Ulwazi kunye zokukhula nophuhliso lwabasebenzi: jikelele, iimpawu

uphuhliso lwabantu - inkqubo iqala ngentsimbi akhulelwe kuyaqhubeka de afe. Nge ebuntwaneni ebudaleni kwenzeka ukukhula ngokomzimba. Kodwa ke uphuhliso kwengqondo akayeki yobomi. Yintoni na ingcamango esisiseko periodization umjikelo wobomi?

Uphuhliso indoda ngembono eziphilayo

mbono kunye zokukhula nophuhliso abangabantu siphuhliswa ngokuhambelana nemigaqo ethile, leyo kuthathwa ukuba ukujonga amanqanaba ebomini. Eziphilayo, owokuqala yezi zinto ke sisetyenzisiwe. Igama lwenzululwazi kuphuhliso lwabantu - ontogeny. Ukudityaniswa iqanda kunye amadlozi bangela ontogenesis. Ekubeni lwalukumanqanaba alo lokuqala uthathe indawo emzimbeni nemazi, ontogenesis yahlulahlulwe siswini kunye kokubeleka.

Ithuba siswini yahlulwe osandul (ukusuka ekuzalweni ukuya kwiinyanga 2) foetal (ukusuka yesi-3 ukuya kwinyanga 9). Ngexesha ubomi Palsy Yenzeka lonke ungeniselo omkhulu inani iiseli ukuba bathathe kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo omzimba kwixesha elizayo. Kwinyanga yesibini izibilini baqale. Waxonxa entloko, entanyeni, esifubeni, omzimba.

Ukuzalwa komntwana zonke kuthathwa ummangaliso. Nangona ihlabathi ngummangaliso eyenzekayo ngamaphanyazo onke, oko kuquka ezininzi iimpawu umdla. Umzekelo, esandulelayo ugqatso nokuchuma inxaxheba malunga 300 million isidoda eyindoda. Malunga efanayo linani labantu abahlala eUnited States. Ngexesha ngokuzalwa ingqondo umntwana bukaThixo sele yafakwa iiseli zemithambo-luvo yezigidi ezilishumi.

Uqulunqo ephilayo esizalweni ukuya ukwaluphala. ukweqa ukukhula

Ukususela ngenyanga yesithathu Palsy kukho ukwanda emzimbeni, oluqhubekeka emva kokuzalwa komntwana. Kwaye ukusukela ekuzalweni iqala inkqubo lohlengahlengiso neemeko zokusingqongileyo. Umntwana izuza izakhono ezitsha sekhombuya kwi elifeni lakhe. Ukukhula okwandisiweyo ephilayo kwenzeka ngexesha lezigaba ezininzi: ixesha yobuntwana yokuqala (ukusuka kwiminyaka yokuqala ukuya kweyesithathu), ukususela kwiminyaka-5 ukuya ku-7, kwaye xa ufikisa (iminyaka eli-11 ukuya ku-16). Ngeminyaka 20-25 ukukhula umzimba womntu lusondele ekugqityweni. Ngoku kufika ixesha izinzile noko kumjikelo wobomi - ukuvuthwa. Emva kweminyaka 55-60, umzimba womntu oluqalayo ukuba endala.

umthetho biogenetic

Eziphilayo, kukho umthetho Haeckel-Müller, okanye umthetho biogenetic. Uyatsho ukuba wonke umntu kuphuhliso layo ukusa kumkhamo othile ephinda amanyathelo ezibe ookhokho bakhe. Ngamanye amazwi, umntu ekumitheni kwayo uhamba amanqanaba ngendaleko izinto eziphilayo, leyo zenzeka ukutyhubela imbali. Kuba okokuqala lo mthetho wafakwa Isazinzulu Ernst Haeckel ngo-1866.

Uphuhliso psychological Human ukususela ebuntwaneni ukusa kwixesha abantu abadala

isigaba isayensi lokuqala zesizwe zophuhliso lomntu ziye ziqwalaselwe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Xa usahlula umjikelo wobomi kwi imiba akhawunti efana nokukhula ngokwasemzimbeni, engqondweni kunye nophuhliso nasengqondweni. Kweli thuba, iyantlukwano ngezigaba asebenza oosonzululwazi abadumileyo Russian: NI Pirogov, L. S. Vygotsky, K. D. Ushinsky. Ngokwemveli, kuye yahlulwe izigaba ezininzi: Esibelekweni, ubuntwana, lokufikisa kunye nolutsha.

uphuhliso Natal, yena, yahlulwa ngezigaba eziliqela. Eyokuqala kuzo - predzarodyshevaya. ubude bayo - iiveki-2 ukusuka ekuqaleni. Inqanaba elilandelayo ibizwa germinal kwaye sihlala iinyanga ezimbini. Ilandelwa yi sigaba ezingekazalwa, okuhlala de umntwana ezelwe.

Ngokutsho criteria wenzululwazi, ubuntwana ahlulwe ngezigaba eziliqela ezibalulekileyo. Le ebuntwaneni (0 ukuya kwiminyaka), ubudala ekuqaleni (iminyaka 1-3), iminyaka kokuya esikolweni (iminyaka 3-7) kunye nobudala bezikolo zaseprayimari (ukususela kwiminyaka 6-7 ukuya 10-11). La maxesha zisingathwa kwaye zikumanqanaba ahlukeneyo uphuhliso lokuzimela endodeni. Indima ebalulekileyo eyadlalwa umsebenzi elikhokelayo, uphawu oluthile. Umzekelo, lwabantwana ekuqaleni luphawulwa umsebenzi ebizwa njalo-object-ecaleni noluqhathayo. Umntwana ufunda ukusebenzisa izinto eziyijikelezileyo. Ke ukuba abafundi abancinane, umzekelo, umsebenzi olunjalo uqeqesho. Abantwana baqala ukuphuhlisa iindlela yeengcingane yokucinga. Bafunda ukuba ukufunda nokusebenzisa ulwazi theoretical component ngayo.

Kwenzeka ntoni ebuntwaneni?

Kumanqanaba okuqala zophuhliso lwabasebenzi - ixesha xa kukho ukufundiswa koluntu wayo, yaye uba lilungu epheleleyo yoluntu. Ubuntwana ithathwa yobudala apho uMenzi ukuvuthwa engqondweni yomntu ngamnye. Loo nto inika umdla ubude yobuntwana kweli xesha lethu akalingani ngexesha yanikwa kweli nqanaba lobomi ngaphambili. Ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo ebudeni ebuntwaneni yathatha ixesha ezahlukeneyo kwaye ngoko yobudala periodization kusoloko ingqalelo imveliso kwenkcubeko ethile kunye nempucuko. Ngokomzekelo, kwinkulungwane yama-20. weza iphumelele isithuba ukuya ekupheleni ngokukhawuleza kakhulu - kwangethuba iminyaka 13-14, abantwana abaninzi baqala ukusebenza njengabantu abadala. Inqanaba yophuhliso ebantwini ukuchaza imida lamathuba ubudala, obabuthandwa ixesha lakhe.

Adolescence nolutsha

Ithuba elilandelayo uphuhliso lokufikisa. Oku kuquka ibakala lokufikisa, okanye ukufikisa (it ihlala-avareji yeminyaka eli-15) kunye nolutsha (elide ukuya kwiminyaka 22-23). Ngeli xesha, abafikisayo uqala ukuthatha imilo umfanekiso ethile yehlabathi, ingcamango endaweni yabo kuluntu.

abaphandi ezahlukeneyo iingcaciso ezahlukeneyo kweqonga uphuhliso yobomi bomntu, ezifana lokufikisa kunye nolutsha. Ezinye izazi ziye kulutsha ekuqaleni (15 ukuya ku-18 iminyaka) kunye (iminyaka eli-18 ukuya kuma-23) emva kwexesha. Kunjalo, ekupheleni kwexesha yokufikisa iphela ukuyilwa abantu nokomzimba. Ngeli xesha imilo yokugqibela ezingqondweni bakhe, beze nemiba avele lokuzaliseka yobungcali. Kumanqanaba okuqala izilangazelelo ulutsha akhiwa, izicwangciso zexesha elizayo, imfuno yabasebenzi, siqinisekisa inkululeko yabantu, kuquka zemali.

omdala

Inqanaba elilandelayo yomjikelo ubomi mdala. Oku kukwabonisa inyathelo elide. Kumazwe aphuhlileyo, umzekelo, i-nokuvuthwa ukuya ku-iikota ezintathu sisinde lulonke. Kweli nqanaba, oko yabelwa amaxesha amathathu: abadala okanye abasebatsha; ukuvuthwa avareji; nobudala kade (equka ukwaluphala kunye nokuguga).

Eyona iphambili oko luphawu kwexesha yokwaluphala, kukuba ubulumko ezingasetyenziswanga ebomini. Uya kwandula kuba yintoni na umntu ebudaleni bakho, ngeendlela ezininzi kuxhomekeke indlela yalo yokuphila ebudaleni. Le yimfuneko engundoqo abalupheleyo akathathi kuphela unonophelo omthandayo, kodwa ithuba lokwabelana ngamava.

ukufunyanwa Life in umdala

Izazinzulu ukugxininisa ukuba ekuvuthweni lokukhula asingabo magama elilinganayo. Ngokungafaniyo nezigaba lwangaphambili apho kukho emzimbeni lokuvuthwa ebudaleni ezinxulumene ngakumbi ekukhuleni kwengqondo. Kweli nqanaba, abantu bafunda ukuba athathe uxanduva izigqibo zabo. Xa benziwa iimpawu ezithile umlinganiswa. Oku, umzekelo, lukhuni, ukunyaniseka, umthamo ukuba nemfesane. Scientist E. aphumela uthi ngeli nqanaba lophuhliso zoluntu ukuyilwa self-nesazisi. Mdala, lo umphandi uthi, yobudala apho benze izinto ezinkulu. Ezona mpawu ziphambili eli xesha lo ukusebenza, ubuchule, kwakunye ethile Mzoli. Umntu ofuna ukuphumeza kwiindawo eziphakamileyo entsimini yabo kwezomsebenzi wobungcali, ukuba ube ngumzali ongcono, ukuxhasa intsapho.

Umsebenzi nokunyanyekelwa linophawu omdala. Ukuba umntu luthoba phantsi malunga naluphi na indawo ebomini bakho, nangenxa yokudodobala zingenzeka apha kunye nokuthotywa. La ezimbi wabonakaliswa kukufakwa iingxaki zabo, nokuzeyisa-nosizi. Ukuzisombulula ezi ngxaki ngoncedo yokutshata zengqondo ukuba ukoyisa iingxaki, kunokuba ngokusebenzisa izikhalazo rhoqo malunga nxi ngenkohlakalo.

inqanaba lophuhliso loluntu ngokwe Freud

psychoanalysis Classical ongazange alahlekelwe ukufaneleka kwayo namhlanje. Okwangoku, theory Freud kaThixo yenye iingqiqo angundoqo ubuntu. Ngokwembono yakhe, uphuhliso lwabasebenzi - yinkqubo lohlengahlengiso ukuba iimeko zangaphandle zehlabathi. Abaphengululi baye ngeengcamba ezintathu psyche yomntu - babizwa ngokuba "Kuya" okanye "id"; "Mna" okanye "Ego"; yaye "superego" - "superego." "Eid" yinxalenye zingqondweni okanye abangekaphuhli yobuntu. "Ego" - ukuze bona kunye inxalenye enengqondo. "Super-Ego" luhlobo efanelekileyo ekufuneka umntu zibandakanyiwe apha nje isazela sakhe. Kule nxalenye ngamnye kwinkqubo yophuhliso neengcambu izityalo umzali, kwakunye nezithethe zentlalo bezamkele eluntwini.

Okwangoku, iingcamango ezininzi kunye nezigaba kwembali yabantu, ingakumbi bengqondo iquka iinkcukacha ezifunyenwe yi Freud. Wayekholelwa ukuba amanqanaba eziphambili kuphuhliso lwabantu - yi isigama somlomo (ukusukela ekuzalweni ukuya kwiinyanga ezilishumi elinesibhozo), ezimpundu (ngeminyaka ukuya ku-3), (iminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwelesi-6) lesini, efukamileyo (ukususela kwiminyaka 6-7 ukuya kwele-12), kunye kunye zangasese (iminyaka 12-18). Isazinzulu Austria ukholelwa ukuba ibakala uphuhliso i uhlobo amanyathelo umntu nakweyiphi na kubo, unako 'zixinge "kude kuse ekupheleni kobomi. Ke amacandelo athile yesondo bobusana ziya kuba yinxalenye omdala oluntsonkothileyo bangonwabi.