N 2: biography of uKumkanikazi. History of Russia

Umntu owaba 2 yaba uCatherine Omkhulu - Russian uKumkanikazi of imvelaphi German. amanqaku amaninzi kunye iifilim, yena uboniswa njenge ngumthandi iibhola wenkundla obutofotofo kunye nezindlu zangasese, kwakunye ezithandwayo ezininzi, ngalo kanye ibe nolwalamano olusondeleyo kakhulu.

Ngelishwa, bambalwa abantu bazi ukuba abakrelekrele kakhulu, eqaqambileyo nomhleli abanetalente. Kwaye sisiganeko engenakuphikwa, njengoko utshintsho zezopolitiko kwenzeka iminyaka wobukumkani bakhe, yaba absolutism bakhanyiselwa. Ukongeza, kutshintsho ezininzi kwezoqoqosho, ekuhlaleni nakubomi bezopolitiko lizwe, kukho ubungqina obungakumbi eyinqaba yobuntu bakhe.

imvelaphi

N 2, ngobomi leyo isimanga kangaka engaqhelekanga, wazalwa ngomhla -2 Meyi (21 Apreli) 1729 e Stettin, eJamani. igama lakhe elipheleleyo - Nozipho Augusta Frederica, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst. Abazali bakhe Prince Christian Agasti ka-Anhalt-Zerbst kunye ndilingane naye ngokuthi isihloko uJohann Elizaveta Golshteyn-Gottorp, lowo kubudlelwane kunye nezindlu wasebukhosini ezifana IsiNgesi, Swedish kunye Prussia.

Ikamva uKumkanikazi of Russia, wafumana imfundo eqhubekela ekhaya. Ezifundisayo yenkolo, umculo, umdaniso, iziseko iJografi kunye nezeMbali, ngokunjalo, ukongeza isiJamani lokuzalwa kwakhe, yena wayesazi kakuhle, kunye nesiFrentshi. Sele ebuntwaneni ubonisa kwesimo sakhe esizimeleyo, uzingise uze ukwazi, zithanda ukuhlala kunye imidlalo yaphandle.

umshado

Ngowe-1744, uKumkanikazi Elizaveta Petrovna wamema inkosazana ka-Anhalt-Zerbst, kunye nomama wakhe ukuba beze eRashiya. Apha Woman christened kwi isithethe Orthodox kwaye yabizwa ngokuba Ekaterinoy Alekseevnoy. Ukususela ngoko yena wafumana iwonga esemthethweni umtshakazi Prince Peter Fedorovich, ikamva uKhesare Petros 3.

Ngoko ke ibali alucelomngeni Catherine 2 eRashiya saqala emtshatweni wabo, yabanjwa ngoAgasti 21, 1745. Emva kwesi siganeko, wafumana itayitile Grand neTshawekazi laseYork bashiya ilifa. Njengoko waziwa kakuhle, umtshato wayo wayengonwabanga ukususela ekuqaleni. Umyeni wakhe uPetros ngelo xesha nangoku kukho umfana akuqolanga owayedlala kuwo ndinomkhosi, endaweni ukuchitha ixesha lwalo kwintlalo yomfazi wayo. Ngoko ke, uKumkanikazi elizayo kwanyanzeleka ukonwabisa ngokwayo: yena ukufunda ixesha elide, kwakunye ceba ezahlukeneyo mnandi.

Catherine abantwana 2

Nangona umfazi kaPetros 3 waba ukubonakala kumanenekazi elihloniphekileyo, yena yindlalifa kwitrone akazange ifihlakeleyo, ngoko iinkanuko zakhe zothando wayesazi phantse yonke eyadini.

Emva kweminyaka emihlanu, Catherine 2, yaziwa ogama engobomi, kwakhona izele amabali uthando, waqala mcimbi yakhe yokuqala. Ukukhetha lakhe igosa yentolongo SV Saltykov. September 20, emva kweminyaka 9 emtshatweni, yena wazala indlalifa. Esi siganeko saba umxholo yeengxoxo zetyala, ke, kuyaqhubeka unanamhla, kodwa abafundile. Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba uyise womntwana lowo, yaba eneneni Othanda Catherine yaye indoda yakhe, uPetros. Abanye bathi wazalwa yindoda yakhe. Kodwa ukuba kunjalo, unina akazange abe nexesha ukujongana umntwana, ngoko uqeqesho bakhe phezu Elizaveta Petrovna ngokwakhe. Kungekudala, lo ukumkanikazi elizayo kwakhona wamitha waza wazala intombi egama uAna. Ngelishwa, lo mntwana wahlala iinyanga 4 kuphela.

Emva 1750 UCatherine ezinxulumene kwiqhina uthando S. Poniatowski, esikhulu Polish, owathi kamva waba nguKumkani UStanisław Augustus. Ekuqaleni-1760 yena kunye G. G. Orlovym, leyo wazala umntwana wesithathu - unyana wakhe Alexis. Le nkwenkwana wathiywa igama Bobrinsky.

Ndimele nditsho ukuthi ngenxa amarhe ezininzi nokuhleba, kwakunye ukuziphatha okubi amaqabane, abantwana baka-Catherine 2 akazange abangele ukuba naziphi na iimvakalelo ezishushu Petros 3. Le ndoda ngokucacileyo babethandabuza lukatata omzalayo.

Akubuzwa ukuba uKumkanikazi elizayo ngokucacile ulicekisile zonke iintlobo izityholo ezityatyekwa iqabane lakhe. Ubalekile ukuhlaselwa Petros 3, Catherine ixesha elininzi babekhetha chitha boudoir yakhe. Ibhuqiwe ukuya ithambo kunye nomyeni wakhe kwakhokelela ekubeni yena nzulu waqalisa ukoyika ngenxa yobomi bakhe. Wayesoyika ukuba, beze ngamandla, Petros 3 ndomlungisa, ndimkhulule, ngoko waqalisa ukukhangela ukuba namahlakani ethembekileyo entendelezweni.

Ukuvuma sobukhosi

Emva kokufa kaPetros 3 State of the imithetho unina wakhe iinyanga ezi-6 kuphela. Kangangexesha elide ethetha ngaye njengomlawuli kwabangazi antshwenyileyo-nye kunye malformations ezininzi. Kodwa owenza umfanekiso onjalo? Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ababhali-mbali bayiqonda ngakumbi ukukholelwa ukuba umfanekiso ayithandeki onjalo wenziwa ngu memoirs ebhalwe abaququzeleli mdibi - Catherine 2 no E. R. Dashkovoy.

Isibakala sokuba sengqondo indoda ngokumalunga wakhe nje izinto ezimbi, oko ezikhohlakeleyo ngokucacileyo. Ngoko ke, izisongelo kube ujongene ikhonknco okanye ukubanjwa eyenza ukucwangcisa nxamnye uPetros 3. Lungiselela uvukelo wanceda abazalwana bakhe Orlov, K. Razumovsky, N. I. Panin, E. Dashkova kunye nabanye. NgoJulayi 9, 1762 3 uPetros Kwawa kuziswa ukuba amandla a ukumkanikazi entsha - Catherine 2. zabhukuqwa umlawuli phantse nangoko wasiwa Ropsha (iikhilomitha ezingama-30 ukusuka St. Petersburg). Yena kunye a balindi labalindi phantsi umyalelo Alekseya Orlova.

Njengoko usazi, ibali Catherine 2, yaye ngokukodwa, liba ubhedu ibhotwe, luzele iintsonkotha, nto leyo ibangele ukuba iingqondo abaphandi abaninzi unanamhla. Ngokomzekelo, kude kube ngoku unobangela ubulawe akuxhomekekanga kusekwa Petros 3 kwiintsuku 8 emva kobhukuqo olo. Ngokutsho nenguqulelo esemthethweni, wabulawa iqela lonke izifo ezibangelwa ukusetyenziswa kotywala elide.

Kude kube kutshanje kwakukholelwa ukuba uPetros 3 wafa ukufa ezandleni Alekseya Orlova. Ubungqina oku hlobo ileta eyabhalwa umbulali ize ithunyelwe Catherine of Ropsha. Le yokuqala yolu xwebhu ayenziwanga zigcinwe, kodwa ikopi kuphela okuthiwa iyaqhutywa FV Rostopchin. Ngoko ke, ubungqina ngqo lokubulala komlawuli okwangoku.

angaphandle

Ndimele ndithi, uCatherine 2 izabelo Enkulu ezininzi iimbono uPetros 1 kwinto yokuba iRussia kwibala ehlabathini kufuneka athathe isikhundla ephambili kuzo zonke iinkalo, ehamba ngaxeshanye ndlongondlongo kunye ngisho elithile nkqubo ndlongondlongo. Isiqinisekiso soku kuba isivumelwano yokucazulula ubuhlobo Prussia, waqukumbela ngaphambilana ngumyeni wakhe uPeter 3. Wenza inyathelo isigqibo phantse ngoko nangoko, kanye ndize etroneni.

Politika Foreign Ekateriny 2 yayisekelwe kwinto yokuba yena usoloko ezama ukwakha etroneni nabalandeli bakhe. Kuyinto ngenxa yakhe Duke E. I. Biron wabuyela itrone Courland, kwaye ngo-1763 ePoland waqalisa ukulawula uTimoti yakhe - UStanisław Agasti Poniatowski. Izenzo ezinjalo ziye zakhokelela ekubeni Austria waqalisa ukumoyika nempembelelo onamandla ngokugqithiseleyo karhulumente wasentla. nangoko amalungu ayo baqala ukutshela utshaba-elide emi Russia - Turkey - ukuya emfazweni nxamnye nayo. Kwaye Austria kunjalo eyakhe.

Esinokubangela ukuba uthi imfazwe Russian-Turkish, eyathatha iminyaka 6 (ukususela 1768 ukuya 1774), iye yaba nempumelelo yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Ngaphandle koku, le yangoku ayikho indlela engcono imeko yezopolitiko kweli lizwe kunyanzeleka UCatherine 2 ukuya kufuna uxolo. Ngenxa yoko, kwakufuneka ukubuyisela ubuhlobo endala kunye Austria. Kwaye kukho ukuvumelana phakathi kwamazwe amabini sele yenziwe. ixhoba yakhe ePoland, inxalenye kummandla apho 1772 yahlulwa phakathi kwamazwe amathathu: Russia, Austria ne-Prussia.

Kunye umhlaba kunye nemfundiso entsha Russian

Nokusayinwa iSivumelwano Kuchuk-Kainarji kunye Turkey yanika kukholekileyo ukuzimela karhulumente Russian of eCrimea. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, kubekho ukwanda yimpembelelo komlawuli, hayi kuphela usingasiqithi, kodwa eCaucasus. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo neziphumo ngokubandakanywa neRashiya-1782, eCrimea. Kungekudala yasayinwa iSivumelwano Georgievsk kunye Kartli-Kakheti tsar irakli 2, esibandakanya ngokufumana imikhosi Russian on nsimu Georgian. Kamva, la mazwe nazo inamathele eRashiya.

N 2, engobomi leyo enxulumene ukumimitheka kunye ngembali yelizwe, kwisiqingatha sesibini 70s lwe ngenkulungwane ye-18, kunye ngoko urhulumente waqalisa ukwenza umgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle kwindawo entsha ngokupheleleyo - ekuthiwa-project zamaGrike. Injongo wokugcina ukubuyisela yamaGrike okanye baseByzantium. ikomkhulu yayo ukuba eConstantinople nomlawuli walo - umzukulwana ka-Catherine 2, Grand Duke uKonstantin Pavlovich.

Ekupheleni kwale 70s basemzini Politika Ekateriny 2 umva kwilizwe kobokuqala iwonga amazwe, nto leyo eye yomeleza ngakumbi emva kokuba eRashiya wenza umlamleli kwi Teschen Congress phakathi Prussia ne Austria. Ngowe-1787, uKumkanikazi nokumkani Polish kunye Yibone Austria, ephelekwa ngamagosa akhe kunye nezifundiswa angaphandle, wenza i uhambo olude ukuya usingasiqithi iCrimea. Esi sisiganeko enkulu ukubonisa amandla omkhosi yoBukhosi baseRashiya.

nkqubo yasekhaya

Uninzi inguqu kunye notshintsho olwenzeke eRashiya, ibe ziphikisana njengoko uCatherine yena 2. Iminyaka lokulawula kwakhe ephawulwe ekukhotyokisweni liphezulu abalimi, kwakunye ukuhluthwa nkqu amalungelo kakhulu kuncinane. Yiloo xa kwabonakala umthetho ngokuvala isikhalazo nalwazelelelo of abaqeshisi leyo. Ukongeza, phakathi kwamagosa aphezulu izixhobo karhulumente kunye norhwaphilizo unamathupha na, bakhonza njengomzekelo uKumkanikazi, kuba yena unezinwe, njengentsapho, yaye umkhosi omkhulu abalandeli babo.

Oko kwaba

iimpawu Personal Catherine 2 kwachazwa yakhe memoirs zabo. Ukongeza, ababhali-mbali uphando olusekelwe amaxwebhu amaninzi, esithi ukuba wengqondo elumke, ijaji elungileyo lomlinganiswa. Ubungqina le yokuba yena wakhetha wakhe nabantu oncedisayo bakhe kuphela zinetalente eliqaqambileyo. Ngoko ke, yinto elizibalula kuphawulwa ukuvela liqela lonke iinjengele brilliant and Abalawuli, iimbongi nababhali, amagcisa kunye neemvumi.

Xa wayesebenzisana abangaphantsi Catherine 2 kwaba ngokuqhelekileyo eyingqondi, ovalelweyo nomonde. Ngokutsho kwakhe, yena usoloko uphulaphula ngenyameko kwiqabane lakhe, lo gama bathimba zonke iingcinga onengqondo, uze usebenzise yona okulungileyo. Xa okunene akazange athathe indawo na yokurhoxa enengxolo, yenye aziingangamsha musa zibhekisela, makungahlulwa yedwa babulawa. Akumangalisi ibizwa ngokuba kulawula "Golden Age" wentsikelelo yezikhulu Russian.

N 2, engobomi nobuntu uzeleyo ephikisanayo, Noko ke, kwakunzima ezingento kwaziswa kakhulu ukufumana amandla. Ukuze ugcine wakhe ezandleni zakhe, yena wayekulungele esichengeni nokuba ngeendleko kwiinkolelo zawo.

impilo Personal

Makhe ze uKumkanikazi, ebhalwe kule minyaka lobutsha bakhe, ithi yona kuhle kakhulu ngenkangeleko. Akumangalisi ukuba ibali iquka uthando eziliqela Catherine fun 2. Kukuxelela inyaniso, oko atshate kakuhle kakhulu, kodwa ke kule imeko yayo isihloko, indawo, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, inamagunya apheleleyo, wayeza kuba sengozini.

Ngokutsho inkolelo ethandwayo inkoliso mbali, ebomini bakhe n Velikaya watshintsha abathandi malunga namashumi amabini. Amaxesha amaninzi, yena wabanika esona sipho ezahlukeneyo ezixabisekileyo, ngesisa kunika iimbasa kunye namagama, kwaye konke oku ukuze usekele kuye.

Iziphumo yeBhodi

Ndimele nditsho ukuthi mbali engasetyenziswa ukuze kuhlolwe ngokucacileyo zonke iziganeko era Catherine, ekubeni lo gama despotism kunye nemfundo bebambene ngezandla yaye kuhlangene. Ngexesha ngukumkani kwakhe kwaba zonke: uphuhliso lwemfundo, inkcubeko kunye nenzululwazi, ukomelezwa okubalulekileyo kurhulumente Russian kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele, uphuhliso lobudlelwane zorhwebo kunye amazwe. Kodwa, njengawuphi na umlawuli, wayengekho ngaphandle ingcinezelo abantu, abo babandezeleka aswele ezininzi. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo lwangaphakathi alikwazanga ukuba omnye izidubedube ethandwayo, nto leyo eyakhokelela a qhankqalazo enamandla ngokupheleleyo ukhokelwa Emelyana pugacheva.

isiphelo

Ngo-1860 kwakukho ingcamango: ukuba azakhele uCatherine 2 eSt Petersburg imbeko yalo nyaka-100 ubudala wafika etroneni. ekwakhiweni kwayo lathatha iminyaka eli-11, yaye kuvulwa 1873 kule ndawo Alexandria. Kuyinto lesikhumbuzo kakhulu adumileyo ukumkanikazi. Ebudeni beminyaka kwamandla eSoviet yalahleka 5 ezikhumbuzo yayo. Emva 2000, sazivula iziza eziliqela kokubini eRashiya nakumazwe aphesheya: 2 - e Ukraine ne-1 - in Transnistria. Ukongeza, ngo-2010 Zerbst (Germany) kukho umfanekiso oqingqiweyo, kodwa hayi uKumkanikazi uCatherine 2, kunye Sofii Frederike Augusta, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst.