Ukubalasela ezingaphelelanga - na ngenxa impefumlelwano alleles sofuzo enye

ukubalasela ezingaphelelanga - uhlobo olulodwa yentsebenziswano gene allele, apho phawu siethe sofuzo akufunekanga ube noxinzeleko ngokupheleleyo lubalaseleyo. Ngokuhambelana kunye nemithetho, vula Mendel, ezibalaseleyo ayisayicinezeli ngokupheleleyo ukuchazwa sofuzo. Le umphandi owafunda wamemezela iimpawu umahluko kwizityalo a kombisa ku vangama nokuba allele lubalaseleyo okanye sofuzo. Kwezinye iimeko, Mendel ujongene ukungaphumeleli imithetho, kodwa akazange ukuyicacisa.

Ifomu entsha zelifa

Maxa wambi, ngenxa inzala yokuwela ilifa imiqondiso esiphakathi, Nezingathanga ukunika ngohlobo homozygous zofuzo lomzali. ukubalasela ezingagqitywanga Wayengekho izixhobo ingqiqo yemfuza kwinkulungwane yokuqala XX, xa bafumana imithetho Mendel kaThixo. Emva koko, izazinzulu ezininzi zendalo wenziwe imifuniselo yemfuza kunye nemifuno kunye nezilwanyana izinto (itumata, imidumba, hamsters, iimpuku, fruit).

Emva kokungqina cytological ngo-1902, uWalter Sutton Mendelian Iipateni imigaqo ugqithiso kunye nentsebenziswano kunye nemiqondiso baqalisa ukucacisa isikhundla imo zofuzo kwiseli.

Kwangokunjalo-1902 Cermak Correns wachaza xa, emva ukunqumla izityalo kunye Corolla ezimhlophe kunye ezibomvu inzalo iintyatyambo ngombala opinki - ukukhonya ayiphelelanga. Le ezakuboniswa ngxilimbela (kweejini Aa) Uphawu leyo isalamane enxibelelanisayo homozygous zimbini (AA) kunye sofuzo (aa) phenotypes. A nomphumela ofanayo sele ichaziwe iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo kweentyatyambo: snapdragons, eseshumi, sihle, amaqunube.

ukubalasela ezingaphelelanga - isizathu sokutshintsha enqanda ukusebenza?

Indlela ye ukuvela ngobuwena sesithathu msebenzisi bachaza indawo yomsebenzi enqanda ezo iiproteni ngokwemvelo kanye zofuzo mayigqibe ngobume protein. Isityalo kunye enzyme homozygous kweejini lubalaseleyo (AA) wanele kunye isixa mbala kuzakutelekisa izinga ukuba angcolise ubungangamsha ngokunzima incindi iseli.

Homozygotes kunye alleles sofuzo (aa) sombala lenjini phehla eyaphukileyo kuhlala uncolored. Kwimeko kweejini eliphakathi heterozygous (Aa), isakhi lubalaseleyo nangoku inika umlinganiselo othile enzyme onoxanduva nombala, kodwa akwanelanga ukuba imibala eqaqambileyo elizele. Kungcono ninikane umbala "isiqingatha."

Iimpawu ilifa ngokohlobo eliphakathi

Ezo ilifa engaphelelanga kulandelelwa kakuhle phezu ibinzana ezahlukeneyo mpawu:

1. Umbala ngamandla. William Bateson, awela iinkukhu abamnyama nabamhlophe uhlobo Andalusian ukuzalela kunye nento ephakathi zesilivere. Kwinkcazelo zabantu iliso iris umbala iqokobhe kwakhona yindlela yangoku esebenzayo.
2. The degree of ubukhali iimpawu. iinwele zabantu Ndandizimisele ilifa phawu engaphelelanga. Kweejini AA unika iinwele olugobileyo lokuvala, aa - ngqo, kunye nabantu abane zombini alleles iinwele siziinduli.
3. Iimpawu ezingqinisisekayo. ubude indlebe ingqolowa ilifa ngokusekelwe yokonganyelwa ayiphelelanga.

In kwisizukulwana F2 phenotypes inani ingqamana kunye nenani genotypes oluphawula ukukhonya ayiphelelanga. cross Uvavanyo ukujonga ngxilimbela Akuyomfuneko, ngenxa yokuba khangela ezahlukeneyo ukusuka imigca lubalaseleyo uhlambulukile.

Cleavage imiqondiso zibuko

Zalisa kwaye azigqibeleli ukubalasela ezifana gene intsebenziswano kwenzeka ngokungqinelana nemithetho lokubala eliguqukayo Mendel. Kwimeko yokuqala, umlinganiselo kwi phenotypes F2 (3: 1) oko idibana kunye umlinganiselo genotypes inzala (1: 2: 1) nendibaniselwano njengoko phenotypically AA kunye alleles Aa kuvela enye. Emva koko ukubalasela ezingaphelelanga - nomdlalo F2 zesi genotypes ezahlukeneyo kunye phenotypes (1: 2: 1).

Xa strawberry Umbala I ilifa ngonyaka ngenxa yokonganyelwa ayiphelelanga. Ukuba ukuwela isityalo kunye amaqunube ezibomvu (AA) kunye nezityalo kunye amaqunube amhlophe - AA kweejini, isizukulwana lokuqala izityalo zonke ezifunyenweyo ziya kuthwala iziqhamo nge eyahlukileyo umbala epinki (Aa).

Hybrids uwelile ukusuka F1, F2 ezithile kwinzala yesibini isizukulwana afumane ubuhlobo ingqamana ukuba kweejini: 1AA + + 2Aa 1AA. 25% kwizityalo zesizukulwana yesibini iza kubonelela iziqhamo ebomvu kwaye uncolored,-50% kwizityalo - pink.

Ipateni efanayo baza kuvandlakanywa kwizizukulwana ezimbini ngokuwela imigca nyulu kunye imibala Corolla Iintyatyambo ezintle ebusuku emsi emhlophe.

Iimpawu belifa kwimeko zofuzo lokufa

Kwezinye iimeko, umlinganiselo phenotypes wembewu kunzima ukumisela indlela yemfuza ezisabela. Xa isizukulwana wesibini ukubalasela lwahlukane ayiphelelanga eyahluke ukusuka kulindeleke 1: 2: 1 neyesi-3: 1 - ngokupheleleyo. Oku kwenzeka xa phawu lubalaseleyo okanye sofuzo kwi imeko homozygous inika phenotype ukuba ayi hambelani ngobomi (izakhi ezibulalayo).

Xa iigusha grey umbala itakane astrakhan ukuba homozygous ukuba allele umbala elibalaseleyo, afe ngenxa yokuba lo kweejini kukwaphula esiswini.

Xa abantu, umzekelo kokusweleka uhlobo ezibalaseleyo zofuzo - brachydactyly (korotkopalost). Uphawu kubonakele ku kwimeko le kweejini heterozygous, ngoxa homozygotes ezibalaseleyo afe nisaqala Palsy.

Ngamana kuba alleles ezibulalayo sofuzo. Irhengqa cell anemia ibangela, kwimeko alleles ezimbini sofuzo kwi kweejini, ukuba zenze utshintsho erythrocytes. iiseli negazi azinako ukubudla kakuhle ukufakelelwa ioksijini, kwaye ama-95% yabantwana nalo anomaly abulawa oksijini yindlala. Xa heterozygotes uhlobo basis of iiseli ezibomvu alichatshazelwa ngokomkhamo kwi nokufaneleka.

Cleavage phambi iimpawu zofuzo ezibulalayo

Kwi sizukulwana sokuqala, xa bawelileyo AA x lokusweleka aa akuyi kwenzeka, kuba zonke inzala iya kuba kweejini AA. Nika imizekelo zimpawu ukuqhekeka ngenxa amatyala isizukulwana yesibini zofuzo ezibulalayo:

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba umphumo xa bobabini iyavutha igunya engaphelelanga, kunye nefuthe abathintela phawu kwenxenye kuvela impefumlelwano iimveliso zezilimo.