UMarcus Aurelius: I-Biography kunye neMifanekiso

Umdlali ngumlawuli, ifilosofi ngumcingeli. Ukuba ubonakalisa kuphela kwaye ungenzi, akukho nto ilungileyo iya kuphela apho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ifilosofi iya kuphazamiseka ngokuphishekela imisebenzi yezopolitiko, imphazamise ekubeni nolwazi lwehlabathi. Ngaloo nto, phakathi kwabo bonke abalawuli baseRoma, uMarcus Aurelius wayengumnye. Wahlala ubomi obini. Omnye wayekujonga ngokupheleleyo komntu wonke, kwaye enye yahlala ingummangaliso kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe.

Ubuntwana

U-Marcus Aurelius, oza kubhala ngaye kule nqaku, wazalwa kwintsapho yaseRoma yaseburhulumenteni ngo-121 AD. Uyise wale nkwenkwe wafa kwangaphambili, kunye nomkhulu wakhe, u-Annius Ver, owayesetyelele kabini i-post ye-consul kwaye wayemi kakuhle noMbusi uHarrian, owayenxulumene naye, wathatha imfundo yakhe.

UAurelius omncinci wayefundiswe ekhaya. Wayeyithanda ngokukhethekileyo ukufunda ifilosofi yama-stoic. Wahlala emzini wakhe ubomi bonke. Kungekudala impumelelo engavumelekanga ekufundweni kwenkwenkwana yabonwa ngu-Antony Pius ngokwakhe (umbusi olawulayo). Ekulindele ukufa kwakhe kusondele, wamkela uMarko waza waqala ukumlungiselela umlawuli. Nangona kunjalo, u-Antonin waphila ixesha elide kunokuba wayecinga. Wafa ngonyaka we-161.

Ukuphakama etroneni

UMarcus Aurelius akazange acinge ukuba ufumene amandla empi ngumbono okhethekileyo kunye nexesha elibalulekileyo lobomi bakhe. Esitroneni senyuka nenye inyana engumntwana uAntonia, uLucius Ver, kodwa akazange ahluke kwi talente yakhe yempi, okanye kwiqondo lombuso (wafa ngo-169). Ngokukhawuleza ukuba uAurelius athathe iintonga ezandleni zakhe, iingxaki zaqala eMpuma: ama-Parthians ahlasela eSiriya aze athathe iArmenia. UMarko waphonsa khona iidilesi ezongezelelweyo. Kodwa ukunqoba kwamaPahiyo kwakuphezu kwesifo esiyintlungu esaqala eMesopotamiya kwaye sazeka ngaphaya kolawulo. Ngelo xesha, emngceleni weDanube, kwakukho ukuhlaselwa kwezizwe zaseSlavic neziJamani ezinxamnye . UMarko wayengenawo amajoni aneleyo, kwaye wayefanele afune abadlali beMpi yamaRoma . Ngo-172 amaYiputa avuka. Uvukelo lwalugxothwa ngumlawuli wamava u-Avidi Cassius, owamemezela umbusi. UMarcus Aurelius wamchasa, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba aphume imfazwe. UCassius wabulawa ngabacebisi, kwaye umbusi wangempela waya ekhaya.

Iingcamango

Ukubuyela eRoma, uMarcus Aurelius waphinde wanyanzelwa ukuba avikele ilizwe kwiintlanga ze-Danube zee-quad, i-marcomans kunye namaqabane abo. Emva kokuphelisa isongelo, umbusi wagula (ngokwemiqathango enye - isisu esiswini, kwesinye - isibetho). Emva kwexesha wafa eVindobon. Phakathi kwezinto zakhe zafumaniswa imibhalo yesandla, kwiphepha lokuqala lokubhaliweyo "uMarcus Aurelius. Ucinga. " Ezi zi rekhodi ziholele kwiiprojekthi zakhe. Kamva baya kushicilelwa phantsi kwegama elithi "Yodwa nawe" kunye "Nakho." Ukuqhubela phambili kule nto, kunokucingelwa ukuba imibhalo yesandla yayingenjongo yokushicilelwa, kuba umbhali udibana naye, efuna ukucamngca nokunika ingqondo inkululeko epheleleyo. Kodwa ifilosofi ezingenanto ayimkhethe kuye. Zonke izibonakaliso zika-emperor zichaphazela ubomi boqobo.

Umxholo womsebenzi wefilosofi

Ekucingeni, uMarcus Aurelius ubonisa zonke izinto ezilungileyo ootitshala abafundisayo kunye nezinto okhokho bakhe bamnika zona. Kwakhona uyabulela onyana (i-destiny) ngenxa yokunyelisa ubutyebi kunye nokunethezeka, ukuthintela nokuphinda ubulungisa. Kwaye uyavuya gqitha kukuba, "ukuphupha ukwenza ifilosofi, akazange afike kwi-sophist kwaye akazange ahlale kunye nabalobi ukuhlalutya kwe-syllogism, ngelixa wenza izinto ezivela ngaphandle" (ibinzana lokugqibela libhekiselele ekukhutshweni ngentshiseko ngokubhula, iindilo kunye nezinye iinkolelo , Ethandwa kakhulu ngexesha lokuthotywa koBukumkani baseRoma).

UMarko uyaqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba ubulumko bomlawuli abukho ngamazwi, kodwa ngokukodwa kwizenzo. Wabhala wathi:

• "Sebenza kanzima kwaye ungakhononda. Uze ungabi nabuhlungu okanye umangaliswe ukunyamekela kwakho. Nqwenela into enye: ukuphumla nokuhamba njengoko ingqondo yomntu izakujonga. "
• "Kuvuyisa umntu ukuba enze into ebalulekileyo kuye. Kwaye kuyimfuneko kuye ukuba acinge ngendalo kunye nobubele kwabanye abantu. "
• "Ukuba umntu angabonakalisa ukungathembeki kwezenzo zam, ngoko ndiza kuphulaphula ngokuvuya kunye nokulungisa. Ndikhangele inyaniso engaphazamisi nabani na; Nguye kuphela ongenalwazi kunye nobuxoki obunzima. "

Isiphelo

UMarcus Aurelius, ochazwe ngasentla, owaziwa ngaye, wayeyinyani ngobukhulu: ngokuba ngumlawuli wamagosa obalaseleyo kunye nombutho welizwe, wahlala efilosofi owayebonakalisa ubulumko kunye nengqiqo ephakamileyo. Omnye unokuzisola nje ngokuba abantu abanjalo kwimbali yehlabathi bangabalwa ngeminwe: abanye abantu bazenzela abazenzisi, abanye bawonakalisa, abanye bajika baba ngamagosa, iyesine bayayiphatha njengendlela yokwanelisa iimfuno zabo, isihlanu siba sisixhobo esizithobayo kubantu abangabazi Izandla ezikhohlakeleyo ... Siyabulela umnqweno wenyaniso kunye nesifiso sefilosofi, uMarko wanqoba isilingo samandla ngaphandle kwemizamo. Abambalwa abalawuli banokuqonda nokuqonda ingcamango eboniswa nguye: "Abantu bahlala omnye komnye". Ngomsebenzi wakhe wefilosofi wayebonakala ejongana nomnye kuthi: "Cinga ukuba sele uswelekile, uhlala kude kube ngumzuzu wamanje. Ixesha eliseleyo, elinikezwe ngaphaya kwezilindele, uhlala ngokuvisisana nendalo noluntu. "