Types of inkumbulo. umsebenzi memory Main

Njengoko usazi, yonke amava, intshukumo, okanye imbonakalo ngandlel kudala, azafunyanelwa ndawo ukuba igcinwe ithuba elide kakhulu ixesha. Ukongeza, phantsi kweemeko ezithile, oko kuvela kwakhona, baze ngaloo ndlela babe ndaba sezingqondweni. Yintoni memory? Types, imisebenzi, kunye neempawu zayo inqununu ngandlela ezihambelanayo? Njani na? Ezi kunye nezinye kungekho ngaphantsi imibuzo yabo iya kuphendulwa inkqubo familiarization kunye nezinto kweli nqaku. Kufanelekile ukuba uqalise ukucinga ngqo le ngcamango.

Memory, umsebenzi memory

Ukuze ukubeka ngamazwi alula, inkumbulo inokuchazwa ingxelo (imprinting), ukugcinwa kunye nokuqondwa elandelayo yaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, umdlalo emva amava alandelayo ngaphambili. Ngokulinganayo icebo umdla ikuvumela ukugcina ulwazi, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ulwazi endala, izakhono kunye nolwazi.

Ukusuka apho umbono yenzululwazi, imemori umsebenzi lolwazi isivuseleli processing. Le yinkqubo entsonkothileyo yendalo izangoma, eliqulethe inani iinkqubo nezifundo zabucala, ezihambelanayo. Ngoko ke, nayiphi na nokudityaniswa ngokubhekiselele izakhono nolwazi oluyimfuneko ukuze zinxulumene memory imisebenzi. Ziziphi iingxaki, ebonisa udidi, imisebenzi kunye neempawu memory yezembali kunye nobuwena lesizwe, khona namhlanje? Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba bengqondo mihla, kukho isangqa phambi imiba zinzima. Indlela iziganeko eyayikrolwe kwimemori? Zeziphi iindlela komzimba kule nkqubo? Yeyiphi kwezi ubuchule eyaziwa namhlanje ubukhulu becala ngenxa memory extra alujonga ngayo imisebenzi yayo?

ukusebenza

Kwathi kanti, inkumbulo kwemisebenzi ngendlela ephezulu yengqondo kufuneka luthathwe zibonakalisa leyinene. Ngenxa yoko, ngokungqinelana ne ingqiqo, imisebenzi esisiseko memory akumi ekufumaneni, ukugcina, kunye ukudlalwa kwe amava lamathuba elidlulileyo. Kungenxa ayikhumbulayo mandulo nangoku abantu. Ukongeza, oko kunika umntu ithuba lokufunda nokuphuhlisa.

Esi sahluko kuza kuba luncedo ukuqwalasela imisebenzi imemori yabantu. Olu didi iqulethe imisebenzi emihlanu ezihlobeneyo kwaye yokusonga zibe puzzle olunye, zezi zilandelayo phakathi kwayo:

• Abambe. Ngokuhambelana nale lungiselelo, umntu uyakwazi engqondweni ngokwesiseko esitsha kubo ulwazi zisekelwe iinkcukacha ezimiselwe ngaphambili. Lo msebenzi memory uthatha ukuba inkqubo yokuzala ebonakalayo izinto ngandlela iqala inkqubo kwingqiqo, nto leyo ababandakanyekayo memory oluvo. Ngoko, xa izinto esele ukuqhubekekiswa, umcimbi uba memory elifutshane elide. Ukongeza kule miba ingentla apha, kwaye isebenzisa umsebenzi yi-RAM apho iqondwa isebenza kwaye iimpawu zohlalutyo.
• Ukuqwalasela imisebenzi ephambili inkumbulo, bangabi sakhunjulwa ukonga. Ngenxa yoko, ubude yokugcina ulwazi kuyo nayiphi na imeko ixhomekeke isicelo yayo. Ngamanye amazwi, kokukhona umntu usebenzisa ulwazi bafunda, ixesha elide baya lugcinwe kwinkumbulo. Lo msebenzi memory kananjalo ngokuba kulondolozwe. Kutheni? Inyaniso yokuba ngokungqinelana nale nkqubo ikhutshwa phandle ukugcinwa kunye nokulungiswa kwe mbandela. Kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye apha esizibonakalisa imisebenzi ngengqondo memory kwisemantiki. Oku uyakwazi iingqiqo ukugcina kunye neenkcazelo, zaqokelelwa ubomi bomntu. Ukongeza, kukho imemori episodic, ebonisa indlela kakuhle aziwayo amagama kunye neenkcazo ezinxulumene ixesha elithile nomntu othile. Ngoko ke, iintlobo ngasentla ezimbini memory zisebenze ngokubambisana.

Idlala futhi akhohlwe

Ukongeza ukugcinwa kunye nokulondolozwa, namhlanje eyaziwa kwisigcini-nkcukacha zilandelayo:

• Ukudlala - umsebenzi memory esekelwe kusebenziso lwenkumbulo ixesha elide. Kuyinto ngenxa kwesi sibonelelo, ingqondo yomntu angawuphinda ngempumelelo ukubonisa ngaphambili inkcazelo kuqiniswe. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukongeza ukuba umntu iphinde izivelise kwakhona izinto ngendlela efanayo, kwaye igcina kuyo. Ngenxa yoku, kubalulekile nje ukukhumbula iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo. Lo msebenzi memory ibandakanya ngokwayo apha ekuhambeni memory episodic. Lo msebenzi ukongeza lokuyivelisa ezinye iziganeko ezinxulumene nayo. Olu hlobo siganeko ubizwa ngokuba "amanqaku reference".
• Ukukhohlwa. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba isantya inkqubo ahambelanayo ixhomekeke ubukhulu becala ixesha (vula umsebenzi memory historical). Kukho izizathu ezahlukeneyo khohlwa, umzekelo, inqanaba elisezantsi ngokwemiqathango intlangano data kunye nesimo sabo. Ukongeza, sithabathela ingqalelo rhoqo kunye nokusebenzisa ulwazi ubudala. Esinye isizathu ebalulekileyo kukuba i "uphazamiseko". Iyona ezinxulumene ne nefuthe elibi kolwazi oluthile. Umzekelo, ukuba umntu ufunda le ngxelo, kodwa ekuhambeni inkqubo athole iindaba ezimbi, iziphumo ziphunyezwe inkqubo nokukhumbula, yena akakwazi. Ngaphezu koko, kanye umntu athi malunga zizizathu (nenjongo) ndizilibala indlela ngabom transfers indlela ulwazi kungena ienjini.

isiphelo

Ukusuka kungasentla kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba umsebenzi memory central - nto ngathi zokonga. Kutheni? Inyaniso kukuba inkqubo imveliso engqondweni yale nkqubo kukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukufunxa ulwazi olubalulekileyo kunye eziluncedo, nto leyo evumela mntu ukuba ngcono, ngobuchule, ukufikelela indalo kwaye kunika umdla kakhulu khona. Nangona kunjalo, qaphela ukuba yonke imisebenzi inkumbulo uchazwe apha ngasentla zihlobene. Ngoko ke khona, yaye "wenza" ngendlela entle ukuba zinokudityaniswa kuphela, xa kukho inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo (umsebenzi evulekileyo memory zembali kunye national identity).

imihlobo memory

Okokuqala, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba namhlanje isiseko oluqhelekilyo kwinkcazelo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo benkumbulo kuxhomekeke iimpawu imisebenzi iimpawu zayo ezinxulumene yokugcina kanye ukudlalwa. Ngenxa yoko, kwezinye iintlobo ngeentlobo memory ababiwa ngokwezi khrayitheriya engundoqo ilandelayo:

• Classification ngokutsho uhlobo lomsebenzi yengqondo indlela enye okanye omnye benamandla nawuphi na umsebenzi. Ngoko ke, wagqiba ekubeni kunika injini, inkumbulo ngokweemvakalelo, ngamazwi, siyavakala kwaye nezengqikelelo.
• Classification ngokutsho uhlobo iinjongo kuthetha ubukho memory ngokuzithandela kwaye ngokuzenzekelayo.
• Classification ngokutsho ixesha yokuqinisekisa kunye nokugcina ulwazi, nto leyo inxulumene kunye nendima kunye nendawo yomsebenzi zaveliswa. Ngoko ke, lo imemori yahlulahlulwe lokusebenza, ixesha elide kwaye elifutshane.

imemori eba nemizwa

Okokuqala, vula inkumbulo zembali kunye nemisebenzi identity yesizwe. Oku kunceda omnye umthambo fun, obizwa ngokuba yamanyala ngqo lolwazi oluvo. Le nkqubo iyakwazi ephethe umfanekiso ngokwaneleyo olupheleleyo noluchanekileyo zehlabathi, thile ke ziqondeke izivamvo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ubude bexesha ukugcinakala kwayo kunobuzaza kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, kuphela 0.1 -0.5 kwimizuzwana. Yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe?

Pussycat iminwe ezine esandleni sakhe. Qiniseka ukuba uqiniseke mizwa ngqo emva nokulahleka zabo. Ngenxa yoko, imvakalelo yokuqala yokwenene ngempama igcinwe emva - kuphela ukukhunjulwa kwayo.

Zama oku ukuhamba umnwe okanye ipensile kumacala ahlukeneyo phambi kwamehlo ekhangela ngqo phambili. Ngelo xesha banikele ingqalelo kwindlela kunokuba engacacanga elandela izifundo ukuba ihamba.

Vala amehlo akho, uze uvule nabo okomzuzwana, uze uvale kwakhona. Qwalasela indlela umfanekiso ecacileyo ngqo ngexesha elithile kubonakala kuni igcinwa khona, ize ithi shwaka kancinci.

Zexesha elifutshane kunye kwinkumbulo yexesha elide

Okubalulekileyo, izinto igcinwe, nto leyo eziziimpawu typology omnye memory elifutshane elide (inkumbulo oluvo luyasebenza ngokuchanileyo vice versa). Kulo mzekelo, ngaba ulwazi olugciniwe hayi imephu ingundoqo iziganeko yasemgceni ezenzeka inqanaba, yaye ngqo (phambili) nentsingiselo yawo. Umzekelo, ukuba kukho umntu ukuqulunqa le okanye elo binzana, ukhumbula kuphela isandi, amacandelo alo, njengoko amazwi ngokwazo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukukhumbula ukuba iiyunithi ezintlanu okanye ezintandathu zokugqibela kwaziswa. Ukwenza inqanaba umgudu (ngamanye amagama, uphindaphinde ulwazi ngapha nangapha kwakhona), umntu ithuba ukugcinwa memory elifutshane elide kangangexesha elingenammiselo ixesha.

Okulandelayo iya kuba efanelekileyo ukuqwalasela kwinkumbulo yexesha elide. Ngoko ke, kukho umahluko obuphathekayo kwaye kucacile phakathi kwekhadi lememori ye-iziganeko kunye neemeko ze isiganeko elidlulileyo nje ngaphambili. kwinkumbulo yexesha elide ibaluleke kakhulu, kodwa kwangaxeshanye inkqubo entsonkothileyo bafunda iindidi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba amandla yenkumbulo zeenkqubo ngentla umda kakhulu: eyokuqala ibandakanya inani leeyunithi yokugcina, owesibini - ukusuka ube zizahlulo ezimbalwa owesibini. Noko ke, ezinye uhlobo sikhokelo kwimemori ixesha elide ukuya kumhla isekhona, kuba ingqondo ngandlel 'lisebenza isixhobo lokugqibela. Kubume bayo kukho luvo billion ezilishumi. Ngamnye kubo lunokumanyanisa isixa esikhulu solwazi. Ukongeza, kuba bukhulu kangangokuba ngokoMthetho ngokoqobo, unako ozakuthathwa umthamo memory ngobuchopho bomntu mda. Ngaloo ndlela, bonke kubanjwa ngaphezu kwemizuzu emibini okanye emithathu ulwazi kuyo nayiphi na imeko ukuba babe kwinkumbulo yexesha elide.

Lo mthombo uphambili neengxaki zihlobene ukuba kwinkumbulo yexesha elide, ngumbuzo lokufumana izinto eziyimfuneko kunye nolwazi. Isixa ulwazi oluqulathwe kwimemori aku- enkulu. Kungenxa yoko le nto kukho isibini kunye nobunzima kakhulu ngokwaneleyo. Noko ke, njengokuba umthetho, kunye umnqweno ukufumana idata oluyimfuneko fast kakhulu.

Zokusebenza, ngeemoto memory ngokweemvakalelo

Phantsi RAM kufuneka iqondwe iinkqubo mnemonic umlinganiswa, ezo inxaxheba kwimisebenzi kweenkonzo kunye nemisebenzi lwangoku. imemori enjalo yenzelwe ukugcinwa kweenkcukacha ezifakiweyo mihla ingalibaleki elandelayo. Ithuba yokugcina iintlobo memory ixhomekeke ubukhulu becala ingxaki esihamba kunye yaye ziyahluka ukusuka seconds ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu ukuya kwiintsuku ezimbini okanye ezintathu.

Motor memory - ukuba omnye, njengoko inkqubo ukuwakhumbula, ukugcina umva umdlalo iintlobo ezahlukileyo zeentshukumo, kwakunye neenkqubo zabo. Hi ndlela leyi, ehlabathini namhlanje sazi abaninzi abantu ubukho olucacileyo ngokugqithiseleyo ngokukhawuleza olu hlobo lememori enye, nto leyo isihloko umdla kakhulu yeengcali zengqondo.

Phantsi imemori ngokweemvakalelo imemori kufuneka kuqwalaselwa kwi izivamvo. Iimvakalelo kunjalo unikeze uphawu malunga nendlela kukho ngokwanelisa iimfuno zabantu. Ngoko ke indlela abantu banamava yagcinwa kwinkumbulo kuvela iimpawu, okanye sivuselelane isenzo okanye sithintelo yesenzo xa amava efanayo kwixesha elidlulileyo eye yabangela ezibuhlungu. Kungenxa yoko le ngcamango kunye nenkqubo yokusebenzisa isigama uvelwano kudla edulusele ngaphandle, nto leyo kuthetha nokukwazi novelwano, uyavelana nomnye umntu, okanye iqhawe le ncwadi. Olu didi isekelwe memory ngokweemvakalelo.

Zezafobe nangamazwi-enengqondo memory

Phantsi komfanekiso memory ziqondwe emfanekisweni memory ubomi kunye nendalo, ukumelwa, kwakunye neencasa, izandi namavumba. Olu hlobo imemori ezibonwayo, ezikhalayo, nezihlwabisayo, ukuqgiba kunye gustatory. Nangona inkumbulo ekuva kwaye olubonakalayo ziyaphuhliswa, njengoko umthetho, noko kakuhle (oko kukuthi, iintlobo data zidlala indima enkulu soLwazi ngezoBomi of eyanele), lo ukuqgiba, selungu lokuva kunye memory gustatory ngokwenene singachazwa njengento iintlobo zoqeqesho. Kwakunye imvakalelo ehambelana, ukuba ngenxa ngakumbi ekuphuhliseni ngokukhawuleza iimeko ezithile umsebenzi ezaneleyo, ukufikelela kwinqanaba emangalisayo olunikiweyo endaweni okanye ezilahlekileyo inkumbulo iintlobo imbuyekezo, umz, abantu abangevayo okanye yimfama.

isiqulatho memory izinto ngamazwi-kusengqiqweni nto kodwa ingqondo yomntu. Le yokugqibela awukwazi ukubakhona ngaphandle ulwimi (kulapha kwaye kwakukho igama species). Ekubeni iingcamango eziqukwe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zolwimi, ukwanda kwabo zingathunyelwa kwi ukutshintshwa, okanye intsingiselo isitshixo inkcazelo enikiweyo, okanye ubhaliso ngomlomo kwiikota zokoqobo. Nangona kunjalo yokugqibela libhekisa ekupheliseni sesichengeni ukusebenza eziphathekayo kwisemantiki, lo nokucengceleza yokoqobo inokuchazwa hayi ubhalo, nokucengceleza ngentloko.

Vukele nenkumbulo ngokuzithandela

Ugcino buphindwe kamva, apho kungekho njongo ngokukhethekileyo ukuba ukukhumbula into ethile, ubizwa ngokuba memory ngokuzenzekelayo. Kwiimeko apho kukho inkqubo efanayo lujolise, oko malunga memory ngokwesigqibo esicalanye. Ngoko ke, kule meko yokugqibela, iinkqubo masihambelane ukugcinwa kunye ukudlalwa, senze nje inyathelo okhethekileyo mnemonic. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iintlobo thaca lefom memory izigaba ezimbini ezilandelelanayo uphuhliso, leyo ngoku bafunda ngokubanzi kwengqondo kunye nabanye abachaphazelekayo abathatha inxaxheba umsebenzi kwintsimi yenzululwazi efanelekileyo.