Athathe kweziyobisi afana ezinobungozi. Ucalulo nemichiza iimpawu kwezinto ezinobungozi

Abaninzi kuthi ebomini bakhe ezijongene nezinto eziyingozi kunye olonakalisayo, yaye abanye babo baye bafa ngenxa umphunga ezivela kuzo. Oku kube ngenxa ezichaphazela bomsebenzi kwezinye izityalo. Kodwa ukuze ukuzikhusela bona kunye nabo babathandayo kwingozi, kufuneka bazi ukuba yintoni eyenza izinto eziyingozi ukusuka kwindawo imichiza udidi lwembono, nendlela yokukhusela ngokwayo kubo.

APB: ntoni na?

Athathe into iikhemikhali eziyingozi (APB) - ikhemikali compound eyingozi, eyasetyenziswa kolu shishino okanye ezolimo, xa kukhululwa emoyeni okanye umhlaba ukungcola kungenzeka kwenzeka, yaye ngenxa yoko, uqala ukuchaphazela nempembelelo esibi izinto zonke eziphilayo.

OHV - inamehlo leyo, ngokubonelela nefuthe ngqo okanye ezingathanga ngqo kwi emzimbeni, akhokelela yothuse okanye ude ubulale.

Namhlanje, kulo lonke ihlabathi ukuvelisa izinto eziyingozi kukuninzi, kummandla we-Russian Federation, le nabancedi badla ngokujongana ezi zinto zixhaphakileyo. APB ingaba kumazwe ahlukeneyo udibaniso.

iipropati APB

izinto eziyingozi kuba iimpawu ezininzi ibalulekileyo: uxinano, zinetyhefu, ukunyibilika, hexa, viscosity, iimpawu iikhemikhali kunye nobushushu elibilayo.

Density - kukho ubunzima kwento nganye kwiyunithi umthamo. Le rate kunefuthe elingqalileyo ukwabiwa kwezinto enetyhefu emoyeni, yaye emhlabeni. Xa izinto zibe ngohlobo igesi okanye umphunga, ngoko ke nzima ngaphezu lomoya, yoxinaniso kumphezulu sele eliphezulu kwaye unciphisa ngezidumbu. izinto ulwelo, leyo ube mninzi ngaphezu koko amanzi emva ukuwa echibini sele emazantsi.

Ukunyibilika - yenye uphawu kwezinto ezinobungozi, libhekisela ukukwazi ukwenza kunye namanye amacandelo izisombululo. amacandelo enetyhefu kulula enyibilikayo emanzini, babe nako osulele amanzi kakhulu kangangokuba baya kuba afanelekileyo hayi kuphela ukusetyenziswa ebantwini kunye nezilwanyana, kodwa kwakhona iinjongo zoshishino. Ngaphezu koko izinto ezinjalo ezingasosulela, kunye nomhlaba, kwaye kubunzulu omkhulu ngokwaneleyo.

Oku inika amandla kwezinto ezinobungozi kunye usasazo ezikhawulezayo onke amalungu angaphakathi omzimba womntu. Ukuze kupheliswe zonke amacandelo eziyingozi evela amadama, kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa arhente izisombululo degassing, kwaye ukuphelisa khompawundi kakubi enyibilikayo baphuma emanzini, izibulali ezizodwa kufuneka zisetyenziswe.

Hexa - ukukwazi kwento Kwathi kungena engumphunga karhulumente. eguquguqukayo kakhulu izinto eziyityhefu kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu bayakwazi degas ngokwendalo. Kodwa hexa luxhomekeke ngqo kwi uhlobo lobushushu elibilayo kwi womoya, kunye nomphunga ingqalelo.

Viscosity - a ipropati eziphathekayo kwifomu kulwelo ukuya ekwazi ukumelana kwintshukumo yelungu elinye xa kuthelekiswa nezinye kulwelo. Ngaphezu koko, le parameter kuxhomekeke iyeza izinto absorbency kunye nesakhiwo amazwe.

ngezigaba Hov

Ukuhlelwa imichiza eziyingozi - yenye yezona zinto ezibalulekileyo ngenxa kuyo kwixesha elizayo uyakwazi usabele ngokukhawuleza ukunceda nabani na kummandla ochaphazelekayo. izinto eziyingozi It lungohlulwa lube ziindidi ezine kuhanjwa iqondo sesichengeni kwabantu;

• kakhulu yingozi;
• yingozi;
• ngokulinganisela yingozi;
• ingozi ephantsi.

Kodwa iimpawu zakhe echaphazela zonke izinto ezinobungozi ezi owahlukeneyo. Njengeempembelelo engundoqo okuphawulekayo badla ukusebenzisa preemptive syndrome uphawu olwenzeka xa ityhefu nokoyika emzimbeni womntu. Ukulandela le kaxakeka iikhemikhali angazinto ezinobungozi zingangqamana komnye kula maqela:

• asphyxiant (chlorine, phosgene, njl);
• obscheyadovitye (carbon monoxide) ;
• asphyxiant kunye obscheyadovitye (oxides zenitrogen,-nitric acid, hydrogen fluoride, sulphur dioxide);
• phambili esingise kunye neurotropic (ammonia);
• yonakalisa ezichaphazela iinkqubo pathways emzimbeni (ethylene oxide).

feature

Iimpawu kwezinto ezinobungozi bubonwa ngeempawu emzimbeni maqela:

• kweziyobisi ifomu ezithile eqinileyo, le volatiles ukuba sele kubushushu degrees mane ngumphunga (Granosan, merkuran);
• kweziyobisi ifomu ezithile eqinileyo, i-non-eguquguqukayo, nto leyo kugcinwe phantsi kwayo nayiphi na imiqathango (sublimate bako, phosphorus, esiyityhefu);
• volatiles ekwimo elulwelo, ukugcinwa phantsi koxinzelelo kunokwenzeka kuphela - Olu didi kwezinto ezinobungozi yahlulwe subgroups ezimbini: A - ammonia, carbon oxide, kunye B - chloro, imethyl bromide kunye nezinto ezilolo hlobo;
• volatiles ngendlela elulwelo, indawo yokugcina kwimigqomo ezizodwa ngaphandle uxinzelelo; ziquka nitro kunye nemixube acid, hydrogen benqanda, nicotine;
• asidi leyo paruyut, kuquka zehydrochloric, nitric kunye nabanye.

ukugcina phi yaye yintoni izinto eziyingozi?

Ukuze lwenzeke isidoda ngokuzenzekelayo kwezinto imichiza eyingozi, kuyimfuneko ukuba elandela imiqathango yokhuseleko xa usebenza kunye nabo, uze uqiniseke ukuba uwugcine kuphela kwimigqomo ezizodwa kunye namagumbi.

Iityhefu kukuninzi zifumaneka amashishini ukuba avelise okanye anganikwa. Xa kwiiplanti zeekhemikali ukuba ingasetyenziswa njengomthombo, aphakathi, okanye kwicala feed wokugqibela. Stocks bebekwe kwizitora ekhethekileyo (ukuya kwi-80%), ukuze babe yentsimbi, izithuthi, ezifana nemibhobho, amatanki kunye nabanye. Avamise kakhulu zithathwa enetyhefu izinto yepetroliyamu ammonia kunye chlorine. Kwezinye amashishini, abagcina ezininzi iitoni izinto eziyingozi, kwakunye abaninzi abangakumbi ethuthwa ngololiwe okanye ezisendleleni.

Zonke izinto eziyingozi inkqubo yokutsha lungohlulwa lube:

• non-olunokutsha;
• nonflammable;
• ukuze ikhanyisa kuphela xa umxhesho rhoqo inkqubo;
• olunokutsha;
• ngomlilo nasemva ukususwa umthombo ucinezelo.

Ityhefu izinto ziquka izinto leyo ingxaki enkulu kuphela kwiimeko apho kukho ingozi.

iintlobo kwezinto ezinobungozi

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, sele ziphuhlisiwe kuluhlu kwezinto ezinobungozi kwaye hayi, kodwa kukho uluhlu elincinane izinto, adla ngokusetyenziswa amashishini kwaye ukuba ngaba ukuzigcina iimeko ekunene, ukuba kunokwenzeka ingozi imichiza. Namhlanje kuyenzeka ukuba ukwaba izinto ezisisiseko 9 ukuba iyingozi kakhulu kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo, phakathi kwabo kakhulu - chlorine, ammonia, emanzini, carbon disulfide, hydrogen fluoride.

APB ifuthe abantu

engozini Chemical kungakhokelela ekubeni ukukhutshwa kwezinto eziyingozi liseyityhefu ngabantu umoya emanzini. Onke amacandelo eziyingozi inokuba neziphumo ezahlukileyo umzimba womntu kwaye neziphumo ezahlukeneyo:

• ukusebenza etyabulayo. Emva wadibana irhashalala zingavela kwaye bomvu, ukuba izinto ezinjalo ziquka phosphorus, chlorine, fluorine, oxides hydrogen.
• Cauterizing ukusebenza. Athathe izinto afana enobungozi (APB) xa engena inkqubo yokuphefumla kunye nesikhumba kunokubangela ukutsha nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo isidanga zintsonkothe. Phakathi izinto ezinjalo - ammonia kunye zehydrochloric acid.
• Umphumo ukomiwa. Ukuba umoya ukuba yoxinaniso elikhulu kwezi zinto, isiphumo yeziphumo zabo zibe zizalwa, nto leyo ekhokelela ekufeni izinto ezinjalo ziquka phosgene kunye chloropicrin.
• imiphumela eziyityhefu-chemical. izinto ezinjalo nempembelelo embi emzimbeni womntu ebangela ityhefu kakhulu phakathi izinto ezinjalo: hydrogen iarseniki, emanzini, ethylene oxide, hydrogen benqanda.
• ukusebenza ezidakumbisayo. Substances hlobo, bangene umzimba womntu, ngokuthe ngcembe kuqala ukuze batshabalale, ukuba ayeke imikhuba ezifunyenwe abantu babo abakwazi, yaye nokuba ngaba uthathe nawaphi na amanyathelo, ngoko ekugqibeleni oko kunokubangela ukusilela.

Indlela ukufumanisa ngozi kunye nokukhululwa zizinto ezinetyhefu ngokwazo, yaye oku kwenzeke?

Iimpawu ukungcoliswa chemical

Ukumisela ngokuzimela ukukhululwa tyhefu kunye ndoda ngokwayo. Kukho eziliqela iimpawu ekufuneka ukuba athathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo, ngakumbi yile:

• ukubonakala amafu, njengokuntshula ngcembe kwaye ngemvelaphi nemvelo;
• amavumba akukho mnandi kakhulu, kuquka ebangela uzive ukutsarhwa;
• ukulahleka lokuqonda ebantwini kwaye umkhuhlane;
• one-;
• imithi ngokukhawuleza ukubuna kunye nezinye izityalo, ukutshatyalaliswa izilwanyana neentaka.

imithetho yokhuseleko

Zonke iimpawu zingentla ingozi kunye nokukhululwa kwezinto ezinobungozi kufuneka ukuba umntu anike ingxelo ngesiganeko le ntlekele, kodwa amanyathelo self-yokhuselo nje kuphela;

• mfuneko umcimbi ongxamisekileyo ukuba asebenzise izixhobo zokhuseleko, kubandakanywa iimaski igesi;
• uye phantsi yokuhlala okanye indawo yokusabela endlwini, wavala iingcango neefestile;
• ngokuqinileyo ngelaphu ukuvala zonke izikhewu kuloo ndlu ukuthintela ezizeni kwezinto eziyingozi;
• Zonke izixhobo zokufudumeza zivaliwe, kuba kwezinye izinto babe impahla self kwanokubuyisela;
• amalungu zemigudu kufuneka ukhuselwe zonke, ungasebenzisa itawuli oluye kufuma sisombululo soda.

Company esiyingozi

Athathe izinto afana ezinobungozi nga rhoqo efumaneka kwisityalo apho isetyenziswa kwimveliso okanye, icala, imveliso. Ezi nkampani ziquka:

• imichiza, i-oyile lokulungisa, petrochemical, kunye neminye imibutho esebenza kwicala elinye;
• beshishini kwintsimi, apho zifakelwe iinkqubo ifriji, yaye basebenzisa refrigerant - ammonia;
• izibonelelo zonyango isetyenziswa apho chlorine.

Zonke iinkampani ukubayinxalenye kudidi eziyingozi, ebizwa izinto iikhemikhali eziyingozi (Tjoo), ogama intsimi igcinwa, ukuqhubekekiswa, ithuthwa okanye izinto ezinobungozi. Xa amashishini ezinjalo likaxakeka kweziyobisi iikhemikhali eziyingozi ukuba zigcinwe ngendlela efanelekileyo, kungakhokelela ekubeni imeko kaxakeka. Ngoko ke, ngamnye umqeshwa kufuneka bangenele njengobuchule yokhuseleko yaye mabazi kakuhle ukuba yintoni na ukwenza, xa ngequbuliso kwabakho ukuvuza kwezinto ezinobungozi.

Ukukhusela uluntu kweekhemikhali

Amachiza kunye nezinto eziyingozi ingxaki enkulu kungekuphela nje kokusingqongileyo kodwa umntu ngamnye, ngoko kule meko ke kuyimfuneko ukuba ukhuselo imichiza, nto leyo eya kunceda ukuphelisa okanye ukunciphisa impembelelo yazo inani labemi kunye nabasebenzi kwishishini, ukunciphisa izinga imiphumo ngozi.

Yonke imisebenzi enxulumene nokhuseleko ngemichiza kufuneka yenziwe kwangaphambili, kungekhona ngelo xesha xa ingozi. Ekubeni bonke abasebenzi kwamashishini ezinobungozi kunye nabahlali zeendawo ezikufuphi ukuphumeza imisebenzi eza kusikhusela kwimiphumo zizinto ezinetyhefu:

• wadala, yaye kamva kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ezilawula okusingqongileyo lemichiza kwiindawo eziyingozi;
• Iinkqubo olufakwe;
• Izicwangciso zokuphelisa indlela iingozi kwemichiza;
• ezithengwe ngokwaneleyo kwaye zigcinwe kumayeza ukulungela ngokupheleleyo;
• inkxaso ukufumaneka ekhethekileyo yokuhlala, nto leyo musa ukungena iikhemikhali kunye nezinto eziyingozi. Kufuneka ukubukela nokuzimisela kwabo ukwamkela abantu kwimeko yengozi;
• ukuthatha onke amanyathelo yokhuseleko lokutya, izinto ukutya kunye namanzi;
• walungiselela ukuzimisela akamcongi imikhosi ukuphelisa imiphumo iingozi imichiza.

Ukuba kwenzeka ngequbuliso loo ngozi, kwaye kukho amaxhoba, kulo mzekelo, wonke umntu osebenza kwiziko lweshishini enobungozi, kufuneka bakwazi ukunika uncedo lokuqala.

uncedo lokuqala ngobuthakathi izinto eziyityhefu

Ukubonelela ngoncedo ngempumelelo izitshanguba kwezinto ezinobungozi kunokwenzeka kuphela xa ilungelo lokuba uphawu eyaziwa kwezinto iikhemikhali ezinobungozi. Le nkcazelo echanekileyo kunokuba umzimba ixhoba wadliswa, uya ngokukhawuleza aphendule nokunika uncedo lokuqala, apho kusoloko ekuqhubeni manyathelo:

• RH stop ukufikelela kwi emzimbeni (ukufihla okanye yomqhaphu-igozi umhlabelo, ukuba ningazicingeli ngaphezu kummandla ochaphazelekayo);
• nje ityhefu nolusu lungasuswa ngokukhawuleza;
• kunokwenzeka ukuba Nokwethisa izinto eziyityhefu;
• ukuphelisa iimpawu eziphambili yokwenzakala;
• ukuqhuba uthintelo yobunzima kunye nonyango olufanelekileyo.

isiphelo

Njengoko kwacaca ukusuka nqaku, zininzi izinto eziyingozi ehlabathini abangayi kuba nako ukuyenza ngaphandle kwabo, kodwa obulumko kuphela ngokuthotyelwa kwamanyathelo okhuseleko kuya kukunceda ukuba uphephe iingozi. Ukuba usafuna yasilela, kule meko ukuze ndisindise ubomi babantu kunye nezilwanyana Bulelani kunokwenzeka ukuba impendulo ngokukhawuleza ukusetyenziswa onke amanyathelo yokhuseleko ezikhoyo kuphela.