Emathafeni Polovtsian: inkcazelo, imbali, abantu kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Igama elithi "emathafeni Polovtsian" lalisetyenziswa kumaXesha Aphakathi ityumbe emathafeni enkulu eYurophu, apho Cumans enkulu waphila. Okokuqala, lo gama exabileyo wasePersi, yaye emva koko zaye zasasazeka kakhulu kwamanye amazwe, kuquka eRashiya. Arab wasebenzisa igama elithi "nyathelo Kipchak", okt. K. Polovtsi ziye zaziwa njenge kypchaki. Ezi izizwe boyisa kummandla kwiinkulungwane XI-XIII. Isiphelo kobunganga kwabo nyangweni Mongol lokuhlasela.

Xa sikhangela ikhaya elitsha

Indawo emathafeni Polovtsian ithatha indawo enkulu. Lwaqala phezu kodonga lasekhohlo iDanube, ngomhla kummandla Romania namhlanje. Inkampu kwakuhlala amazwe namhlanje Moldova, eUkraine, Russia, Kazakhstan. Ingongoma wempuma ingabizwa Lake Balkhash. Emdeni ngasezantsi emathafeni wawuluLwandle Black, i-eCaucasus iintaba, uLwandle lweCaspian and semi-intlango of Central Asia. In ngasentla kubeka umda zendalo ngendlela yamahlathi efikelela kuyo i Dnieper, amazwe North-Eastern Russia, iVolga Bulgaria, i Kama River kunye Irtysh. Kwakhona emathafeni Polovtsian yahlulwa zasentshona (ukusuka iDanube ukuya oLwandle lweCaspian) kunye empuma (ukusuka lweCaspian ukuya zeAltai).

De kwinkulungwane XI Kipchak wahlala phezu kweenxweme Irtysh. Kodwa malunga 1030, bafudukela ngasentshonalanga, ukuba kwiMpuma Yurophu. Nokuhlaliswa wayengekho seluxolweni. Ebheke entshonalanga, i Cumans bagxothwa emakhayeni abo Pechenegs kunye Hungarians. Yaba ukubanjwa amadlelo amatsha. Akufane mbuya baba ngqo baya kuhlangana kwi kumazwe kude entshona. Kodwa inyani kukuba akukho nanye izizwe emathafeni eMpuma Yurophu ayikwazanga emva ukubamba gagasi zabo.

omakhelwane polovtsev

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XI Polovtsian emathafeni wazuza abanini abatsha, owayehlala imithetho ezimaxongo idemokhrasi emkhosini. Ukuhlasela (kwaye ngoko ke kwenye indawo bonke abantu) ekhokelwa abathetheli abanetalente abafuna ukubonwa edabini. Ngokuba isixhobo loonothwal ke amandla ikuyo. Uninzi abaqhekezi baba nomdla kuloo mmandla, ukuya emantla uqale apho Rus. emathafeni Polovtsian ifihle apha ilizwe echumayo, koko, eyona ifanelekileyo okwetyisa iinkomo namahashe, ngaphandle apho emathafeni akazange kumela ubomi bakhe. Ngabo abo Azov eseZantsi Don amazwe. Kwakhona kolu ngcelele ziquka ingingqi esebenzayo IDonetsk of Ukraine (namhlanje kukho ipaki landscape "emathafeni Polovtsian").

Ngaphambi kwezi ndawo bahlala i Pechenegs kunye Bulgarians. Kufutshane efikelela kuyo Northern Donets baba iindawo ingafikeleleki kwaye kude apho amahashe ephila zafikelela kwaba nzima kakhulu. Kukho Alans baba - iintsalela kwabamnini babesakuba yehlathi-emathafeni. Kwakhona kwimimandla esezantsi ye iVolga kuvela phambi kokuba Khazar Khanate, wabatshabalalisa Slavic nempi Svyatoslav of Kiev. Inani labantu kula mazwe ngokuthe ngcembe oxutywe Polovtsy abanye batshintsha imbonakalo yabo inkqubo nokwenziwa.

kukungxawu yobuhlanga

Hlala kwiindawo ezintsha, Kipchak baba abamelwane guzskih nezihlwele Pecheneg. Ezi mbuya yadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakhiweni uluntu entsha Polovtsian. Impembelelo Guz kunye Pechenegs nefuthe amasiko yokungcwaba iinkosi ezintsha ze emaqeleni. Ukuhlala phezu kweenxweme Irtysh, polovtsy wathulula iindonga ngamatye. Intloko kufanelekile umzimba ukuya ngasempuma. Ukuba ibekwe ecaleni isidumbu ihashe, elinyathelwe lunyawo otchlenyali. Kulo mzekelo Polovtsy emathafeni, yayiyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba isici. Baye iimbasa ezifanayo sangcwatywa babhaptizwa amadoda kwanabafazi.

Kwindawo entsha yokuhlala, le misitho ziye fifi kwi imvelaphi yamasiko ezindala bendawo. Endaweni zokungqinga amatye weza yokwemba elula. Endaweni yoko, ihashe waqalisa kungcwaba obala yakhe. Umzimba ngoku wafaka intloko yakhe ngasentshona. Utshintsho kwi inkonzo yomngcwabo ayikwazanga kuba ngcono ziimpawu utshintsho gqolo yobuhlanga abanamava emathafeni Polovtsian. Inani labemi yalo mmandla ibisoloko kolwabelo olungalinganiyo. Polovtsi ngenani khange nokuba baninzi kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa kubamelwane yayo. Kodwa ke ukuba lowo kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini mmandla edlalwe kunefidyoli yokuqala, kuba phakathi kwabo iinjengele kakhulu esebenzayo nonamandla, ukuba iyamcamagusha abachasi kunye okhuphisana.

Ukufumana lakubo

Abembi bezinto zale mihla ziye lula uyicacisile intsimi, nto leyo kumaXesha Aphakathi wathabatha Cumans, enkosi eqingqiweyo amatye isici. Lo mfanekiso wokuqala ukuvela kunxweme loLwandle Azov kunye esezantsi ye Seversky Donets. Kuyinto imifanekiso tyaba kwaye stelovidnye obonisa ubuso kwaye ezinye iindawo mzobo womntu (iingalo, esifubeni). Ezi imizobo okanye azotywe okanye yenziwe ngohlobo imikrolo eliphantsi.

Nkqu ayehlasela Mongols kwi emathafeni Polovtsian Abazitshabalalisa litye we yayilixesha elithile elizibalula ngeziganeko. Umfanekiso ubonisa amadoda kunye nabafazi, yaye baye iimpawu mandatory nooAshera ezintlangeni, nto leyo, zaye zisekelwe phezu Inqanaba lesibini nomadism. Emva kwinqanaba lokuqala (ukuwubona kunye nemfuduko ngokwayo) Polovets Society ngcono. Landelelanisa iindlela amadlelo. Baye Ndizuze yokupaka ihlobo nobusika isigxina. Ukuphakamisa eqingqiweyo zonqulo emathafeni kugxininiswe: sele kwikhaya labo elitsha ixesha elide.

Cumans neRashiya

Ubungqina lokuqala njengabaphambukeli kwi Polovtsy ziquka 1030 kaThixo. Xa baqalisa ekulungelelaniseni amaphulo yokuqala ngabamelwane babo ukuze nasekuphangweni. labantu amazwe ohlala zamaKristu umdla kangako ukuba kwenzeka ntoni emathafeni zasendle kwaye akude. Ngoko ke, ixesha lokuqala bathetha malunga Polovtsy kwi kanye mzuzu xa ehlasela ikhaya labo.

mbuya ezintsha ummelwane elikufutshane (njengoko kunjalo nge Pechenegs) kwaba Russ. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala Cumans bazama bazihluthe ibango lazo zizityebi emazweni East Slavic ngo-1060. Emva koko ukuhlangabezana iindwendwe olumenyiweyo washiya umkhosi Prince Svyatoslav of Chernigov Yaroslavovych. Yaba kane ngaphantsi kwe ingxokolo abemi emathafeni, kodwa loo nto ayizange ayeke squad Russian ngokubetha utshaba. Ngaloo nyaka, abasemathanga abaninzi babulawa yaye antywiliselwe emanzini omlambo kwakhona. Noko ke, le ntlanganiso kwakhokelwa engxakini kuphela, nto leyo babekulungele wawa phezu eRashiya.

zamehlo elide

Ide 1060 kwimpuma amazwe Slavic mntu wayesazi ngokwenene into emathafeni Polovtsian. Nokufika phezu komda loonothwal zasendle kunye nobudlova, ezibe mandundu kakhulu ngaphezu Pechenegs, abahlali Russia engathandi kwafuneka ukuba kusetyenziswa elumelwaneni entsha ezingemnandi. Kuba omnye phantse amabini eminyaka Polovtsy ukuba ehlaselayo rhoqo ilizwe labo.

Kuba Russia le nkcaso nokuba yingozi ngakumbi yaye kunzima ngakumbi ngenxa yokuba ukuba kwinkulungwane XI, phambi kokuba bengatshatanga singene kwisigaba eqhekekileyo kwezopolitiko. Ngaphambili Kiev amandla monolithic ezikhoyo wakwazi ukulwa ngokulinganayo kunye ezinobungozi exudes emathafeni Polovtsian. Ingakumbi ukwahlulwa weRashiya kwakhokelela ekubeni endaweni yayo kubekho izilawuli eziliqela ezizimeleyo. Ngamaxesha amaninzi, abayi amanyene nje imigudu yabo ekulweni emathafeni, kodwa balwa nxamnye omnye komnye.

usongo entsha

Polovtsi ingxabano ivame sohlwayo, iphangwe ukugxothwa ukuba ngamakhoboka Ukuxelenga abahlali zokuhlala olusemazantsi bengakhuselekanga. Ngaphezu koko, le abasemathanga baqalisa okuqesha inkonzo ezinye iinkosana, xa walwa kunye nezalamane zabo ukusuka izilawuli angabamelwane. Ngoko polovtsy ngokukhululekileyo lwanabela eRashiya yaye apho igazi uchinyali.

ulawulo Polovtsian kumathafa eMpuma Yurophu wanyamalala emva ukususela Asia kwafika omnye igagasi mbuya. Zizo ezo Mongols. Ewe, baninzi, ferocity kunye ukhohlakale. Kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini, ngaphandle Europe Cumans ngengqiqo, kusisondeza impucuko. Emimiselweni Mongols baba umbodamo kwaye silwe kakhulu.

Zanyamalala the Polovtsian

Kuba okokuqala nyambalala omtsha alingenele ilizwe Polovtsy ngo 1220 kaThixo. Le yokugqibela ubudlelane bethu bunaye nabathetheli Russian, kodwa lahluleka ephehlayo i-Battle of the Kalka River. Akukho mntu wayelindele usongo embi kangangokuba wayemele Mongols. Emaqeleni Polovtsian yonke wayesondele utshintsho olukhulu. Emva kuhlasela yokuqala Mongolian wavele ibuye umva. Noko ke, ngo-1236, babuya. Kwiminyaka nje embalwa, abo abawawinileyo zonke emathafeni Polovtsian ukuya kumda kunye Hungary. Ngaphezu koko, baye wafuna irhafu eRashiya.

Polovtsi alukapheli ebusweni bomhlaba; kodwa uphila servitude sikhundla. Ngokuthe ngcembe, aba bantu, ugalelwe ioli ingxokolo Mongol. Ukususela kule nokwenziwa kwenzeka AmaTatar, Bashkirs, njalo njalo. D. Ukususela ngenkulungwane XIII, ibinzana elithi "emathafeni Polovtsian" uye waba lwakudala.