Transistors msindo Simple ngesandla. Sesimangalo kwi transistor elinye: scheme

transistors sesimangalo, nangona imbali yayo sele elide, isisifundo oluthandayo yokufunda, zombini abaqalayo kunye hams zihlaba. Kwaye oku kuyaqondakala. Luyinto ebalulekileyo kakhulu izixhobo zosasazo engahlawulwayo ubunzima: balwamkele koonomathotholo kunye yokukhulisa kulo ephantsi (sonic) rhoqo. Siye sijonge ukuba ukwakha indlela yokukhulisa ezilula njalo transistors.

Le rhoqo Ukusabela lo mshini

Kuyo nayiphi na kumabonakude okanye kwirediyo, kuzo zonke iziko zomculo okanye msindo transistor Ungafumana yokukhulisa odiyo (njalo - LF). Umahluko phakathi yokukhulisa transistor audio kunye nezinye iintlobo na iimpawu rhoqo babo.

transistors msindo umsindo impendulo frequency caba kwi yefrikhwensi ukusuka 15 Hz 20 kHz. Oku kuthetha ukuba yonke igalelo iziganeko kunye kumaza phakathi kolu luhlu, lo mshini iguqula (ukunyuka) malunga ngokulinganayo. Lo mzobo ungezantsi ubonisa uququzelelo "inzuzo msindo Ku - esiwubonayo Input" igophe ubonisa luphawu frequency ilungele msindo odiyo.

Le kwigophe phantse tyaba ukusuka 15 Hz 20 kHz. Oku kuthetha ukuba asebenzise igunya imiqondiso ncam input kunye ezitsho phakathi kwe-15 Hz 20 kHz. Kuba Imiqondiso igalelo kunye ezitsho ngaphezu 20 kHz kunye ngezantsi nobuchule 15 Hz kunye nomgangatho womsebenzi wakhe kucutheka ngokukhawuleza.

Uhlobo frequency uphawu lo mshini ixhomekeke ngamacandelwana ngekhompyutha (nini) kwisekethe yayo, ikakhulu transistors ngokwabo. transistors msindo Audio ngokuqhelekileyo babehlanganisene rhoqo ekuthiwa eliphantsi neliphakathi le transistor kunye bandwidth iyonke input imiyalezo evela amashumi amakhulu Hz ukuya 30 kHz.

sesimangalo class

Njengokuba kubhaliwe iyaziwa, kuxhomekeke iqondo ukuqhubeka yokumpompoza yangoku ngexesha ngapha Inqanaba transistor msindo (ngombhobho) ukwahlula iiklasi yayo yokusebenza ilandelayo: "A", "B", "AB", "C", "D".

Ukusebenza udidi yangoku "A" asebenza ndachithelwa ngaphezulu i-100% kwisithuba uphawu igalelo. umsebenzi kubangela kule klasi elilandelayo kubonisa umzobo.

Xa udidi ukusebenza lo mshini isigaba "AB" uhamba therethrough ngaphezu kwama-50%, kodwa ngaphantsi kwe-100% kwexesha igalelo (bona. Umfanekiso ngezantsi).

Xa udidi ukuxubana "B" uhamba therethrough kanye-50% kwexesha uphawu igalelo, njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo.

Kwaye ekugqibeleni eklasini of ehla "C" zangoku aqukuqela therethrough kwi ngaphantsi kwe-50% kwexesha uphawu igalelo.

transistors msindo LF: kwezithintelo enkulu kumsebenzi eklasini

Entsimini transistor msindo yokusebenza Class "A" abe nezinga eliphantsi uhlaba harmonic. Kodwa ukuba umqondiso uye ukukhutshwa ombane ukubetha, nto leyo Ukwanda ezo transistors, le harmonics eziphezulu (imizuzu 11) kuvela macala nganye "rhoqo" output harmonic. Oku kwenza lo mkhuba ekuthiwa-transistor, okanye isandi sisinyithi.

Ukuba yokukhulisa amandla LF transistors babe namandla ezingalawulwayo, imiqondiso output zabo modulated n'wina awo kwi-mbane rhoqo. Oku kukhokelela ngqongqo kwezandi kwi emphethweni abasindileyo impendulo njalo. iindlela ezahlukeneyo nokuzinziswa lo mshini ombane kwenza uyilo ezimbaxa ngakumbi.

ukusebenza lohlobo olulodwa iphela iklasi A msindo ayidluli-20% ngenxa transistor evuliwe rhoqo kunye flow okuqhubekayo becandelo rhoqo yangoku. Unako ukwenza i iklasi nge-Push-kume ngombhobho, ukusebenza uya kwandisa thile, kodwa uphawu isiqingatha-ngumtshangatshangiso iya kuba ekhulelwa ngakumbi. Translation of the ibakala umsebenzi iklasi "A" kumsebenzi weklasi "AB" kwandisa kane ubugqwetha harmonic, nangona ukwanela Iwawo kule meko inyuswe.

Xa yokukhulisa kwiklasi enye "AB" yaye "B" igqwethwe kwanda njengokuba nokunciphisa kwinqanaba umqondiso. Engathandi kerf ufuna amp umsindo ukugqibezela kuyabuya kwamandla kunye Dynamics umculo, kodwa oko akuthethi ukunceda.

umsebenzi kwiiklasi zeSigaba esiPhakathi

Xa sisebenza iklasi "A" abe uhlobo - class "A +". Ngenxa yoko, igalelo ephantsi ombane transistors yale sikhulisa iklasi esebenza eklasini "A" kwaye eliphezulu-ombane transistors imveliso ye lo mshini kuyedlulwa xa iimpawu zazo igalelo ndiwele kwinqanaba elithile kwiiklasi "V" okanye "AB". Indleko aqukuqela ezinjalo ngaphezu iklasi "A" nyulu, ngelixa ubugqwetha nonlinear ngaphantsi (0.003%). Kodwa ke, nabo nihlabe "ebuntsimbi" ngenxa yobukho harmonics ephakamileyo uphawu kwimveliso.

Kwenye iklasi yokukhulisa - "AA" umgangatho ubugqwetha harmonic buba ephantsi - malunga 0,0005%, kodwa harmonics eziphezulu nayo ngoku.

Buyela transistor wokukhulisa kweklasi "A"?

Namhlanje, iingcali ezininzi kummandla ezikumgangatho ophezulu sound yokuzala abagunye ukubuyela yokukhulisa ityhubhu, ukususela kwinqanaba ukufiphala harmonic kunye harmonics kuqaliswa ngabo ibe uphawu lwe output, ngaphantsi kuk ngaphezu transistors. Nangona kunjalo, ezi eziluncedo ezi zincitshiswe ubukhulu enkulu nemfuno yokuba transformer lomntu phakathi uxhathiso eliphezulu ityhubhu output isigaba kwaye izithethi audio amanzi aphantsi. Noko ke, transistors ezilula kunye namandla ingenziwa kunye imveliso sombane, njengoko ziya kuboniswa ngezantsi.

Kukho kwakhona imbono isandi umgangatho ultimate inika nje kuphela hybrid ityhubhu-transistor ngombhobho, zonke ezo amabakala-umjikelo elinye ezingaqukwanga ingxelo embi , kwaye esebenza eklasini "A". Oko kukuthi, ukuba zabaphindayo lo msindo igunya phezu transistor enye. Umphathi wesekethe ukuze abe ukusebenza layo eliphezulu esinokufikeleleka (eklasini "A") ayikho ngaphezu kwe-50%. Kodwa amandla okanye ubuchule wokukhulisa kubonisa umgangatho yokuzala yesandi. ebaluleke ngokukodwa incamathela umgangatho kunye linearity of Engekafiki kwisekethe.

Ekubeni kwiisekethe-ended abangatshatanga banembono enjalo, sicinga ngezantsi amathuba zabo.

msindo Single-iphela phezu transistor eyodwa

Scheme ngayo, wenza kunye emitter eqhelekileyo kunye RC-imixokelelwane kwi igalelo nemveliso imiqondiso ukuze iklasi "A" uboniswa ngezantsi.

Kukho iboniswa isakhiwo transistor Q1 npn. umqokeleli Its nge resistor umda yangoku R3 liqhagamshelene terminal HIV + Vcc, kunye emitter - to -Vcc. Power transistor isakhiwo PNP iya kuba ezikwisekethe enye, kodwa iitheminali unikezelo lwamandla, uhlele.

C1 - uvimba capacitor, apho i-AC uphawu igalelo siyahlukana le DC ombane Vcc. Kulo mzekelo, C1 akuthethi ukukhusela indlela i-AC input ezikhoyo okuhlangana "isiseko -. Q1 transistor emitter" Resistors R1 R2 kunye ukuxhathisa lenguqu "E - B" ukwakha nomabi ombane Vcc ukukhetha kwindawo yokusebenza ye q1 transistor kwimo static. Gumbini le elijikeleza ixabiso R2 = 1 kohm, kunye nendawo kwindawo yokusebenza - Vcc / 2. R3 ke resistor umthwalo kunye wesekethe umqokeleli isetyenziselwa ukwenza sokuqokelela AC imveliso ombane.

Sazigqibela ukuba Vcc = 20 V, R2 = 1 kohm, kwaye ngoku yokukhulisa factor h = 150. Le ombane phezu emitter zikhetha Ve = 9 V, kwaye drop ombane ngaphesheya isiphambuka "E - B" Kucingelwa elingana Vbe = 0,7 V. le ixabiso elivumelana ebizwa ngokuba yi-transistors lesilicon. Ukuba ingqalelo lo mshini kwi transistors germanium, i drop ombane kwi inguqu evulekileyo "E - B" wayeza kuba alingane Vbe = 0,3 V.

emitter ngoku malunga lilingane umqokeleli yangoku

Okt = k 9 B / 1 = 9 Ma ≈ Vuvu.

Base yangoku ib = Vuvu / h = 9 ma / 150 = 60 uA.

Ukuhla ombane phesheya resistor R1

V (R1) = Vcc - VB = Vcc - (Vbe + Ve) = 20 V - 9.7 V = 10.3 V,

R1 = V (R1) / ib = 10,3 V / 60 ma = 172 Ohm.

C2 efunekayo ukwenza ikhonkco abapasa i-AC kumacandelo emitter (umqokeleli yangoku ngokoqobo). Ukuba akunjalo, ngoko ke resistor R2 kukhawulelwe ngamandla ukuya kwicandelo AC, kangangokuba isihloko amandla eguquguqukayo transistor kuya kuba inzuzo okulo.

Xa ubalo yethu kucingelwa ukuba Vuvu = ib h, apho IB - isiseko ngoku ezingena kuyo ukusuka emitter kwaye kwenzeka xa isicelo kwi siseko icala. Noko ke, njalo ngokusebenzisa isiseko (njengoko phambi ukubana, kwaye ngaphandle kwayo) uyaqhubeka ngakumbi kunye ukuvuza ngoku Icb0 umqokeleli. Ngoko ke, isixhobo sokuqokelela yokwenene yangoku Vuvu = ib h + Icb0 h, ngamanye ngoku ukuvuza ejikeleza kunye MA ziyanyuswa izihlandlo 150. Ukuba ingqalelo lo mshini kwi transistors germanium, loo nto kuya kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo kule izibalo. Isibakala sokuba transistors germanium ube Icb0 order ebonakalayo a microamps ezimbalwa. Xa lesilicon, uyala ezintathu ubukhulu ezincinane (malunga eziliqela NA), ngoko ke aqhele linanzwe izibalo.

msindo Single-lagqibela MOS-transistor

Njengayo nayiphi mshini FET, ingqalelo iSikimu nogxa walo phakathi yokukhulisa kwi transistors kwengqondo. Ngoko ke, thina sicinga iisekethe analog edlulileyo neqela emitter eqhelekileyo. It wenziwa umthombo oqhelekileyo kunye RC-imixokelelwane kwi igalelo nemveliso imiqondiso ukuze iklasi "A" kwaye siboniswa apha ngezantsi.

Kukho C1 - a capacitor uvimba, apho i-AC uphawu igalelo siyahlukana le DC ombane Vdd. Njengoko yaziwa, nayiphi mshini FET kufuneka ibe lisango transistors yayo MIS ngezantsi enokubakho imithombo zabo. Kulo wesekethe isango lihlala resistor R1, ukuba ngokuqhelekileyo ukumelana eliphezulu (100 kOhm 1 MOhm), nto leyo shunted ukuba uphawu igalelo. Le yangoku nge R1 phantse ayilwamkeli, ngoko ke isakhono kwesango xa kungekho uphawu ngegalelo lilingana amandla emhlabeni. Le ezinokwenzeka umthombo ngaphezu kwamazinga komhlaba ngenxa ukuhla ombane ngapha resistor R2. Ngenxa yoko, amandla isango lingaphantsi kwe kwemvelaphi isakhono, apho kuyimfuneko ukusebenza eqhelekileyo Q1. I-C2 capacitor kunye resistor R3 la engenamsebenzi mnye njengoko scheme yangaphambili. Ekubeni le beesekethe umthombo oqhelekileyo, ngoko ke igalelo kunye neziphumo zesandla isigaba kwatshintsha yi-180 °.

Sesimangalo ne output sombane

A elula transistors wesithathu msindo-inqanaba aboniswe kulo mzobo ungezantsi, kananjalo iqwalaselwe yi-common-emitter ukusebenza eklasini "A", kodwa isithethi ukuvimba ephantsi elidityaniswe ngokusetyenziswa sombane elifanayo.

Eyona iphambili, osuka of sombane T1 na zingumthwalo kumqokeleli transistor q1 yesekethe kuphuhlisa uphawu lwe output. T1 adlulisele kuye uphawu lwe output ukuya isithethi, kwaye inikeza olupheleleyo ulungelelwaniso output transistor kunye nokumelana ephantsi (malunga ohms eziliqela) isithethi amanzi.

Ombane ehlukanisayo umthombo wamandla umqokeleli Vcc resistors eqokelelweyo R1 ne R3, ubonelela ukukhethwa kwindawo yokusebenza ye q1 transistor (i ombane bias kwi noseko lwalo). Ukuqeshwa izinto eziseleyo lo mshini kuyafana kwi izikimu ezidlulileyo.

I-push-ezotyhalo audio ngombhobho

Push-kume msindo LF transistors ezimbini ezithiwe igalelo audio uphawu frequency babini antiphase isiqingatha-yomtshangatshangiso, nganye kuzo kunyuswa nqanaba layo transistor lakhe. Emva kokwenza loo yokukhulisa isiqingatha-ngumtshangatshangiso zidibene kube yimitha ezifunekayo harmonic, nto leyo idluliselwe kwindlela isithethi. kokukorwa uphawu esezantsi-njalo ngolo (lwahlukane nokuphinda-nokuvela) ebangela ngokwendalo aluhlaza ayibuyiseki umva kulo ngenxa umahluko qho kunye neempawu olutshintshayo le iziphaluka ezibini transistor. Ezi ukuphazamiseka ziyancipha umgangatho umsindo imveliso umsindo.

Push-kume msindo ukusebenza eklasini "A" ukuba zizale kakuhle iziganeko isandi ezintsonkothileyo, njengoko ixabiso rhoqo zangoku inyuswe rhoqo eliya emagxeni abo. Oku kukhokelela unbalance kwamaza isiqingatha umqondiso, isigaba ubugqwetha yaye ekugqibeleni ukuya ilahleko ukuvakala umgangatho wobudlelwane. Xa ubushushu, le transistors ezimbini amandla yaligqiba kabini ukufiphala ephantsi uphawu frequency subsonic. Noko ke, uncedo ephambili yaloo mmandla lokutyhala-tsala yi sibe eyamkelekileyo kunye nokwanda output namandla.

Push-ukutsala amandla msindo yesekethe kunye transistors iboniswa okuqashwa.

Lo mshini usebenza eklasini "A", kodwa ingasetyenziswa yaye iklasi "AB", nkqu "B".

Transformerless amandla sesimangalo transistor

Abaguquli, nangona inkqubela miniaturization zabo zonke enkulu, enzima zexabiso ere efanayo. Ngoko ke, oko kwafunyanwa indlela yokunciphisa transformer yaloo mmandla lokutyhala-kume ngokuzisa kwi transistors ezimbini ezinamandla oluncedisanayo kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo (npn kunye PNP). Uninzi yokukhulisa amandla mihla usebenzisa lo mgaqo kwaye zenzelwe ukuba ukusebenza eklasini "B". Kwisazobe enjalo msindo umbane siboniswa apha ngezantsi.

Zombini zicwangciswe transistor wakhe eqhelekileyo-umqokeleli (emitter umlandeli). Ngoko ke, lo isiphaluka lidlulise igalelo ombane ukuya kwimveliso ngaphandle okhulisa. Ukuba uphawu igalelo akakho, zombini transistors eziphezu umda kwi-karhulumente, kodwa zivaliwe.

Xa uphawu harmonic sele inputted, kuvula ezakhayo isiqingatha-wave TR1, kodwa kufuneka PNP TR2 transistor ngokupheleleyo imo umda. Ngenxa yoko, kuphela isiqingatha-yomtshangatshangiso HIV ziyanyuswa kwemali ezikhoyo umthwalo. I-negative isiqingatha-wave uphawu igalelo ivula kuphela avale TR2 kunye TR1, ukuze amandla umthwalo anikiwe negative isiqingatha-wave yangoku. Ngenxa yoko, umthwalo akhululwayo inzuzo amandla ezipheleleyo (ngenxa yokukhulisa yangoku) umqondiso sinusoidal.

Sesimangalo kwi transistor eyodwa

Kuba nokwenziwa eziqhubekayo ndawonye transistors msindo elula ngezandla zabo kwaye sijonge ukuba isebenza njani.

Zifakiwe kwi T. yesekethe esisiseko Ukudla yesekethe amandla eliphantsi njenge umthwalo transistor BC107 uhlobo T kuquka iiseti zentloko kunye ukungawi 2-3 ohms, ukuqhubela ombane luya kunika ukumelana eliphezulu ixabiso resistor R * 1 MOhm, lo decoupling capacitance electrolytic capacitor C microfarads-10 ukuya microfarads 100 uya ibhetri 4.5V / 0.3 AA

Ukuba resistor R * ongadibenanga, akukho ib yangoku noseko okanye Vuvu of sokuqokelela yangoku. Ukuba resistor liqhagamshelaniswe, le ombane kwi kwisiseko liphuma ku 0.7 V, yaye ngalo kwemali a yangoku ib = 4 Ma. Inzuzo sangoku transistor 250 ulingana enika Vuvu = 250Ib = 1 Ma.

Ngokuzisa transistors elula msindo ngezandla zabo, sinako ngoku mathupha. Ukuplaga headphones akho uze ubeke umnwe wakho phezu ingongoma 1 wesekethe. Uya ungeva ingxolo. Umzimba wakho ucinga mbane radiation unikezelo kumaza-50 Hz e. Ingxolo owayiva headphones, yaye le wemitha kuphela transistor ngamandla. Makhe ukuchaza le nkqubo ngenkcukacha engaphezulu. AC ombane kunye rhoqo 50 Hz liqhagamshelene esisekweni transistor kusetyenziswa capacitor C. I ombane kwi kwisiseko ngoku lilingane sum of the DC icala ombane (malunga nama-0.7 V), evela resistor R *, kunye ombane AC "ngomnwe." Ngenxa yoko, umqokeleli yangoku ezivela AC component nezihlandlo 50 Hz. Le yangoku nokuxuba lusetyenziswa ukuba siphelise uvalo isithethi emva naphambili kunye amaza enye, nto leyo ethetha ukuba uya kuba nako ukuva ithowuni ye-50 output Hz.

Dlala 50 Hz ingxolo ayikho imincili kakhulu, ngoko kuqhagamshelwa amanqaku 1 no-2, uphawu umthombo ephantsi-njalo (CD-player okanye microphone) oluphuculweyo intetho abalivileyo okanye umculo.