Ubume bale iikhompawundi futhi umthamo ezinkulu

Inkqubo yegazi yenza umsebenzi sothutho umzimba izilwanyana ezinegazi elishushu, ezisiwa tissue izakhi kunye neoksijini. Transport oksijini carbon dioxide lwenziwa ngokusebenzisa amathole igazi elibomvu, eziquka izinto ezibalulekileyo - mpilo. Kweli nqaku siza kujonga iintlobo futhi umthamo compound.

Yintoni athwala

Athwala - yingxenye erythrocyte, ngoweqela of iiprothini. It iqulathe 96% umcimbi proteinaceous globin ne-4% umbandela kunye atom-2-valent yentsimbi - heme. Ngo enye iseli layo erythrocyte iqulethe malunga nowama-280 ezigidi iimolekyuli yakha igazi umbala obomvu.

Ipropati eziphambili mpilo - yentsimbi kukukwazi aqhoboshele Gasses kunye lwanamathela, ekusekeni ioksijini ihamba ukusuka nemiphunga ancedisana icarbon dioxide ancedisana emiphungeni. Ngenxa yoko, indima yalo kule nqubo yokuchaza igesi umzimba buyafuneka.

Ubume kunye neentlobo kwabantu umthamo

Kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ekhula kumzimba yabantu mpilo eyahluke kulwakhiwo eentsontelo polypeptide. Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo amatsheyini polypeptide iqulethe Isakhiwo haemoglobin iintlobo mpilo kwabantu ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. athwala abadala (HbA) ifumaneka mali lubalaseleyo (malunga 98-99% yemali iyonke egazini) kubantu abadala. HbA 2 yaye iquka ngemixokelelwane emibini polypeptide. Kwimeko nganye acid acid uqulathe helices icandelo heme kunye atom onoxanduva oludla ukuba molecule ioksijini. HbA ngaba inobunzima nokuncipha oksijini ngaphezu sendiselane kunye nezinye iintlobo mpilo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ngayo ukumelana ngakumbi ukuhla pH kunye t.
2. Fetal (HbF) ukuba kuhlelwe kwi umbungu ngxi esizalweni, kuqalwa kwiiveki 6-7 zokukhulelwa , kulandele endaweni yayo kwi HbA. Sele ngenyanga 1 ubomi ukucola phantsi Yindibanisela HbF, iyonke ukunyuka umthamo wegazi, andiswe kwaye HbA kuyondelelaniswe ukuba iminyaka emithathu ubomi bomntwana oza ipesenti ubume enegazi omdala. athwala Fetal iimbophelelo globin omdala zesakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, zikhona endaweni uhlobo chain zikhula. HbF, njengoko kuthelekiswa HbA, unezinga elisezantsi yokunganyangeki kutshintsho pH egazini kunye iqondo lobushushu emzimbeni ukwahluka.
3. Osandul '(HbE). uhlobo Primary zemiphunga lwe kwiproteni evela umbungu phambi lokusekwa ngumkhaya (sele kwiveki yokuqala yokukhulelwa) kwaye sihlala iiveki 6-7. Isakhiwo ubonakala ngokuba eentsontelo ζ-ntlobo.

iintlobo yezifo mpilo

Kwezinye iimeko baphenjelelwa ziziphene zemvelo kwenzeka iiseli haemoglobin yokuqaphela ezingaqhelekanga. iintlobo yezifo mpilo yahlukile ukwakheka komzimba iibhondi polypeptide, hayi kanye mandithi, wezakhi zabo.

Ngenxa yoko, DNA yemfuza kuyondelelaniswe amacandelo erythrocyte azikho glutamic kunye valine acid acid. Oku "HR" endaweni kubangela ukuba ukuyilwa iproteni-ezifana isakhiwo 2 i "sticky" umphezulu isahlulo ekwaziyo sabele ezi zakhiwo ngokwabo. Ngoko ke, lo polymerization kwenzeka HbS-molecule, ngenxa yoko, nokufumba erythrocytes enzima kakuhle uthuthwa imithambo yegazi. Oku kuphambuka ubizwa ngokuba "cell anemia irhengqa".

Norms yolondolozo mpilo abantu

Umxholo protein kwezakhiwo nokuphefumla egazini abantu zinokwahluka ngokwesini, iqela ubudala, indlela yokuphila, kunye nezinye iimpawu, ezifana lokukhulelwa.

Amaxabiso lesiqhelo mpilo igazi, akaqhotyoshelwanga ingqalelo ecaleni yezifo:

• Amadoda - 130-150 g / l.
• Women - 120-140 g / l.
• Abantwana abangaphantsi konyaka ka 100-140 g / l, kwaye ngenyanga yokuqala, aba Amaxabiso anokuba ukufikelela ukuya ku-220 g / l ngenxa xi ukwanda mpilo Palsy. Ngokuba abantwana ukusuka komnye unyaka ukuya kwiminyaka emithandathu - 110-145 g / l, yaye iminyaka 6 yobomi - 115-150 g / l, nokuba besini umntwana.
• Xa ukukhulelwa, ukuhla HbA xi ku 110 g / l, nto leyo ke akujongwa igazi.
• abantu abadala nanjengokwesimo wokuhla iiyunithi-5 ukusuka imilinganiselo echazwe, kuxhomekeke besini lomguli.

Ngokutsho isiqinisekiso yobudala yahlukile kwaye igazi equlathe iintlobo ngaxeshanye ezahlukeneyo mpilo. Umzekelo, xa umntu omdala ratio yendalo babantu 99% HbA yaye ukuya kwi-1% HbF. Abantwana ukuya kwipesenti HbF iphezulu kakhulu kunaleyo abadala, ngenxa sokonakalisa chu iintlobo ezikhoyo ekuqaleni mpilo Palsy.

ifomu bokuphila

Ekubeni lo mbala yokuphefumla obomvu gqolo inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zotshintshiselwano igesi emzimbeni, ifitsha yayo ephambili ukukwazi ukwenza iikhompawundi kunye iimolekyuli zegesi ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yoko ngayo ezinjalo iintlobo komzimba mpilo, egqalwa eqhelekileyo.

• Oxyhemoglobin (HB) - ezimbaxa kunye molecule ioksijini. Le nkqubo lwenzeka kwi iphecana yokuphefumla, kwi-alveoli emiphungeni. Mpilo corpuscles ebomvu egazini zidyojwe e umbala obomvu, ekuthiwa emithanjeni kwaye esuka nemiphunga ancedisana, nawenza nabo ioksijini eziyimfuneko iinkqubo igcwala.
• Deoxyhemoglobin (HbH) - kuncitshiswa haemoglobin luqokelelane xa corpuscles ebomvu ukunika zomzimba ioksijini, kodwa sekunjalo akazange ukuphatha ukuba kude kubo carbon dioxide.
• Carboxyhemoglobin (HB) lasekwa ngo ukuxhaswa carbon dioxide ancedisana ukusisusa ekukhanyeni, kuqosheliswa inkqubo internal human. Carboxyhemoglobin ukunipha lwemithambo yegazi onombala - lwaseBurgundy.

uxhulumaniso ezingaqhelekanga

Iiseli ezibomvu zegazi bangathungelana nje kuphela iigesi inxaxheba kwinkqubo ukuphefumla, kodwa ezinye iintlobo uhlobo engaqhelekanga mpilo ukuba yingozi empilweni yoluntu ubomi. Ezi zinto kufuneka iqondo elisezantsi ukuwa, ke kukhokelela ekubeni izihlunu hypoxia, kunye yanyhashwa inkqubo sokuphefumla.

• Karbgemoglobin (HbCO) - ezimbaxa kakhulu eyingozi igazi lomntu emva ukusezela carbon monoxide. Iibhloko isakhono iiseli ezibomvu ukuthwala umoya emzimbeni. Nokuba a xi encinane carbon monoxide emoyeni ka-0,07% kunokukhokelela ekufeni.
• Methemoglobin (HbMet) langena ityhefu iikhompawundi nitrobenzene, imizekelo ezo nentlaka aliphatic, izinyibilikisi, glycol, kwincindi, esebenzayo kushishino lwamalaphu kweli ngokubanzi. Nitrate kwi intsebenziswano kunye haemoglobin equlethwe heme iguqulelwa 2-valent yentsimbi kwi-valent 3, nayo leyo ekhokelela hypoxia.

ukuxilongwa mpilo

Ukuze kuchongwe uyondelelwano lwee- globin izakhiwo nokuphefumla egazini lomntu zombini iindidi ubunjani kunye ubungakanani zePCR yenziwe. Athwala kwakhona kuvavanywa ngethuba umxholo kulo of ion yentsimbi.

Indlela oluninzi ezingundoqo yokuqingqa xi mpilo namhlanje a kulingwa colorimetric. It is a ukufunda umbala Ukwanda kwezinto eziphilayo ngokudibanisa jize reagent okhethekileyo.

iindlela qualitative ziquka uhlalutyo igazi umxholo kuyo iintlobo ngokunxulumene HbA kunye HbF. Kukho kwakhona qualitative analysis ibalisa quantification igazi glycated athwala iimolekyuli (iikhompawundi icarbon) - kukho indlela esetyenziswayo ukufumanisa isifo seswekile.

Ukutenxa kwalo yoxinaniso oluqhelekileyo

Ibhalansi inokwahluka HbA zombini ngezantsi kwaye ngaphezu eqhelekileyo. Nakowuphi na umzekelo, oku kukhokelela neziphumo ezibi. Xa kukho ukuhla HbA syndrome zophendlo lwezifo ngezantsi mmiselo, leyo ibizwa ngokuba "ayoni anemia". Ichazwe silale, nokuba nditsala nzima, ukungabi ingqalelo. Echaphazela ngokungalunganga nervous system, iyingozi kakhulu abantwana, njengoko liselikho ntonje ingunobangela ukulibaziseka ngokwasengqondweni-motor zophuhliso.

athwala Ukwanda asiyo sisifo esahlukileyo, kunoko, yinto syndrome kubonisa ezimbi ezahlukeneyo ezifana neswekile, ukusilela yemiphunga, isifo sentliziyo, isifo sezintso, folic acid okanye ngokugqithiseleyo ka B iivithamini, umhlaza kunye nabanye.