le stupa yakhiwa Shinkasi ukuhlangabezana Tusita ezulwini. Shakyamuni Buddha yokusebenza ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ezabonakala Buddha edlulileyo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, wenyuka waya ezulwini Tushita. Apha Buddha washumayela Abhidharma unina abafileyo, kwakunye izithixo 33 kunye nabantu babo. Emveni koko wehla waya emhlabeni waya ecaleni ngezinyuko emangalisayo, wadalwa ngokuba yena oothixo yayinguIndra kunye uthole. Uphawu le ukuhlangabezana ngamanyathelo ezininzi, imelwe kwi lesikhumbuzo.

Stupa loyiso ogqibeleleyo eyenzeka Vaishali. Apha ekuhambeni kwexesha Buddha kaThixo yatshabalalisa sisibetho eso sixeko. Wakwazi ukumnqanda. Buddha wayibiza ngokuba uthando nentlonipho balapho. Xa waphinda watyelela Vaishali, iinkawu wemba edamini i Buddha, kwaye lootitshala oluza kuqhutywa ubusi. Kule ndawo eyayifudula Ashera mango, apho courtesan Amrapali thaca kule Buddha. Apho wavakalisa abafundi bakhe ukuba kukushiya kungekudala. Noko ke, bamcela ukuba kubashiya. Buddha wabandisa ubomi bakhe ngenxa iinyanga zantathu, ngaloo ndlela koyisa ukufa kunye nexesha.

izintlu ezahlukeneyo kunye nokufumana iindawo stupas

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iindawo ngasentla lokuphambukela, waza wabangela stupa kuphela ngokuyinxenye ziyadibana stupas relikvarnymi, okhankanywe Mahaparinirvana Sutra. Xa imithombo Tibetan kufuneka izintlu ezahlukeneyo abo onxulumene ubomi Buddha. Ukongeza, indawo yabo iyahluka. Kungenzeka, ezi zintlu ziye zaqulunqwa ngokusekelwe kwesiko ngomlomo. Bona ezinxulumene ngokwesiko uhambo kwiziza lenkumbulo. Maxa wambi ezahlukeneyo kwezi ndawo kubekho stupas ezininzi. Umzekelo, kwi Sarnath namhlanje kumabhodlo abaliqela kubo. Izazinzulu akakwazi ukugweba ukuba leliphi na ezimbini - okanye Dhamekh Dharmaradzhika - yayakhiwe kule ndawo apho wakuba Buddha wanika iimfundiso kuqala.

Sutricheskih stupas ezisibhozo

Kukho uluvo ukuba ibinzana elithi "stupas ezisibhozo Tathagata" asiyiyo kubonisa ubukho kweendawo ezithile ezithile, kodwa ikuvumela kuphela ukuba angqamane iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ebomini Buddha kunye iindawo apho kukho zesikhumbuzo ezininzi amaBhuda. Ngokwesithethe Tibetan, ngenxa yoko, kwakukho iqela stupas sutricheskih esibhozo, ezo izinto ezahlukeneyo bokwakha enye kwenye.

Stupas e India nakwamanye amazwe

Zonke iindawo zingentla lokuphambukela, kwakunye relikvarnye stupa omkhulu efunyanwa eMntla India. Lo yena wahlala luwolule iimfundiso zakhe ze Buddha apho. Emva kokuba 3. BC. e. ezi ndawo ziyatyelelwa woMlawuli ndhoka, kusiyiwa apha wazuza kubaluleke kakhulu zoluntu. Kamva, ndhoka wakha stupas ezininzi kwi-Indiya. Owayemdala abo basindileyo kule mini, ukuba Bharhute kunye Sanchi (India), kwakunye pal, kanye Patan. Ukongeza, ukuba zakhiwa Gandhara (Afghanistan namhlanje Pakistan).

Stupa e Sanchi, ifoto abunikiweyo ngentla, i kwiikhilomitha ezimbalwa ukusuka kwisixeko Bhopal. Yena lo mdala izakhiwo bobugcisa Indiya, begcinelwe ngexesha lethu, walandisa nobuBhuda. Stupa kwi Sanchi ngokumila hemispherical. It has akukho indawo yangaphakathi. Le ngodaka na kwisiseko ngeenxa zonke, ezo netoti nto-31 m. Ngaphezu koko, awayehlala apho ngaphambili kubanjwa lo msitho.

Kwakhona umdla ke stupa ka Borobudur. Borobudur - kwitempile yamandulo yamaBhuda owadalwa malunga 7-9 eminyaka. (Ifoto ngasentla ibonisa oko). Yena on ngayo. Java, neekhilomitha ezingama-50 ukusuka kwisixeko Yogyakarta (Indonesia). Borobudur - i Umtsalane woKhanketho kakhulu batyelela kweli lizwe. Le tempile, ngokungafaniyo nezinye zakhiwe endaweni ethe tyaba, eyakhelwe ethambekeni. Ngokutsho kuguqulelo mnye, waba phakathi kwedike. Kukho ingcamango yokuba Borobudur kubonisiwe kumphezulu wayo esipilini, baye Lotus intyatyambo. Phantse wonke umsebenzi wobugcisa enxulumene ubuBhuda, wabona iintyatyambo kwemitholo. Buddha wayedla uhleli etroneni elijongeka njengentyantyambo lokudubula. Xa stupas Borobudur kunye nezinye iitempile ezininzi ezinamagqabi ebonakalayo kule sityalo.

Njengoko ubona, hayi kuphela India zakhiwa stupas. Ngoko ayimangalisi, kuba inkcubeko dha isagquba. Kwilizwe lethu, ngasendleleni, nawe, unako ukufumana kubo. One of them - Longsal stupa. Kuye kwakhiwa njengoko kutshanje njengoko Oktobha 2012. Le stupa Buddhist ise entliziyweni Izhevsk, kufuphi nendawo Karlutskoy.