IBhunga Abadala - na imvelaphi yedemokhrasi yethu

Ingcamango kwedemokhrasi asinto intsha ngenene, kwaye asinto yasungulwa impucuko yanamhlanje. Kudala, kwaqatshelwa ukuba umgaqo ebhodini ngokupheleleyo umntu udla uluntu ngaphandle eseleyo kwaye ayikwazi kuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwalo. inkqubo iitshekhi kunye balances kwi izigqibo ezibonakalisa kwabantu ekuhlaleni kwabantu, kwakukho ngakumbi ngokucacileyo ngemvelaphi ephucuke eliphezulu yamandulo.

I-Democratic Institute yokuqala abangekaphuhli yaye ibhunga yamandulo amadoda, ngokobungaphi bamalungu nohlonipheke wesizwe. iindima zabo akhule amava olumkileyo zabasebenzi basemgodini abadala, ngempumelelo yaye abazingeli, abantu ilifa phakathi igunya labo nabo ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo.

Izigqibo malunga ukubana wesizwe, lo mbutho uxabana kunye noluntu alwayo, kunye nezinye iinkalo ezibalulekileyo ebomini zithathwe ngokudibeneyo. Ilungu ngalinye leBhunga Abadala ukuvakalisa uluvo lwabo, yena ngelithi, nalapho ke kuphela, emva kokuphulaphula iingenelo neengozi, intloko uluntu sithathe oku okanye eso sigqibo.

Impucuko Hellenic

Gcina imithombo ngokwaneleyo yembali ngemisebenzi umzimba onjalo e Sparta yamandulo. Kuba Spartan Council of Badala - umzimba inxaxheba kwezigqibo ngurhulumente kwi par nokumkani. Yaye ngelo xesha ngokokubona Iplanga ubunzima enye ibe yinkokeli uluvo.

YiSparta sicelwe singabala abameli bawo onke amacandelo olawulo kwi-mali 28. Ngamnye wabadala abantu besizwe sakhe wonyulwa yi indibano yesizwe jikelele. Izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ithathwa kweli lizwe kwintlanganiso jikelele, kodwa uluhlu lwemibuzo ezingenisiweyo ukuba ziqwalaselwe, elungiselela intlanganiso yamadoda. Oku kwaqinisekisa umsebenzi onemveliso yentlanganiso, ekwalathiseni umsebenzi wakhe, angavumeli ukuba ibe eyiyo.

Ngaphandle lombutho indibano jikelele, ibhunga wabandakanyeka kumsebenzi ozakuzo, yena nempembelelo kwasekwayo unxulumano namanye amazwe, kwaye nayo inxaxheba kuphando zolwaphulo-mthetho amagosa aphezulu karhulumente. Hi ndlela leyi, igama elithi "intlanganiso yamadoda 'kwimeko Sparta yamandulo, umntu usenokuthi, eli xabiso ngqo - amalungu kulo mzimba sibe kuphela abo ufikelele kwiminyaka yobudala engama-60.

IBhunga Abadala wokuqala kwimbali kwiriphabliki

E France, ibhunga abadala babe khona omnye amalungu yolawulo karhulumente. Kuye kwaqulunqwa ngenkulungwane ye-18 emva kwexesha, owesithathu emgceni yi-siseko. amalungu egunya banyulwa phakathi kwabemi belizwe kuba abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-40.

Nantso ke into ibhunga French abadala loo. Oku, ngengozi, andibanga umzimba mthetho. Waba ukuvuma okanye ukwala amalinge owiso yezinye esilawulayo.

I nokuxubana uBukhosi Russian

Oobawo kwakhona ibhunga abadala - yinto oyidingayo kwenkqubo wamandulo zoluntu kuphela. Okubonakalisa yokuqala karhulumente Slavic yaba amandla neenkosana. Kodwa ookumkani umfanekiso njenge oozwilakhe okhohlakeleyo enamandla mda - kunoko, yenye mabali mabi zembali izindaba ezimnandi Russian.

Kumanqanaba okuqala iinkosana sokumiswa balihlutha amandla gqitha, kodwa kunoko yesigqeba. Baye bacelwa ukuba alawule, kunye phezu yokusebenza engafanelekanga imisebenzi yakhe yaye 'ukubuza' ukuba imoto. Prince wabazungulezisa okulwa, waba uxanduva ukuziphendulela ubulawuli evela ubungozi, ibanjelwe enkundleni. Kodwa ke uphuhliso Chamber kunye namabhunga abadala yabantu ezibekwe ngayo.

Ngelo xesha emva kwimbali Russian kunye bekusoloko uhlobo analogu komzimba yengcebiso, ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo ilifa igunya elikhulu okanye ngaphantsi. Kwaba ebudeni bolawulo ookumkani yokuqala (Boyar Duma) kwaye nkqu Soviet Russia ikhokelwa liBhunga Ephakamileyo.

modernity

Kuhlangana abahlali bendawo ethile, obekekileyo, abe namava olukhulu ebomini, - umzimba lolawulo angalahlekelwa ngokufaneleka unanamhla. Le amandla ayikho kunzima ukuchaza. Kwelinye icala, amalungu ebhunga labadala - abantu babone ubomi kwelinye - izigqibo zenziwe ngokudibeneyo, emva iingxoxo. Kwaye oko uqinisekisa ukulingana kunye nengqiqo sibi izigqibo.

Namhlanje, igama elithi "iBhunga Abadala" usebenza ngakumbi kurhulumente wengingqi. Oku kuqhelekile ngakumbi kubantu abaseAfrika, apho ukuhlonela abadala waphakanyiselwa elifomatiweyo mbono wesizwe. Nditsho ezingabamelwane yethu Belarus kukho Institute of local self-government enegama elifanayo. Imingeni ukuba isigqibo, balele ubomi amabhunga lali kunye nezithili.