Ukhuphiswano ku Germany. Ukhuphiswano e Germany 1936

Ukuvuselelwa kwiMidlalo yeOlimpiki yanamhlanje yadlala indima ephambili itshantliziyo French zentlalo, utitshala ngamnye De Kuberten. Kwimbali yakutshanje, ukhuphiswano zokuqala zaye zabanjwa ngowe-1896 eAthene. Ilungelo kubamba umdlalo XI ngo-1931 wafumana eJamani. Yaba isiganeko esibalulekileyo ngenxa amaJamani, leyo ephawulwe ukubuya kweli lizwe ukuze uluntu kwihlabathi emva kokoyiswa kwi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi.

Background Brief Historical

Kufuneka uthi ekuqaleni ukuba eJamani, ngenxa kuphuhliso ngokukhawuleza kakhulu yembali, kwakukho akuzange iqela elilodwa ingatshintshanga. Kunye namanye amazwe kweli lizwe inxaxheba isiganeko eAthene. Ekuthatheni inxaxheba Olympic Games ezine elandelayo iJamani kwenzeka kakuhle. Kodwa kamva le meko itshintshe. Ngo-1920, olu khuphiswano e Antwerp no-1924 e-Paris, amaJamani na bengamkelwa. Isizathu yaba ukubanga ye leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Kancinci ngcono imeko kwixesha interwar. AmaJamani ifumene kuphela ithuba lokuthatha inxaxheba kukhuphiswano, kodwa ukuze babe iinkosi zabo. imidlalo Summer baba e Berlin, yasebusika - kulo nyaka efanayo Garmisch-Partenkirchen.

Imidlalo yehlobo e Berlin

Isigqibo sokuba uza kubanjelwa Olimpiki eJamani yamaNazi, kwagqitywa ngo-1931 - isibini eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba amaNazi weza ngamandla. ukhuphiswano International amaJamani azama ukusebenzisa njengendlela ubuxoki. Ngokwengcinga yabo, iimbaleki angaphandle abathatha inxaxheba kule midlalo, kufuneka ukuba waziva ubala yakhe. Kodwa oku akuzange kwenzeke. 1936 Olimpiki eJamani, ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba "imidlalo Owen." Yiyo le imbaleki waseMelika unako ukuphumelela khona igolide ezine waba womdlali iyimpumelelo khuphiswano. urhulumente lwamaNazi, ke ngoko, kwafuneka ukuba ndivume uhluleke yokuziphatha. Noko ke, phezu kwazo zonke izenzakalo kwezopolitiko, kwakukho amathuba ezintle. Umzekelo, ukuvulwa imidlalo e Berlin, yaye kusasazwa ngqo kumabonakude.

Ukhuphiswano ezifana yokuduma udushe

Urhulumente German iya kwenza yonke into Olimpiki iJamani waye umboniso kwempumelelo zehlabathi, nto leyo yenze ilizwe phantsi Hitler. Wayephatha yonke imisebenzi yamalungiselelo Yozef Gebbels - uMphathiswa ze. ikhondo imidlalo ngamazwe sele echazwe iinkcukacha enkulu kwaye zinokuhonjiswa ibonwe ngelo xesha isikali. Ngelo akukho xesha bamiswa izakhiwo ezihambelana zakutshanje ngexesha iimfuno zobugcisa kwezemidlalo, kuquka kuquka Berlin yezemidlalo 100 lamawaka. Ababukeli. Indawo yokuhlala-nxaxheba-amadoda zivezwa esakhiwe ngokukodwa kwilali Olimpiki. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe, kamva owaba imodeli onke loo maziko elizayo. I-Village Olimpiki iye yacinga kakuhle kweziseko: kukho iikliniki, iposi, ibhanki, iiholo kwikonsathi, yokugquma. Iimbaleki babekwa ngaphandle ilali, amagumbi bekhululekile. Kwi ze anti-Semitic yamiswa ebudeni bemidlalo. Nakuba kunjalo, ukongeza Olimpiki, ezitratweni eBerlin njengoko ulusu kunye neempawu lwamaNazi kusetyenziswa. Zonke izakhiwo ezindala ziye Balungisa, esi sixeko kuziswa umyalelo ngokupheleleyo.

Winter Olympics e Germany

Ukhuphiswano eyathatyathiswa Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Kufuneka wathi kuye kwabonakala kubulelwe Olympics kule dolophu wohlobo. Omnye unyaka phambi kwesi siganeko elihle ukudityaniswa zokuhlala ezimbini - Garmisch Partenkirchen. Nanamhla oku, esi sixeko wahlulwe yi kaloliwe kunye enxulumene ngokusebenzisa yinxalenye imigudu ngeenyawo nezeemoto into ethubeleza phantsi naLindiili. Ukhuphiswano eJamani ka-1940 ukuze athathe indawo apho ngokunjalo. Kodwa imidlalo iye yarhoxiswa ngenxa kokuqhambuka Second World War.

Ukwayo ukhuphiswano International

Ukongamela of ideology lwamaNazi, ukupheliswa eziphathelele amalungelo oluntu kunye namalungelo, intshutshiso ekrakra of Democrats zentlalo, amaKomanisi kunye nezinye uso, kwakunye nemithetho anti-Semitic aye wakwenza kwacaca ngokwesimo ngoozwilakhe-ndlongo, nohlobo yobuhlanga le lukaHitler. e yaseSachsenhausen (kufutshane Oranienburg) kunye yaseDachau (kufutshane eMunich) iye yabamba amabanjwa - ngokubonakalayo ukwakhiwa kwiinkampu zoxinaniso, ezimbini kuzo khona. Ngo-1935, kunyaka wethoba urhulumente German uqalisa emkhosini. amajoni amaNazi wangena Rhineland (ukulwa ngelo xesha) ngoMatshi 7, 1936. Esi siganeko kukwaphula ngqo ye-Versailles iSivumelwano. NgoJuni 1936 kwabanjwa inkomfa ngamazwe Paris. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba baqaphela ukuba ukuhlalwa ukhuphiswano kwintsimi waseJamani azingqinelani kunye nemigaqo imidlalo ngokwabo. Le nkomfa ekugqibeleni wabizwa ukuba Ukwayo olo. I-International Olympic Committee, xa kuphendulwa isicelo ithunyelwe uthumo ekhethekileyo eBerlin. Ekuhlaziyeni le meko, iingcali anifumananga nto ukuba nangayiphi na indlela echasene nemigaqo Olimpiki.

ukhuphiswano isikali

Summer Olimpiki eJamani yasingatha amaqela 49. Umyalelo we-4 amawaka leembaleki, kuquka abasetyhini ngaphezu kwama-300 eyalwa iintlobo 129 of neembasa. Iqela elikhulu emelwe eJamani. Bekukho 406 abadlali. Okwesibini inani nxaxheba kwakukho iqela US kunye iimbaleki 312. AmaJamani bathatha inxaxheba kuzo zonke iindidi zokhuphiswano. Ukuthoba uluvo loluntu kwiqela ngomnye poluevreyka - uHelen Meyer, fencer. Yena iimbasa zegolide-Olimpiki ngo-1928 yaye ngowe-1932 bafudukela eUnited States. Kodwa ke Imidlalo e Berlin, wenza njengelungu leqela waseJamani. Emva kokuba khuphiswano, Mayer wabuyela eUnited States, nomalume wakhe, amaNazi kuthunyelwa kwinkampu yoxinaniso, apho wafela egumbini igesi. Summer Olimpiki e Germany 1936 kwabanjwa ngaphandle inxaxheba eSoviet Union. Kukhuphiswano wawuzinyaswe ngabantu malunga nezigidi ezithathu e Berlin, kuquka malunga abakhenkethi abazizigidi ezibini abavela kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi ezahlukeneyo indlela yalo imidlalo elandelayo enkulu 300 yezigidi. Man. Summer Olimpiki eJamani, njengokuba kuthiwe, liye laba okokuqala kwimbali zokhuphiswano ngamazwe, ezibe kusasazwa ngqo. E Berlin, izikrini ezinkulu (total 25) zafakwa ngenxa imidlalo ukubukela ehlangeneyo.

aluhlaza Goebbels

Bonke abafika ngo-1936 ukuya eBerlin, kuquka iintatheli ezininzi, owamela eendaba yehlabathi liphela, wabona ku Germany beseluxolweni, zokujonga phambili, ilizwe okuchwayitha, abantu abathanda Hitler. Yaye ze anti-Semitic, nto leyo kakhulu ebhaliweyo malunga uhlelo wehlabathi yabonakala intsomi. Ke kwabakho iintatheli encinane oqondayo owaqaphela yonke le eyiyo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, ukuba Uilyam Shirer - intatheli yaseMelika yaye kamva mbali ezaziwayo-kakuhle. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva komdlalo, wabhala ukuba ubumenyemenye Berlin nje sangaphandle ukuze uzifihle ngakwilitye le abacinezelayo, nolawulo mthetho enobuhlanga. Xa Olimpiki eJamani 1936 kwaphela, uHitler waqhubeka ukuphumeza izicwangciso zazo ngokungenabuntu ukuba ukwandiswa eJamani, zaye ngokutsha kwingcinezelo nentshutshiso yamaYuda. Kwaye ngo-1939, lo wokuqala kaSeptemba, "zoxolo nezinobuntu" nabaququzeleli imidlalo ngamazwe baqalisa 2 nd kwemfazwe yehlabathi, apho amashumi ezigidi zabantu zabulawa.

Iziphumo zokhuphiswano

Standout imidlalo kwinani iimbasa iphumelele yaba iqela waseJamani. Iimbaleki German wathabatha iimbasa 89, kuquka igolide - 33 zesilivere - 26 yobhedu - 30. Eyona intle iqela kwaqatshelwa Conrad Fry - womzimba. Waphumelela omnye isilivere, negolide ezintathu iimbasa ezimbini zobhedu. Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali abaninzi, ukusebenza ngempumelelo iimbaleki German ngenxa ukusetyenziswa testosterone zokwenziwa, nolwathi lwaphuhliswa ngo-1935. Kwindawo yesibini kukhuphiswano ngezizwe iqela American. Iimbaleki ezisuka eUnited States iphumelele 56 iimedali: yobhedu 12 zesilivere - negolide 20 - ekuhlaleni 24. Ihlabathi yakhunjulwa ixesha span elide, abambe Olimpiki eJamani. 1938 yaba ubungqina yokuqala. April 20 (umhla wokuzalwa kaHitler) kwi izikrini ye documentary wakhululwa, "Olympia". Ubusuku bokuqala Yayikukuzinikela International Imidlalo eBerlin. Waqondisa umboniso Leni Refenshtal. I "Olympia" kwaphunyezwa inani yeziphumo movie, zokwalathisa iindlela nomsebenzisi ukuba kamva waba ukusebenzisa umsebenzi wabo kunye nezinye wizard kinozhanrov. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba "Olympia" kuqwalaselwa ziingcali ezininzi i tape ilungileyo ezemidlalo, xa uzibonisela kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba yonke loo filimu yaba uhlobo 'umhobe' intshukumo lwamaNazi kunye uHitler ngokobuqu.