Ingxaki ukunyamezelana: ubungqina uncwadi. Yintoni ukunyamezelana: inkcazelo, izithethantonye,

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala elithi "unyamezelo" wabonakala ngowe-1953. engokuthintelwa IsiNgesi Medawar ukuthini impahla nokunyamezelana kwamajoni omzimba, apho umzimba Uyabubona umzimba langaphandle khe kwaye modem kuyo.

Kamva elithi "ukunyamezela" waqalisa ukusetyenziswa, kunye nezinye iinkalo zenzululwazi, nganye apho bafumana intsingiselo yalo ekhethekileyo. Kweli nqaku siza kuqwalasela le intsingiselo yalo mbono, ntonye elithi "ukunyamezela", kwakunye nemiba eziphambili ukunyamezelana, ekhala ukuba iingxelo zabo kule ncwadi.

Tolerance - it ...

Ngoko ke, yintoni na sinyamezelane? Inkcazo eli gama amaninzi ukubizwa ngokuba ukunyamezelana ngenxa yokuziphatha, inkcubeko kunye nobuhlanga zabantu emhlabeni. Xa kwabantu, ukunyanyezelwa ithathwa njengokuba isigulana ukuba yokuphila eyahlukileyo. Kodwa ke oku akuthethi ukuba lo gama --ntonye segama elithi "abakhathaleli '. Oko kuthathwa njenge ithuba ukunika abanye ilungelo lokuphila njengoko ebona kufanelekile.

Ifilosofi, igama elithi "ukunyamezela" ubizwa ngokuba nomonde ezinye zengqondo kunye nemikhwa. Lo umphakathi umgangatho oyidingayo ukuze ikhona ngoxolo nabantu bezinye iinkonzo, okufundiswa yobuzwe neyenkolo.

inzululwazi efanekileyo bamele nokunyamezelana njengoko ubuchule ngokuzolileyo ngaphandle ndlongo ukuthatha zonke iintlobo zokuvakalisa lomnye umntu. Nantsi ke intsingiselo yala magama ukunyamezelana ifane engundoqo wesisa kunye nokunyamezelana.

Ukuchaza ingxaki

Ngokubanzi,-ntonye ukunyamezelana na imiba efana nokuhlonitshwa, ukuqonda kunye nolwamkelo.

Tolerance ayikwazi kubizwa ngokuba ndiyanicebisa, ngokuzithoba okanye ukuzanelisa, kananjalo, oko akuthethi evumele ngobulungisa kwicala lomnye umntu okanye ukwaliwa zengqondo zabo kunye neempawu zokuziphatha.

Ungabona ezininzi Iinkcazelo ukunyamezelana, kodwa akukho namnye kubo akasayi abhengeze ngokupheleleyo intsingiselo yale nkqubo ngenxa yokuba asikwazi kufikelela ngokupheleleyo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi babantu. Ngoko ke yintoni na sinyamezelane? Inkcazo lo gama ingashwankathelwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo. Tolerance - uyabona, unyamezelwano tye, isimo sengqondo ekhethekileyo kwengqondo ukuba swi entsa intlonelo lwamaxabiso enye, iinkolelo, iindlela izimvo kunye namanye amacandelo yoluntu. Le kwindawo esebenzayo, nto leyo inceda ukufikelela nokuqondana phakathi bangi.

Nokunyamezelana kwihlabathi lanamhla

iingxaki Modern senkululeko cishe akukho kwahluka kwabo badweliswe kule imisebenzi boncwadi of lomculo. Ezi kunganxulunyaniswa ukudideka yobuhlanga, kunye nezentlalo kunye nesini. Kuhleli ukufunda kulawula enye kuphela: enoba ndilitshintshe eli hlabathi, ukunyamezelana usoloko kungajongwa isidima.

Kodwa ngoku, ngaphezulu kunakuqala, umsebenzi eziphambili ekufuneka iqwalaselwe na ingxaki ekumisweni nokunyamezelana. Oku kungenxa yezi zizathu zilandelayo:

• izahlulelo ngesiquphe yaye olutshintshayo lwempucuko criteria kwezoqoqosho, yobuhlanga, ezenkolo, ezentlalo kunye nezinye. Malunga nalo kwenqanaba sokucalulana eluntwini.
• Ukwanda lukhuni zonqulo.
• iimfazwe Local ziye mandundu ubudlelwane uhlanga (umzekelo, imfazwe phakathi Ukraine neRashiya).
• Ingxaki iimbacu.

Ukuze ekukhuliseni umntu ukunyamezelana, kufuneka iimeko ezithile, imigaqo ebizwa ngokuba yi-basic. Ezi ziquka izikhundla 5:

• Ubundlobongela akufuneki ibe yindlela ukuya esiphelweni.
• Inkululeko yokuzikhethela. Umntu kufuneka uyaqaphela ukuba isigqibo ecacileyo.
• Yenza wena, hayi ukunyanzela abanye. Umgaqo ezisisiseko ukunyamezelana kukukwazi abantu ukuba wena ngaphandle kokwenza ngexesha elifanayo namanye ukutshintsha iimbono zabo.
• Ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho, amasiko nezithethe yinto ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso nokunyamezelana.
• Yamkele enye njengoko, kungakhathaliseki ukuba umahluko.

Ukungxamiseka ingxaki kokunyamezela ayikwazi ukuziphikisa. Ngapha koko, njengokuba sobulumko wathi kanye Yu A. Shreyder: "Le ntlekele imanyumnyezi okubeka impucuko Umhlaba kaThixo - ukutshatyalaliswa yoluntu umntu.". Ngoko ke, ukwamkela abanye abantu njengoko, engaka libhaliwe, wathi.

Ukunyamezelana iincwadi

Ukuze uqonde ubunzulu le ngxaki, kungcono ukuba babhenele kwiimpikiswano zoncwadi. Kule amabali, iinoveli namabali zichazwe iimeko ezahlukeneyo apho imizekelo abalinganiswa abaphambili kubonakala, yintoni na nokunyamezelana ebomini.

Ukungxamiseka ingxaki kokunyamezela yokuqala ukuvela iincwadi Russia yamandulo. Umbhali abajikelezayo Athanasius Nikitin uchaze iintlobo zonqulo e-India. Xa imibhalo yakhe, yena zezibonelelo umfundi ukuba bacinge ngayo yonke ukwahluka ehlabathini kunye nesimo sengqondo ukumelana nayo nabantu abankolo zahlukeneyo.

Kodwa ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka imisebenzi uncwadi yamandulo. Ababhali belo xesha sithetha malunga iingxaki kokunyamezela ezigqubayo eluntwini. Umzekelo, ngemisebenzi kwenkulungwane XVIII ingxaki kokunyamezela yayiqhelekile kwinkalo yesayensi neyokufundisa. Sele kwinkulungwane XIX uqalisa kuvela ingxaki yodidi nokunyamezelana. Ingakumbi, le bonisa imisebenzi zikaTolstoy "War Noxolo", "Ooyise and Sons" Turgenev, nto leyo ichaza ukuba iingxoxo eziphambili ingxaki nokunyamezelana.

Ukususela amazwi ezakudala

Ukususela kwamaphepha iincwadi zakudala, ungafunda okuninzi malunga nomba nokunyamezelana. Wempikiswano thaca kwi imisebenzi, ezihambelana nanamhlanje. Thabatha, umzekelo, ibali, "Abantwana Ngokufihlakeleyo" (V. G. Korolenko). Umbhali uxelela ibali inkwenkwe encinane Vasya, abo bangakwazanga ukufumana ukuqonda kwintsapho yakhe. Nangona isibakala sokuba uyise zakhe nesikhundla esiphezulu eluntwini, yena uhlala yedwa. Ngenye imini, wayedibana Valcke kunye UMarusya. Ezi abafana zivela ezinawo iphantsi zentlalo yabemi. Ngoko ke senze izinto ezimbini zentlalo, ezo zinxulumene ngokusondeleyo. Bob wakwazi ukuqonda ukwamkela intlungu nabanye abantu, waqala ukuqonda ngcono abadala yaye bakwazi ukwakha ubuhlobo kunye notata wakhe.

Lo msebenzi atyhila ingxaki ukungalingani kwezentlalo, kwaye nje kukho njengoko kuya kubakho iCandelo umphakathi kwiiklasi, iya kuhlala ukuya kuthi ga ngoku.

Omnye umzekelo we yoncwadi lwamandulo zifumaneka kumsebenzi zikaTolstoy "Indlela eKalvari". Apha ikakhulu ichaza nokunyamezela isini, xa umfazi ilingana emntwini. Ekubeni Ekuveleni XIX-XX iinkulungwane, ingxaki ukulingana isetyenziswa ngokubanzi, yaba isiseko imisebenzi emininzi zoncwadi.

Ingxaki ukunyamezelana inter-yobuhlanga zichazwa kakuhle kumsebenzi "Amabali Sea" (KM Stanyukovich). oomatiloshe Russian zikuye kanye phezu kweelwandle eziphakamileyo kunye umfana-American wamphatha lonke imfesane yabantu, nangona umbala ulusu.

Le ngxaki ichazwe kweli bali L. N. Tolstogo "mbanjwa eCaucasus". Ingcamango basic, apho umbhali uzama ukugqithisa, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: "Akukho iintlanga elungileyo okanye embi, kukho abantu abalungileyo nokubi kuphela zonke iintlanga."

iingxoxo zoncwadi

Xa umzimba uye waba ngomnye wababhali ozithandayo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo neentlobo. Akukho kuphela neenoveli, amabali amafutshane, okanye neenoveli kwenzeka le ngxaki. Umzekelo, kwi intsomi vumelwano enzulu ebonakalayo phakathi abalinganiswa ukufumana ingxaki izimvo ezahlukeneyo. Kwintsomi "I Swan, umhlaza kunye Pike" Amaqhawe akukho tar ukuhambisa enqwelweni, njengoko elowo wenza oko ebeqhele ngako: ". Izinto apho" Umhlaza uqhela, nenkuku yamanzi moya phezulu, kunye Pike waziphosa emanzini, ukuze

Kwintsomi "I Elephant lengubo-izinja" inja encinane ngaphandle kwesizathu uqalisa ezingenakukhonkotha ngokuzolileyo ehamba elephant, kunokuba badlule nje. Umntu usenokuthi ukuba oku nje bali abantwana ukonwabisa, kodwa, enyanisweni, kukho into efihliweyo. Ukuba acha- ezinye zeziganeko yobomi bemihla ngemihla ngoku, ungabona ukuba lo msebenzi ifihlakele esisiseko ingxaki nokunyamezelana. Ngokufuthi uyakwazi ukuhlangabezana nabantu ezitratweni, leyo kakhulu bekrwada nekratshi okanye ukungoneliseki, bavakalisa izimvo zabo phezu kwabanye, abasemzini epheleleyo. Hi xikombiso, le meko: inkampani eze kuhlala kwidolophu iiholide. indawo wabo kufutshane nesikhululo, ngoko ukuthatha itekisi kwakungekho ndawo, nangona ebhegini kanzima. Kodwa inguqu, baqala ukuthetha phakathi kwabo ngayo kunzima kangakanani ukuba ahambe umthwalo onjalo. Umfazi wayedlula, weva la mazwi wathi umbono wayo, esithi ukuba beze "Internet" kwaye awunako ukuthatha izithuthi.

Le meko ayikho kakhulu oluqhelekileyo, kodwa ngogqibeleleyo ukuze ngokwenza isifaniso kunye intsomi "I Elephant lengubo-izinja."

Yakhe kunye nabanye '

Ingxaki nokunyamezelana uncwadi walungiselela zililo ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo. Yena livela iintsomi ka Andersen kunye Pushkin, oko ilandelwe amabali kaWinni Phopho kunye Carlson. Imizekelo ukuziphatha ukumelana yezilwanyana ayanceda imisebenzi Kipling kaThixo "Mowgli".

iingxaki Iimpikiswano ukunyamezelana inokufumaneka wonke omnye umsebenzi wokubhala. Nkqu amabali malunga imfazwe okanye ingcinezelo wezopolitiko kukho indawo into zabantu. Thabatha, umzekelo, "Alpine ballad" Bykova. Iziganeko ezenzekayo kwimbali IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic. amabanjwa lwamaNazi baphumile kweminquba: ijoni Russian Ivan no Julia, intombazana evela eItali. Baye ke iintsuku ezintathu kuphela. iintsuku ezintathu ubude-elindelwe inkululeko, kwaye ukusukela ubomi kweemeko ezinzima. Xa amaNazi wabanjwa kunye abasabileyo bakwaEfrayim, uIvan wathabatha ityala ngaloo yena kuyingozi kumphefumlo wayo. Julia wamnyamekela ubomi bam bonke kwisikhumbuzo eyarhaxwayo yamajoni angamagorha. Emva kwemfazwe, ulifumene eRashiya, intsapho yakhe wawabhala ngokufa Ivan kaThixo. Wayefuna ukuba ukuthetha malunga ubuqhawe nejoni elula eyasindisa unknown wasemzini. Bona Andazi nokuba ulwimi ngalunye zomnye.

Kukho uchazwa ingxaki ukunyamezelana bezizwe ngezizwe. Iimpikiswano kwiincwadi ezibhaliweyo kwinto efanayo, atyhila intsingiselo yoloyiko ukunyamezelana kunye nobuntu. Umfundi uya kuba yokuziphatha eqondakalayo ngakumbi ophambili, ukuba uthe wamela compatriot yakhe. Kodwa kwakukho Italian, ngalo abazange waqhelana nazo. Ngoko kwakutheni ukuze ntoni? Ophambili ke abantu yahlulwe 'Russian "kunye" non-Russian "yaye wenza nje into angenza ntoni xa on-site Italian yaba omnye umntu. Umbhali uzama ukubonisa ukuba akukho nto njenge "yakhe" yaye "nabaphambukeli" nto nje umntu ofuna uncedo.

uthando line

"Makube aqukuqela i Don" ayikho ngaphantsi enemibala uchaze ingxaki yamkelwe kwabanye kwinoveli Sholokhov kaThixo. Apha, kwiimeko ezimaxongo imfazwe yamakhaya, nonyamezelo kubonakala into engenakwenzeka, kodwa umbhali uqalisa "-bume" eyongezelelweyo, ophezu kwinqanaba ngaphezu kwiindibano - oku luthando.

abalinganiswa inoveli xa - Dunyashka Melehova kunye Bear Mishka - nithandane. Kodwa ekuhambeni kwe revolution iintsapho zawo ngeenxa esahlukileyo, yaye xa zonke kwemfazwe, Mishka Mishka Utshaba intsapho Dunyasha. Kodwa ke eluthandweni, yaye olu thando ngaphezu zonke iindibano. Ukuziphatha uya kusoloko kuma ngentla esizithandayo yeengcinga nezopolitiko.

Ukususela amagama kwisenzo

Malunga ukunyamezelana ibhalwe kakhulu kunene, oko nje practice, yonke into akunjalo. Beautiful amabali ekuthatheni abantu Outlook ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo kuphela iincwadi, kodwa hayi kwi ekhoyo ehlabathini. Ngokukodwa, oku kusebenza ngayo kubantu abaselula.

iingxaki nonyamezelo phakathi kwabantu abatsha nicaphukile, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, ukuziphatha anti zentlalo-kwaye kushishino lobudlelwane. In isizukulwana esitsha endaweni yokuqala kukho kusoloko Soup mihla uze kuphela bonke abanye. Kuye walahlekelwa elide owayesakuba ixabiso. Yonke imihla ukudala amaqela olutsha ezintsha neentshukumo, liyanda inani imibutho olukhulu anti-zentlalo. Ngamafutshane, phakathi abafikisayo kunye nabantu abatsha ukuba sinyamezele ngoku "aphume fashion".

Kumaziko emfundo, kwizikolo ezithile, ukuhlola ingqiqo nokunyamezelana. Noko ke, eluchaza akayi. Uphando lubonisa ukuba owamkeleka ngayo kwezinye kuwela. Sola ukungabikho imizekelo emihle eyayiza kubonisa ukuba sinyamezele ngayo, mhlawumbi, bambalwa abafundi bafunde ezakudala Russian. Noko ke, kungekudala emva koko, ngamnye kubo kuya kufuneka ukuba ubhale isincoko ngesihloko "Ingxaki nokunyamezelana."

Kwaye kusenokuba kukho ingxaki enkulu xa kungekho ukuqonda ngokucacileyo ingxaki kwaye umsebenzi a iimviwo umsebenzi.

Ukuze ubhale isincoko, "Ingxaki ukunyamezelana", ukuxambulisana kwiincwadi ibalulekile kakhulu. Zinokuthi zisetyenziswe njengesiseko ukuzoba isifaniso kunye neziganeko kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Kungenjalo, unako ngokufutshane ukuchaza imveliso uze ucacise ukuba kutheni uluvo lwakhe ohlonelwa. Le ndlela yesibini kulula kakhulu, kodwa umzekelo, zama ukudibanisa iindlela ezimbini zezincoko yokubhala.

Umzekelo imisebenzi

"Mhlawumbi, kungekudala kakhulu abantu baya kuhlala bodwa ngokupheleleyo enye kwenye, ukuba noxolo yayo ethe abantu bangaphandle. Kodwa ayiyi kwenzeka kamsinya, nangona ezifuneka kakhulu kolu tshintsho zifumaneka sele - inqanaba elisezantsi kakhulu nokunyamezelana eluntwini. Ngoku kufuneka utshatise igama "kwisiqhelo".

Ukuba umntu ubuncinane into eyahlukileyo, oko ayikwazi ukwamkela ngokubambiseneyo, uluntu, okanye nangakumbi - ukuba wenze kuye umgxothwa. Kanye Heroine yenoveli ngu L. Ulitskaia "eBukhara ntombi" Mila. Girl kunye nomntwana Down syndrome igula. Umama wakhe ifundisa kwaye yenza konke okusemandleni ukuze intombazana wayonwabile. Kodwa ke isimo sengqondo ngabantu abaneemfuno ezizodwa kuluntu lingenandaba, kwaye ukuba unethamsanqa, uyazehlisa.

"Iintlobo ngeentlobo Idiots" yaye "amalungu engeloncedo kuluntu" - kuphela epithets embalwa, apho umbhali Wachaza indlela ababecinga ngayo uluntu malunga "abanye" abantu. Ngandlel 'ithile, kukholelwa ukuba abantu abanjalo abafanelanga kufumana inceba, intlonipho kunye nokuqonda.

Kodwa kukho abantu ukuba babe nezinye iimpawu ezikhethekileyo. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba inoveli Leo Tolstoy "Imfazwe Noxolo". Ophambili of Lul Bezuhov engasahambisani zezwe. Kwaye apha sithetha nje kangaka okuthile wakhe, kodwa lo mlinganiswa. Yena nalwazi, lukwenza yaye ilula-nye. Vula ehlabathini nobubele kakhulu. Kodwa apho wakhetha nokuzingca ukuzenzisa, yena umntu ongamaziyo.

Kwaye namhlanje, phantse zonke inyathelo kukho iimeko ezifanayo. Loo mfana waba ingozi waza waba ukhubazekile, ngoku ke kakhulu kuyanqaba ukuya nokuzibuyisela eluntwini xa ikhula. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, abahlobo abadala kuphamba, uya ngoyaba kwaye ukuyibalekela ngeenxa zonke. Ngoku ayikho - mthethweni, ilungu engento yoluntu. Le ntombazana ukuba uyakuthanda ukufunda iincwadi, musa ukubukela umabonakude kunye abafane bavelelwa ngokuvelelwa Internet, kananjalo yayiliva nhla ngoontanga sidelong.

iimeko ezinjalo ube ucinga, nokuba abantu bathi abantu xa ngaphandle ubukrakra okanye ukuzisola ngaphandle kuluntu zabo ngohlobo lwazo. Ukuba kuthetha ukumelana ukuba babantu. Kwaye wonke umntu kuphumelela ukuba nje ukunyanga abanye ngendlela efanayo njengoko ongathanda ukuba ukunyanga kuye. "

Ingxaki ukunyamezelana enzima ukuyiqonda. Oko kunokuthi kwenzeke kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi kunye neemeko. Kwaye UPawulos phantsi onke ngasentla, siphawula kulandelayo: unyamezelwano - oku abantu. Nobuntu nto ifana ukukwazi ukufumana kunye noontanga babo, kungekhona inyamalala zibalulekile, kwaye ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ubuntu babo.