U-Oliver Cromwell: i-biography yomlawuli. Iziphumo zomlando ze-Cromwell's protorate

U-Oliver Cromwell ungomnye wabantu abadumileyo kwilizwe laseBrithani. Uyaziwayo ngenxa yeempumelelo zakhe zempi kunye nokuguqulwa.

I-Biography: Cromwell Oliver. Ngokufutshane: ubomi ngaphambi kwemfazwe

Wazalelwa ngo-1599 kwinqanaba laseHuntingdon. Intsapho yabanini-mhlaba yayingatyebi ngokwemigangatho ye-English elite yelo xesha. Imvelaphi yomnombo ka-Oliver inokulandelwa emva kwexesha lokulawula kukaHenry VIII. Kwakuloo xesha ukuba intsapho ikwazi ukuhlanganisa i-fortune, iyakuthabatha ilizwe lecawa, kwaye, mhlawumbi, ukufumana isihloko esiphezulu. Isizukulwana esinye seCromwell sasiyekwa kukumkani, noTomas Cromwell waze wanikela njengomcebisi kuHenry iminyaka eyi-8.

Phakathi kwiphondo - idolophu e-Huntingdon-u-Oliver ayifumene nemfundo yakhe eyintloko. Intsapho ihambelane ngokuthe ngqo kwi-Puritan "umoya." Ngako oko, uCromwell waqhubeka nemfundo yakhe eqhubekayo eSydney College yaseSussex, owayeyaziwa ngamasiko akhe amaProthestani kunye neCalvinism, eyaziwayo ngePuritanism. UTomas wayengathandi ukufundisa umthetho, kwaye kungekudala waphuma. Xa ukunyanzelwa kwezihlobo, wathatha njengendoda yakhe intombi yomnini mncinci.

Ukuqala kweMfazwe yombutho

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, ukunganeliseki kunye negunya eliphambili landa kwintsimi yaseBritani. Ubukumkani obuphela bukaKumkani uCharles I ndakwazanga ukwenza izilungiso ezifunekayo. UMongameli, ethembele kwicawa yase - Anglican, wanciphisa kakhulu impembelelo yepalamente. Oku kuye kwamnceda ukuba abuyisele inkqubo yokudala yentela kunye noorhulumente. Ukuguqulwa okunjalo kubangele ukuba nentukuthelo phakathi kwabantu, bekuyiyo isizathu sokuvukela.

Abaxhasayo bePuritan babemelwe kwipalamente ngamaqela amaninzi, ininzi lawo yayingabalandeli abasemgangathweni bokulondolozwa kwamagunya e-ecclesias. Kodwa inxalenye yamaPuritan yakha iqela "leentloko" - inhlangano enkulu yamaProthestani enenjongo yokuguqula inkosi ngokuguqula. Yayiqhutywa nguOliver Cromwell.

Iinqwelo zamahashe

Ukuqala kwemfazwe yembambano inokuthi ithathelwe inguqu engenakuphumelela yokumkani ukumbamba ama-parliament amahlanu. Emva koko, amabini omabili aqala ukuqokelela amabutho. I-Royal Army yayinabarhagi abanamandla, okwenzela inzuzo enkulu. Umkhosi wepalamente wawuququzelele iinqwelo zokulwa, ezathi zaqala ukulwa. Ngaloo ndlela iCromwell yagqiba ekubeni yenze iinqwelo zamahashe, eyakwazi ukuhlaziya iRoyal Horse Cavalry.

U-Oliver wayengenabo umkhosi kwaye akazange adlule ukuqeqeshwa, kodwa iminyaka yabanini-mhlaba yamnika ingcamango yamahashe. Ekuqaleni kwemfazwe, waba ngumphathi wecandelo elinamadoda amahlanu. Wabafundisa ukuba bahlasele emacaleni kwaye bahlasele kwi-flank. Ngebudeni bemfazwe, amahhashi akwaCromwell ahlala ecaleni kwaye ahlaselwa ngokupheleleyo, ngelixa amahhashi asebukhosini, ayenamaqela aphezulu, ahlaselwa ngokungaqhelekanga. Ukulungiswa kwangoko kwavelisa umphumo, kwaye u-Oliver Cromwell waba ngumlawuli wamagosa awaziwayo kwi-Arrows Cavalry.

Icandelo lokulwa lalingama-2,000. Bonke bavavanywa kwaye bachongwa ngokugqithiseleyo. Ijoni ngalinye lalingumProthestani onenzondelelo kunye nomxhasi wePuritan. U-Oliver Cromwell wenqabela ngokukhawuleza ukusela kunye nokugembula kwenkampu yecandelo elinikezelweyo. Ukuziphatha okuthe ngqo kunye nokuqeqeshwa ngokukhawuleza kwakunempembelelo enkulu. Abantu basekuhlaleni banamanxuwa abo babengabinxila kwaye bajoyina umkhosi wepalamente. Ukuxhomekeka kobukhosi obuvela kwimvelaphi kwafakwa kwiinkampu. Ngako oko, iqela lalidibanisene kakhulu kwaye linobungane. Ukuba nobukroti nokuqina kwiqhawe, ama-equites aseCromwell abizwa ngokuthi "iibhere zensimbi".

Ukulawula iMntla

Ephakathi kwehlobo le-1644, amabutho asephalamende ayesele ephethe ukuvinjelwa kweYork, indawo enqabileyo yegunya lobukhosi (ubukhosi) eMntla. Amacandelo omabini aqonda ukubaluleka kokuqingqileyo kwesi sixeko, ngoko ke babela amandla abo okubakho kule ndawo. UKumkani uCharles wathumela umntakwabo uRupert ukuba ancede unqatywe, esaba ukunikezelwa kwegosa lomuzi. Ukuxhaswa ngokukhawuleza kwanyanzelisa umkhosi wamaphalamende ukuba ahambe. Ekhuthazwa yile mpu melelo, uNkosana Rupert wajoyina yonke i-Royal Army waza wahamba e-Marson-Moore, ngenjongo yokubhubhisa "umkhosi ojikelezayo".

Ngomhla wesi-2 ku-Julayi, amaqela awakha ngokwabo kwimimandla yokulwa, elindele imfazwe. Iimpawu "ezizodwa" eziziwayo, kwinani lamawaka angama-6, zichasene neqela lamahhashi, elaliphethwe nguOliver Cromwell. Umlawuli wamshiya egcina indawo encinci yabakhweli baseIreland kwiimeko ezibucayi. AmaRoyalists ayeza kuMaron-Moore kunye nomkhosi onamandla angama-17. AmaPalamente ayengamawaka angama-10. Kodwa isiphumo semfazwe sincike kakhulu kwizenzo zamabhashe. I-Cromwell yayisecaleni elisekunene. Wala abantu bakhe ukuba bangaqhubeki emva kokuhlaselwa, kodwa basebenze ngokupheleleyo. Ukulwa namahhashi akwaRupert, wabhenela ngeentambo ezide ezithatha abagibeli ngaphambi kokulwa ngqo.

Ukulwa eMaronon-Moore

Ngo-5 ntambama ukulungiswa kwezixhobo zaqala. Emva kweeyure ezingama-2, iipayipi zaqala ukudlala, kwaye iqela likaCromwell lagijimela ekuhlaselweni. Kulo lonke uhlanga, imikhosi yadibana ekulweni. Ukususela kwimimiselo yokuqala abalawuli bezandla baqala ukunyusa abachasi. Kwavela ukuphakama kobugcisa beefighters. Bonke abagibeli beRupert bafundiswe izinto ezisisiseko zempahla yomkhosi ukususela ebuntwaneni. U-Oliver Cromwell walimala ekulweni waza washiya i-bandage. Ngaloo mzuzu wayala ukuba i-host reserve ibethe i-flank "yabaqhubi". UManeuver waletha isiqhamo sawo, utshaba lwathuthumela. Kwaye u-Oliver ukubheja ekuhlaselweni kwakunzima. Ukufuthwa kwiindawo ezinkulu zeendwendwe uRupert akakwazanga ukudibanisa ukuququzelela ukuxhathisa, ngelixa amandla asepalamente asele ahlelwa kwakhona kwaye enye iyonke yaqalisa ukuhlaselwa okutsha.

Iziphumo zemfazwe

Ndiyabulela kwizenzo eziphumelelayo zamabhashe aseCromwell, ngobusuku iiRoyalist zatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo. Kwimfazwe yashiywa ukuba ilale amabutho amawaka angamawaka amane, ngaphezu kwewaka baba bathunjwa. Umkhosi wepalamente waphulukana namasosha ama-300 kuphela.

Inkqubo yemikhosi yasebukhosini e-Marson-Moore yayiyinto yokuqala yokunqoba kwabavukeli. Ulawulo lwaseYork lwavumela ama-parliament ukuba alawule lonke elaseNyakatho. Amahhashi e-Cromwell abonisa ukusetyenziswa kobuchule bokuhlaselwa okutsha kwiinqanaba. Induna enomsindo uRupert yathi uOliver Cromwell, "mhlawumbi isinyithi-sithintele, sasiye sakwazi ukunqoba" (akukho sikhokelo esisisigxina sesitatimende).

U-Oliver Cromwell: uLieutenant General of Armed Forces

Ubonise umlawuli wezakhono zeCromwell wamenza waba ngumthetheli weentloko zamaqela asePalamente. Ngokukhawuleza waqala ukudala umkhosi womzekelo omtsha, elandela umzekelo "wabantu abakhwele". Kwi-Anguland eNgilani, izikhulu zathola izihloko zazo ngokuxhomekeka kubukhosi bazo kuluntu. Kuloo mkhosi omtsha, lo mgaqo waphelelwa. Izikhundla eziphezulu zazihlala ngabantu ababonisa izakhono zabo ekusebenzeni. Oku kwafaka isandla kumanyano nobunye bamajoni. Kwakhona utshintsho olunjalo luvunywe ngabantu. Abafama kunye nabanini-mhlaba abancinci baqala ukujoyina ama-parliament.

Umkhosi womzekelo omtsha

Imikhosi emithathu engavumelekanga, eyenziwa ngokwahlukileyo kwaye ingenise ngqo kubalawuli beentsimi, yatshintshwa yaba yinye, abantu abangama-22,000. Imigaqo eqinile yokuqeqesha yaqaliswa, ngenxa yokuphulaphula iintlawulo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Umoya wokulwa wamajoni wawuxhaswa ngabafundisi. Abanye babo babekho ngqo kwiimfazwe, bembethe izambatho ezimnyama. I-Cromwell iqhotyoshelise ukubaluleka okukhethekileyo ekuqeqeshelweni konqulo lwabalandeli kwi-puritanism.

Ngomhla wokuba babameli bamazwe asempuma, obonelela iimfuno zomkhosi, bhengeze ukuhluleka ukuqhubeka nenkxaso. Ukulungiswa kwakhona komkhosi kwenza kube lula ukunciphisa iindleko zemali. Umkhosi omtsha wepalamente wathabatha ubhaptizo lomlilo kwi-Nesby, ekuphumeleleni ukunqoba ngokuqinisekileyo "abagijimi".

Bhodi yeCromwell

Emva kokutshatyalaliswa kokugqibela kwabalawuli bama-royalists, amapalamente awakwazi ukuseka igunya lawo. Ilizwe liholwa nguOliver Cromwell. INkosi uMkhuseli (isihloko sikaCromwell) sakha isigunyaziso sobulungisa kunye ne "iron". Wayexhomekeke ekuxhaseni kwabadlali bakhe bezempi-ezandleni, emva kokuphela kwemfazwe, bephethe izikhundla ezibalulekileyo zonkokheli. Aba bantu babethembekile kwiCromwell kwaye baqhubekanga ngaphandle kwayo yonke imiyalelo yakhe. Ukugatya ukuthatha isihloko senkosi, uCromwell ngokwenene uqinisekisile isimo seRiphablikhi yase-England.

Inkqubo yerhafu yahlaziywa. Zonke iindlela ezinkulu (ngokukodwa iindlela zendlela) zilawulwa ngokupheleleyo ngumkhosi. Ngelo xesha izivukelo zaqala eScotland nase-Ireland. UCromwell uqobo lwakhe wahola umkhosi ukubanyusa. Emva kokumisela umyalelo, wavuselela amandla ephalamende kunye neNdlu yeeNkosi. Bonke abaxhasi bookumkani batyhutshiswa baza baphazamiseka. INkosi, eyayixhasa ii-royalists kwiMfazwe yombutho, yabamba ipropati eyimfuneko yokulungiswa. Izenzo ezinjalo zafunyaniswa ngokuqinisekileyo ngamaCalvin kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo.

Ukufa nokulandelwa kwimbali

U-Oliver Cromwell wasweleka ngoSeptemba 13, 1658. Isizathu, mhlawumbi, ukutyhefuza (ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuba iNkosi uMkhuseli yafa nge-malariya). Umngcwabo "wensimbi" u-Oliver wawuyi-chic. Kodwa emva kwabo kwavela ingxubusho kwilizwe. Ingxangxano yexinzelelo kunye neengxabano zashaya ngaphesheya kweNgilani. IPalamente yaphoqeleka ukuba imeme uCharles II, unyana wenkosi ebulawa, etroneni. Emva kokulungiswa kwegazi, uCharles wayala ukuba athole umzimba kaCromwell, ulixhome, uze uwunqume kwiindawo ezine. Ukususela ngoko, abalimi baye banqatshelwe nokuba babike igama elithi "Oliver Cromwell". I-biography ye-lord iye yenziwa phantsi kwexesha elide.

UCromwell wehla kwimbali njengomlawuli owaziwayo kunye nomguquleli. Ngethuba lokulawula, wayenomdla ophakamileyo phakathi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo. Umgaqo wakhe ngumzekelo ocacileyo weCalvin kunye nentando yesininzi. Ukuguqulwa, okwenziwa nguMkhuseli weNkosi, kwakuyinyathelo yokuqala ekubhekiseleleni kwiinkwenkwezi zokuphanga. Ngekhulu lama-20, imaski yomngcwabo yafunyanwa apho u-Oliver Cromwell wangcwatyelwa khona. Ifoto yesifumaneko iboniswe ngezantsi. Ekugqibeleni, wangcwatywa ngowe-1960 kwintlanganiso yesinye seekholeji zeCambridge.

Ukuba sisondela kumbandela kwimbono yembali, iminyaka yeRiphabhlikhi kunye nekhuseli ayichaphazeli ikusasa laseNgilani, nangona yonke inguqu eyenziwa yiOliver Cromwell. I-biography emfutshane yomntu oqhelekileyo wesiNgesi kodwa kubandakanywa kwikharityhulam yokunyanzeliswa yeenkqubo zeeyunivesithi zeBrithani.