UbuStoyike - oko zokwalathisa-bulumko? Umongo kunye ubuStoyike uphawu

Ngexesha ubuStoyike yamandulo bulumko - uhlobo lwe imbeko isidima esifundisa wonke isimilo, umyalelo kunye noxanduva. Ezi mfundiso ayamiselwa ngexesha lamaGrike kade, kwaye ezigqubayo eluntwini yamandulo kangangeenkulungwane. igama layo, iziseko nangomoya kulo mbutho sele ifumene eGrisi, kodwa kwakhawuleza zaye zasasazeka kakhulu uBukhosi baseRoma. Kunzima ukuxelela ukuba lo ubuStoyike, ngokufutshane. Ngokuba sithembele phezu imibhalo zo yamandulo, xa kuthethwa ngokubanzi, cinga ngale nto.

Imvelaphi ne Nkcazelo

umhla okungenzeka ekusekweni kwesikolo ubuStoyike kweli hlabathi lamandulo ingqalelo IV leminyaka BC. Kwaba ngoko nesezindlu Stoa Poikile wabamba imbonakalo yokuqala esidlangalaleni Zeno saseKition. Wadlala indima utitshala waxelela wonke ngeziphumo zabo nokuvakalisa kwinkalo-bulumko. Ngoko ke waba ngunozala isikolo esitsha, nto leyo kamva igcwala ngokoqobo kunye nezinye mfundiso iingcinga. Xa sithetha nje ngokubanzi, eli bulumko yamaStoyike - sayo isibindi, ukuqina, ngokuba lukhuni nokuzabalazela zonke neengxaki zobomi. Kukhuselekile ukuba bathi lo mfanekiso owabhalwa eqhelekileyo njengoko kuvezwa nezembonakaliso zo yamandulo, zigxile ezingqondweni uluntu lwaseYurophu. Eli gama belusoloko luphawulwa ukunyamezela yabantu, unsentimental, lowo uba kukho engaziva enyanzelekile bona nabanye. Kananjalo kubalulekile ukuba siqaphele kukuba ubuStoyike - alahle nayiphi na iimvakalelo, kuba aphazamisane umntu ukucinga esisiso size senze izinqumo.

periodization

Kulo mba, izimvo izazi. Abanye abaphandi ukwahlula kwimbali kwesi sikolo ekuthiwa njalo-zero thuba. Kukholelwa ukuba kwi zo Stoa Poikile owaba Outlook nje nobuStoyike ubomi, ukuya kwenye kwiminyaka 300 phambi kokuzalwa ngunozala kule ntshukumo. Ngelishwa, amagama abo ebilahlekile.

Ixesha lokuqala - emi yaMandulo. Wawuqala IV ukuya II BC kwinkulungwane. ophambili balo, Kakade ke, umseki - Zenon Kitiysky. Kunye naye noCleanthes kunye Chrysippus of Soli. Isigaba sokuqala ubuStoyike ithathwa ngokuba kuphela isiGrike, njengoko ngaphandle imfundiso lizwe alikafiki baphume. Emva kokufa nomcebisi abafundi babo benza ishishini. Phakathi kwazo kwakukho uDiogenes waseBhabheli, iibhokisi of Mallus, avuza, njalo-njalo.

Umyinge Standing, yamaStoyike okanye zikaPlato. Kukho II ukuya mna BC. Abo baphambili kwexesha - Posidonius kunye Panaetius. Kuyinto le abameli ubuStoyike baqala ukubathwala ulwazi lwabo e Rome, apho kamva nakho kwaduma. School waqhubeka ukuphuhlisa abafundi zabo - Dardan, Diodotus, Athenodorus kunye nabanye.

nokuma kade - I ukuya II AD. Eli xesha ke yaziwa ngokuba Roman ubuStoyike, njengoko kunjalo kule meko iye yaqhubeka kuphuhliso imfundiso. Abameli eziphambili ze-Age lweSithathu na Marko Avrely, Seneca kunye Epictetus.

Ngamanye amaxesha izazinzulu bodwa kunye nexesha sesine ubukho besi sikolo, nto leyo uza kuba ngaxeshanye wesithathu. Kule meko yokugqibela oko lumelwe kaPlato namaStoyike kunye Pythagoreans. Umdlali ephambili apha Filon Aleksandriysky.

Ngeliphi lo bulumko?

Ukuze uqonde, njengoko kuchaziwe ngexesha izilumko babecinga ukuba ufake iintloko kwabanye, kufuneka siqonde ukuba yintoni na imfundiso ubuStoyike. Ithiyori kwesi sikolo, nto leyo "elilodwa lomenzi" Zenon, waba zahlulo zithathu. Oku ingqiqo, inzululwazi kunye neendlela zokuziphatha (nto leyo ulandelelwano). Amaxesha amaninzi, oko xa kuthelekiswa igadi eqhubela phambili, iphi na logic - olubiyele, physics - ekhula umthi, kunye zokuziphatha - iziqhamo zayo. Ngokufanayo kule ndawo abathathu bebambene, kwaye iqanda - iqokobhe, sac namhlophe (ngolandelelwano owaziwayo). Asebenza Zeno, noCleanthes, wayekholelwa ukuba ubuStoyike - loo mfundiso yandile kakhulu ngakumbi, kuba mayiquke amalungu ngaphezulu. Watshayelela izihloko ezifana ngengqiqo, ubuciko, ezopolitiko, yokuziphatha, ezakwalizwi yemvelo. Loo madoda esisilumko aqhubeka ukuphuhlisa imfundiso emva kokufa umnyibilikisi wakhe, wabuyela kwithiyori yokuqala equka izinto ezintathu.

logic

logic umlobi ibandakanya izigqibo kuphela yeengcingane, iyileyo kufuneka ezichanekileyo. Oku ngoko nangoko qaphela ukuba ayinakuze ithelekiswe, ukususela kwithiyori emva nganye omkhanyelayo ukuchaneka ezidlulileyo. Kwathi eli linqanaba phando kuyimfuneko kuba, njengoko ibango yi Chrysippus, litshintsha imo yomphefumlo eziphathekayo. Ngenxa yoko, nathi gqabagqaba ezimbalwa ubhalo izigqibo ubuStoyike:

• Kwaye ukuba kukho, ngoko kukho VA na, ngoko, kukho VA
• A and B ngexesha elinye musa ayisekho. Kwaye, ngoko, abukho.
• Kukho mhlawumbi A okanye B Kulo mzekelo, B emsebenzini. Ngenxa yoko, A ikhona.

physics

Ukuze uqonde eli candelo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ubuStoyike-bulumko - kuba yinto nje eziphathekayo. Oku ngalo mba zisekelwe zonke iimfundiso zakhe ukuba ukwala iimvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo, kunye nezinye izenzo yinto engabonakali kunye ukuyichaza. Ngenxa yoko, la maqela ihlabathi ibonakala ngathi esiphilayo, nto leyo yinxalenye eziphathekayo umbandela uThixo, owadala konke oku. Ngaloo ndlela unawo umntu ngokwakhe, bayahlelwa yayo kwangaphambili nguMdali - kukulo meko ngokuthi eweni. Ngenxa na inkcaso ukuba isicwangciso Oyena Uphakamileyo nganto yaye wohlwaywe. Wona amaStoyike ayekholelwa ukuba ekuqalisweni womntu yayo amatyala edibana uthando leyo iba yeyona ibalulekileyo sameva yayo. Lahla iimvakalelo umntu uba bomelele yaye ukulungele ukuba alwe. Umkhosi nayo - umcimbi ubuncwane, nto leyo ke, siyaqeqeshwa yiNkosi.

zokuziphatha ubuStoyike

Inkalo yezikhulu la maqela kuthelekiswa cosmopolitans. Bathi ukuba umntu ngamnye abe ngummi iphela, yaye wonke umntu uyalingana phambi koMdali wabo. On strip omnye iinkosi namakhoboka, bakhona yaye amaGrike, amadoda kunye nabafazi. UbuStoyike Ancient ufundisa bonke abantu ukuba babe nobubele, ukhokela endleleni, yenza self-uphuhliso kunye nokuphucula. Kulo mzekelo, nayiphi na ukutenxa kule mfundiso, isithethe neenkanuko okanye izono isenzo kuthathwa ukuba ibe ngaphantsi. Ukuba ngokufutshane ngakumbi ngayo, ngaba ukuziphatha ubuStoyike ngayo ukuba yinxalenye nganye mosaic yenye yezinto ezininzi kuThixo imiba yoyilo xa iyonke. Kwaye abo ndivumelana Isiphelo emva kwakhe, yaye lowo ukhanyelayo ikamva lakhe, oko urhuqa.

Ukuqulunqa ulwazi

Emva kokuba wajonga zonke izinto ezakha ubuStoyike, ngokufutshane ukuchaza oko. Kufuneka siphile ngokuvisisana nendalo, ngaphandle kokuzenzakalisa abanye nawe. Kufuneka bazithobe nakwizibetho zabo, yiya nokuqukuqela, kuba yonke into isizathu. Kufuneka ahlale cala, Yomelela, ukhaliphe. Umntu kufuneka uhlale ukulungele ukoyisa nayiphi na umqobo ukuze abe ngcono kwaye iluncedo kakhulu ihlabathi nakuThixo. UbuStoyike kwakhona uphawu ubuxoki yothando. Apho kukho ezine: uzothekile, ukuzonwabisa, uloyiko kunye nenkanuko. Kuphephe uncedo olunjalo "o iilogo" - isigwebo echanekileyo.

Yamandulo esiSigxina kunye nophuhliso yayo

Ngaloo eminyaka, xa ubuStoyike yavela kuphela eGrisi yamandulo, walinxiba mfundo ngaphezu practical. Bonke zobulumko bonke abalandeli bakhe, kuquka umseki ngokwakhe, pored phezu kwendalo ingcamango, ukubhala iziseko kwisikolo esitsha. Baphumelela, njengoko sinako ukubona namhlanje. Kwakukho ukuthelekelela ezingqalileyo isiseko ezithile kwicandelo "physics" le, kwakunye neziphumo leyo headlined igama elithi 'izimiso ". Ngokutsho zo zamandulo zamaGrike, eli ubuStoyike kuxhomekeke kwimbambano. Oku kubonisa ngokucacileyo iziphumo ezijongwa ukuba nengqondo. Mhlawumbi la maqela ke ababhali binzana odumileyo 'kwimbambano ozelwe inyaniso. "

sesifo zophuhliso

Ekuveleni utshintsho zaphawula, xa Greece waba lithanga yamagorha nenamandla waseRoma, ulwazi kumaGrike laba impahla Empire. AmaRoma, nayo, bakhetha ukumelana indlela, kuba le sikolo yokucinga Uyekile ukwenza kuphela kuphela. Ngokuthe ngcembe, lonke ulwazi ezifunyenwe amaGrike, waqalisa ukuba isetyenziswe xa befundisa. It ucaphula le zo zamaGrike yashukumisa ezininzi amajoni omkhosi wamaRoma. Amazwi abo kusebenza kunye nenkxaso kubantu abalahlekileyo ebomini. Ngaphezu koko, kule minyaka namaStoyike kangaka babeqhele ukuya eluntwini, ngokuthe ngcembe kubuna ubuso (kodwa hayi ngokupheleleyo) phakathi iinkosi namakhoboka ngokunjalo phakathi kwezini. Ngokufutshane, uluntu waseRoma baba ngakumbi enobuntu, efanelekileyo kunye abafundileyo.

ifilosofi roman. UbuStoyike kule minyaka yokugqibela yobukho

Ekuqaleni sexesha elitsha le nto sele abe ngonenceba yonqulo somqulu ongabhalwanga wobomi kubo bonke baseRoma. Lonke logic ubuStoyike, izigqibo zayo, imithetho kunye nezikweko kule elidlulileyo. Kubomi eziqulethwe iingcamango eziyintloko zo Greek - le bezinto yonke into kwaye wonke umntu, ukungakhethi nokuzithoba rock. Kodwa nantsi ke kubalulekile ukuba igxininiswe into yokuba oku ehlabathini liqala eli xesha ekusasazeni ubuKristu, ngokuthe ngcembe woyisayo onke amazwe aseYurophu and Asia. Yaye oko kwakunjalo uBukhosi baseRoma? Kuba Roma, ubuStoyike - kuphelele apho. Le mfundiso ubomi babo, ukholo lwabo. Ayekholelwa ukuba abantu kufuneka libe kufutshane kwimvelo. Ubophelelekile ukuba kupholile, sizolile kwaye esithintelweyo. Kodwa ingcinga ephambili, okunyusileyo ngokwabo amaRoma, ngokusekelwe kulwazi yamaGrike - kunzima kunye nokoyika ukufa. Ngokutsho kwabo, umntu othe waphendula lo iphutha lakhe, yenye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zalo kwindalo iphela.

Iimpawu zophuhliso ubuStoyike eRome

Kucacile ukuba, xa sithetha ngokufa, malunga uloyiko, ngoko ke umqondiso kucacile ukuba bulumko ajike alibamba. Okwesibini, njengokuba usazi, abantu boyika, kwaye uliphulaphule zonke iimfundiso, omawenziwe yonke ulawulo izinikele. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ubuStoyike yamaRoma ifumene isikali omkhulu nje kuphela, kodwa iinjongo angabathembi. Kuba abameli balo (kwaye oko kwaba uninzi loluntu Elite) mbandela wayengasekho self-uphuhliso kunye nomanyano nendalo, yaye ngaphantsi epheleleyo wengxondorha, ukuya ukulahleka zabo "I". Kulo mzekelo, injongo ephambili ukujongana nokoyika ukufa. Ndithetha ukuthi, wonke umntu belucwangcisiwe ku ukuba nangawuphina umzuzu ayikwazi kuba akukho nto yakuzixhalisa malunga nayo. Ngakumbi ngokucacileyo umxholo ezinjalo zibonwa ngemisebenzi Epictetus. Bona limelana emva ubuStoyike wathabatha ngokwakhe Mark Avrely - woMlawuli kwamagunya amakhulu.

Qhagamshelana ne ubuKristu

Kwiminyaka yalo yokuqala, unqulo lwamaKristu alukho kuzo zonke iimbombo zomhlaba ifumene abalandeli. Kangangexesha elide abantu abakwazi ukwala kwiinkolelo yamandulo, izithethe wooyise. Kwezinye iimeko, baye edibene ubuKristu (ezimbini), lo mkhuba uyabonakala kwi uBukhosi baseRoma. Ukususela AD yokuqala kwinkulungwane zikarhulumente ngomlinganiselo omkhulu waqalisa ukusasaza ubuStoyike. Oku kungenziwa xa kuthelekiswa kunye nemithetho emitsha, eyaba inyanzelekile kubo bonke abantu. Kwi namdla kunye nomanyano nendalo, amaRoma ngokoqobo Uyageza, kodwa kungekudala kakhulu amehlo abo baqala ukutshintsha phantsi kweempembelelo ukholo entsha. Kuba elide abantu ixesha, kuquka lobukhosi olawulayo, akazange amkele ubuKristu. Iminyaka, kwaye iziseko iimfundiso zenkolo baye ezisebenzisanayo. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ubuKristu ngelo xesha lunqulo mncinane, kufuneka isiseko ethile, apho unako ukunika ubuStoyike. Ngoku ungenza ukulandelela ngokucacileyo olu lwalamano. Ngapha koko, kuzo zombini ngcamango, sixelelwa ukuba asikwazi ukuba ingakhethi cala, akakwazi abalibali emibi, ububi, uloyiko. INgqobhoko kunye ubuStoyike - imfundiso kulunga, kolwazi, amandla, kwaye iNkosi isebenza ngeendlela ezingaziwayo, kwaye kufuneka benikwe isicwangciso lolawulo ngamnye kuthi.

Zango kunye nezehlo

Kudla ukuba imfundiso ethile, elisuke kwiinkulungwane eziliqela, ngoko ke, kwenziwa ngabantu ezahlukeneyo, umphumo libunjwa kwezinye izinto ezingangqinelaniyo kunye absurdities. Yaba bulumko yamaStoyike enjalo. Le mfundiso wazalwa kule BC ngenkulungwane IV kwaye ezazikho ngelo xesha iminyaka engama-600. Ngexesha uphuhliso akubangakho inguqu kuphela appatizma ukuya ithemba. Xa intliziyo ingxaki yaba kukuba ngaxeshanye ilawulwe uThixo icebo lakhe, kodwa kwangaxeshanye abantu ngaphakathi uhlala mahala. Loo Mzoli engqondweni zishunyayelwa amaStoyike ezininzi Greece kunye eRoma. Abaphengululi Modern bakholelwa ukuba le yenye amaqela imfundiso enengqondo. Isigqibo sokuqala ngaphandle ezichanekileyo yesibini vice versa.

ubuStoyike namhlanje

Ukuhlangana kule nkulungwane yama-21 owabhalwa eqhelekileyo phantse nzima. Le mfundiso neemfundiso yamandulo ukuqonda okanye abaphandi abo benza lo close, okanye yenkolo, abalandeli iinkolo ikakhulu Mpuma (kukho ukufana kakhulu-bulumko ubuStoyike). Ngamnye kuthi abancinane bakwazi ukufumana ulwazi ababhali yamandulo yeBhayibhile. Kubulungisa kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba nkqu iziyalezo bungcwele waliseka phezu wamandulo yezenkolo yamaRoma. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha abantu ixesha lethu ngokuba maqela. Oku kwenzeka xa umntu enika ngokupheleleyo phezulu, uba fatalist iphelelwa ukholo wena nezakhono zakho. Aba bantu - nokunganaki eqhelekileyo, abenza lula nayiphi twist wekamva, nayiphi na ilahleko okanye ubhaqo. Abazange ngokwenene ukunandipha ubomi kunye Sukubanexhala ukuba kukho into eyoyikekayo.

wamagama

UbuStoyike kaBiko - yinto inzululwazi, owayekho iinkulungwane yaye zavelisa ezininzi yolwazi kunye neemfundiso evelayo kuMbindi Ages. Wona amaStoyike ayekholelwa ukuba indalo ebonakalayo, yaye ngamnye iseli wayo, isiqalelo nganye walo kunye nenjongo. Ngenxa kunjalo akunakwenzeka ukuxhathisa iziganeko ezithi zenzeke. Yonke into eyenzekayo unesizathu yayo, kunye nabantu abaphila ngokuvisisana nendalo, kunye nenkqubela zeemeko ubomi, baya kuba yinxalenye ufanelwe iphela. Efanayo aphikisana konke oku kuya kuba bengonwabanga. Ngokuba Isiphelo sakhe kuyo nayiphi na imeko zimiselwe, kwaye hayi kude kuyo. Ngenxa yokuba wonke umntu ukhetho. Umntu unako ukuza nazigqibo isiphelo uphile ulonwabo uthabatheke de kwasekufeni kwakhe. Okanye simelane yonke, eyenza bona kunye nabanye bengonwabanga.