Yintoni carbon monoxide? isakhiwo molecule

carbon monoxide, okwabizwa ngokuba carbon monoxide, kukho isakhiwo esomeleleyo kunene eziphilayo, kukuba egalelwe ngokweempawu yemichiza ayiqondakali enyibilikayo emanzini. Le ephindeneyo kwakhona ayityhefu kakhulu xa angene isixokelelwano sokuphefumla liqhagamshelene haemoglobin igazi, nokuba liyayeka transfer ioksijini ancedisana amalungu.

igama Chemical kunye nefomula

Carbon monoxide kwaziwa ngamanye amagama, kuquka carbon monoxide II. Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, oko kudla ngokuba carbon monoxide. Le monoxide carbon yigesi enobuhlungu, enemibala nasongo, esha. ifomula yayo chemical - CO, kwaye ubunzima molecule elilodwa yi 28,01 g / Mol.

Effects on emzimbeni

Carbon monoxide enebana ngehemoglobin ukwenza carboxyhemoglobin nto leyo ioksijini umbane. Inhalation ekhasa kubangela CNS umonakalo (inkqubo luvo), kunye ukutsarhwa. Ukungabikho kweziphumo mpilo ubangela intloko ebuhlungu, isiyezi, sinciphise izinga lentliziyo kunye nezinga zokuphefumla, nisingise ekufeni zingqondweni naxa kwe eziphilayo.

igesi enetyhefu

Carbon monoxide lukhutshwe ukutshiswa kwenxenye kwezinto eziqulathe carbon, ezifana kwinjini yokuvutha kwangaphakathi. Umchiza 1 ubandakanya i-atom carbon ubotshiwe covalently omnye oksijini atom. Carbon monoxide ityhefu kakhulu, kwaye yenye ezingunobangela eqhelekileyo ityiwe obulalayo ehlabathini lonke. Exposure kungakhokelela kumonakalo ngentliziyo kunye namanye amaziko.

Yintoni na ukusetyenziswa carbon monoxide?

Nangona yetyhefu kwayo, carbon monoxide iluncedo kakhulu - ngenxa yobuchwepheshe kuwo ukudala lonke uluhlu lweemveliso ebalulekileyo. Carbon monoxide nangona namhlanje kugqalwa ungcoliseko soloko ndikho ngemvelo, kodwa hayi kwi mali ezifana, ngokomzekelo, icarbon dioxide.

Kungenjalo abo bakholelwa ukuba akukho xhulumaniso le carbon monoxide endalweni. CO ichithwe ematyeni olutyhidiweyo mlilo kwi iingcinezelo eziphakamileyo ngengubo emhlabeni. Umxholo we oxides carbon bayo mlilo iyahluka ngaphantsi kwe 0,01% ukuya kwisi-2%, kuxhomekeka mlilo. Ekubeni yemvelo le umchiza ayiloxabiso rhoqo, ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo lokukhutshwa igesi yendalo akwenzeki.

iipropati chemical

Carbon monoxide (CO formula) inxulumene nesoleobrazuyuschim okanye oxides akanankathalo. Noko ke, xa amaqondo obushushu +200 ^o C idityaniswe sodium hayidroksayidi. Ngethuba lale nkqubo kwemichiza yi ukuyilwa sodium nikuda:

NaOH + CO = HCOONa (formic acid ityuwa).

Iimpawu carbon monoxide ngokusekelwe ukomelela kwalo. Carbon monoxide:

• kungenziwa wasabela ngokuba ioksijini: 2Co + O ₂ = 2Co _2;
• ekwaziyo zakudibana halogens: CO + Cl ₂ = COCl ₂ (phosgene);
• It has ipropati elikhethekileyo kwakhona iintsimbi Ndihlambulukile oxides zabo: Fe _{2 O-3} + 3CO = 2Fe + 3CO _2;
• ngokwakha carbonyls metal: Fe + 5CO = Fe (CO ) _5;
• ngokugqibeleleyo enyibilikayo chloroform, acetic acid, ethanol, benzene kunye ammonium hayidroksayidi.

Ubume kwemolekyuli

athom ezimbini leyo, enyanisweni, molecule carbon monoxide (CO), ezinxulumene bond kathathu. Ababini kubo akhiwa ukuhlanganisa p-elektroni ye atom carbon kunye ioksijini, kwaye eyesithathu - ngenxa indlela ekhethekileyo ngenxa ezamahala carbon 2p ngababini Orbital kunye 2p-electron kwe-oksijini. Esi sakhiwo sinika molecule amandla ophezulu.

A incinane

Aristotle of Greece yamandulo yachaza umphunga oyityhefu eziveliswa ngokutshiswa amalahle. kanye indlela yokufa kwakhe ayaziwa. Noko ke, enye yeendlela yamandulo kohlwaywa itshixa bangquzulane nomthetho kwigumbi umphunga, apho Amalahle khona. Ugqirha Greek Galen wacebisa ukuba emoyeni kukho utshintsho ezithile ezibangela umonakalo ukuba imuncwe.

Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, umxube igesi kunye nezingcoliso carbon monoxide, yayisetyenziswa njengendawo sibaso izithuthi ezo iindawo zehlabathi, apho kwakukho imali encinane zepetroli diesel. bangaphandle (ezinye ngaphandle) Abavelisi zamalahle okanye irhasi neenkuni asekiwe, kodwa umxube nitrogen, carbon monoxide, kunye nezixa ezincinane zezinye yeegesi ebebunikwe loo lokuxhuba igesi. Oku ekuthiwa-gas iinkuni.

Igcwala of carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide eveliswa igcwala kwenxenye iikhompawundi carbon. CO kwakheka xa ioksijini laneleyo ukuvelisa ikharbon dayokhsayidi (CO _2), umzekelo, ngexesha nokusebenza eziko okanye injini yokuvutha kwangaphakathi kwindawo azifakwanga. Ukuba oxygen langoku, ngokunjalo ezinye yoxinaniso umoya amanxeba carbon monoxide, obaneleyo ukukhanya blue, ezenza icarbon dioxide, eyaziwa ngokuba carbon dioxide.

Icarbon dioxide lisetyenziswa de 1960 kwenkulungwane lokugqibela izibonelelo zokukhanyisa zangaphakathi, ukupheka kunye nokuzifudumeza, yena kunye yinxalenye amafutha njengecandelo kuqala. Ezinye iinkqubo zobugcisa zale mihla ezifana lokunyibilikisa isinyithi nangoku ukuvelisa carbon monoxide njengoko eceleni. Le CO uxhulumaniso ngokwayo oxidized _co-2 kwiqondo lobushushu igumbi.

Ingaba kukho CO kwindalo?

Nokuba kukho carbon monoxide kwindalo? Omnye imithombo yakhe imvelaphi yemvelo reactions nomsi kwi eziFihliweyo. Ezi nkqubo kucingelwa ukuba bakwazi ukuvelisa nama-5 × ¹⁰ Disemba kg arhente e; oday. Phakathi kwezinye imithombo, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngentla, mlilo, imililo ihlathi kunye nezinye iintlobo omlilo.

iipropati ezinto

Carbon monoxide enobunzima izinyo ka-28.0, nto leyo eyenza kube kancinane ashinyeneyo ngaphantsi komoya. ubude Bond phakathi athom ezimbini - 112,8 micrometers. It ikufutshane ngokwaneleyo ukubonelela enye iimbophelelo kakhulu kwemichiza. Zombini ezi zinto ngokudibene ne-CO baye malunga 10 electron kwi Valence iqokobhe omnye.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, le carbonyl oganikhi khompawundi kukho iqhina kabini. A phawu uphawu kwemolekyuli CO koko kwenzeka phakathi athom bond triple electron strong ekwabelwana ngazo 6 3 orbitals emolekyuli enxulumene. Ukususela ezine electron ekwabelwana kuvela i-atom oksijini-2 kuphela ukusuka carbon, omnye ekuhlala elektroni ezibini ezinxulumene Orbital ka O _2, ekusekeni dipole okanye iqhina dative. Oku kubangela C ← O nokwehlukana iimolekyuli nentlawulo elincinane "-" kwi carbon kunye intlawulo encinane "+" kwi-oksijini.

Ezi orbitals ezimbini ezishiyekileyo enxulumene ekuhlala kuzo isuntswana ityala yeKharbon kunye neoksijini. Le molecule yezi: oxygen umntu electron mninzi ngaphezu carbon kwaye icala kakuhle kancinane, xa kuthelekiswa ne-carbon ezimbi.

indawo yolwamkelo

Kushishino, ukufumana CO carbon monoxide kuliwa ngokufudumeza le carbon dioxide ngaphandle ukufikelela lomoya okanye umphunga wamanzi kunye namalahle:

CO ₂ + C = 2Kor;

H ₂ O + C = CO + H _2.

Le yokugqibela ebizwa kwakhona umxube ngenxa yaba umphunga okanye igesi yokuqaphela. Phantsi kweemeko laboratory, carbon monoxide II nezikhundla le organic acid ngokwendawo sulphuric acid, nto leyo isebenza njenge-arhente dehydrating:

HCOOH = CO + H ₂ O;

H ₂ C ₂ O ₄ = CO ₂ + H ₂ O.

The main Iimpawu zokugula kunye uncedo CO ityhefu

Ngaba carbon monoxide? Ewe, kwaye womelele. Carbon monoxide kuyeyona nto eqhelekileyo ehlabathini lonke. Iimpawu kakhulu ezixhaphakileyo zezi:

• imvakalelo yobuthathaka;
• isicaphucaphu;
• nesiyezi;
• nokudinwa;
• ucaphuka;
• imnyama;
• intloko ebuhlungu;
• nokudideka;
• ukungaboni;
• ukuphalaza;
• niphele;
• yombono.

Ukwazi oku irhasi ityhefu kungabangela umonakalo ebalulekileyo, leyo ngokufuthi ezikhokelela kwiimeko ixesha elide ezingapheliyo lwezifo zezityalo. Carbon monoxide iyakwazi ebangela umonakalo omkhulu kwimveku yomfazi okhulelweyo. Amaxhoba, umzekelo, emva umlilo, kufuneka inike uncedo ngoko nangoko. i imfuno engxamisekileyo ubize inqwelo yezigulana, ukunika ukufikelela umoya, iimpahla ezicocekileyo ziqhwalelisa ukuphefumla, uthobe, kufudumele. Ityhefu ezimandundu ngokuqhelekileyo iphathwa kuphela phantsi kweliso oogqirha esibhedlele.

isicelo

Carbon monoxide, njengoko sele kuchaziwe, yityhefu kwaye kuyingozi, kodwa yenye le khompawundi ezingundoqo ezisetyenziswa kushishino mihla ngenxa organic yokuqaphela. CO isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iintsimbi nyulu, carbonyls, phosgene, carbon emanzini, imethyl utywala, formamide, enuka aldehydes, formic acid. Le into isetyenziswe amafutha. Nangona zinetyhefu yayo kwaye zinetyhefu, yona isoloko isetyenziswa njenge ekrwada ukwenzela ukuvelisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kushishino kwemichiza mbandela.

Carbon monoxide kunye ne-carbon dioxide, yintoni umahluko?

Monoxide kunye carbon dioxide (CO kunye CO ₂₎ basoloko ngokuphosakeleyo omnye komnye. Zombini igesi ke, esha enemibala emihle, yaye zombini ibe nempembelelo engentle kummandla we nemithambo yegazi. Zombini iigesi bangene emzimbeni inhalation, ulusu amehlo. Ezi zithako xa zidibene eziphilayo ukwabelana eziliqela iimpawu - yintloko, isiyezi, unditsho kunye nemibono. Abantu abaninzi kunzima ukwenza umahluko kwaye musa ukuba komsi okhutshwa ziimoto zeemoto ekhutshwa njengoko CO, kunye CO _2. Ngaphakathi ukwanda xi kwezi gesi kunokuba yingozi kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nokhuseleko, kuxhomekeke impembelelo yabo. Yintoni umahluko?

Xa lamanani aphezulu zombini kunokuba yingozi. Umahluko ifumaneka ukuba CO ₂ yigesi eqhelekileyo yendalo, kuyimfuneko ukuba bonke ubomi bezityalo kunye nezilwanyana. CO ayikho eziqhelekileyo. Lo ngu-kwimveliso ioksijini-free komlilo. Umahluko obalulekileyo amachiza kukuba CO ₂ uye carbon atom omnye ezimbini atom ioksijini, kanti Co kuphela nganye nganye. Carbon dioxide non-olunokutsha, lo gama monoxide kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba ukubamba umlilo.

Icarbon dioxide sifumaneka emoyeni, abantu kunye nezilwanyana uphefumle ioksijini kwaye iyaphuma carbon dioxide, ngamanye abantu oko ukumelana imali encinci. Le igesi kuyafuneka photosynthesis zizityalo. Noko ke, carbon monoxide lungenzeki ngokwemvelo emoyeni, kwaye kunokubangela iingxaki zempilo nokuba kungomlinganiselo omncinci. Zombini mninzi igesi nalo ezahlukeneyo. Carbon dioxide yesimathane inzima kwaye ashinyeneyo ngaphezu komoya, lo gama carbon monoxide lula kancinci. Le peculiarity kuthathelwa ingqalelo xa kusekwa boluvo afanelekileyo emakhayeni.