Ukubhala kunye nolwazi ngamaYiputa amandulo. Izigaba zophuhliso lolwimi. Kwemvelo of Medicine and Science

Impucuko eyavela kwiindonga zeNayile kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-4,000 eyadlulayo, igcina a lot of weemfihlelo. iimeko zivuma kule ndawo, imozulu epholileyo negalelo kuphuhliso kwangethuba kakhulu amasebe awohlukeneyo inzululwazi nobugcisa. Ukubhala kunye nolwazi kumaYiputa amandulo - kwisifundo sophando izazinzulu ezininzi ehlabathini lonke. Le mibhalo yokuqala inani emidala zadalwa malunga 3000 BC. e., kamva zazivelela kwaye ezikhumbuzo zobugcisa kunye nembali. Kulungile, khangela ngokweenkcukacha ngakumbi yaye baqonde noko iimfihlelo ngasemva impucuko yamandulo.

concepts Jikelele kokusetyenziswa kweelwimi kunye nezakhono

Lonke ulwazi esinalo namhlanje ngayo eYiputa yamandulo, afunyenwe ngenxa kwimingxuma zakudala. ngeembalo ezahlukeneyo ezilungiselelwe kwafunyanwa iilwimi efile. Baye benza yonke ezama eminyaka. Bona eziqulathwe ulwazi malunga zonke iinkalo zobomi ngaphakathi sikhokelo yale mpucuko, ukuqala nemithetho kunye nenkonzo ibandla, nesiphelo zokupheka zokupheka. Kubonakala ukuba ukubhala kunye nolwazi kumaYiputa amandulo, esimele le ncwadi ethi ngoku ezingenakwahlulwa. Decrypting igrama abantu, siya kuba nako ukuvula uninzi weemfihlakalo yayo. Kuba imbali yokubhala siqala ngokwahlula ibe izihlandlo ezine.

ixesha lokuqala: Imifanekiso

yokubhala yamandulo zaseYiputa wabonakala kwixesha pre-dynastic, xa urhulumente ngokwayo ayizange khona. Noko ke, oothixo kunye ababingeleli aba bantu into engcwele kwaye inviolable ngawo onke amaxesha, kwaye sibulela ezi ngcinga "Nkosi wehlabathi," amaYiputa akha inkqubo yabo yokuqala yokubhala. Yakhona laseYiputa yamandulo yayahluke kakhulu ukusuka Chinese elisetyenziswayo lomqhubekisi phambili okanye Japanese. Le mifanekiso umbala (namhlanje sifumana kubo monochromatic ngenxa yingozi ixesha), eyayinomfanekiso izinto, iziganeko, abantu. Ngokufutshane, abantu umzobo oko bakubonileyo, kukho izinto kancinane lula. Abalinganiswa Ukubhala kungaba naliphi na icala - ilungelo ngasekhohlo okanye ngenye indlela, kwaye maxa wambi nkqu ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba isiphumo uyinzwakazi.

Ixesha Two: ieratika

Ithuba yamaGrike kweYiputa inxulumene ne Greece kunye uBukhosi baseRoma. Ukongeza ngokutshintshiselana yobungcali wamajoni, yenzekile nokwenziwa iilwimi. Ukubhala kunye nolwazi kumaYiputa amandulo systematized nge-alfabhethi, ababevela eYurophu yamandulo. Kwakukho uhlobo lokuqala kuko - ieratika. Emva koko lo ulwimi olutsha zoncwadi yayifumaneka kuphela cream oluntu, kwaye wayehlanganisa imibhalo engcwele kunye namaxwebhu asemthethweni.

Isigaba sesithathu wophuhliso: demotic

Xa Ekuveleni nokwenziwa zaphawula kuye kwenzeka yabemi kwiYiputa yamandulo. It kwagcwala Arabhu owakukhuphayo izithethe zabo, iinkolelo, kwaye, kakade, ulwimi. Phakathi bonke abantu kweemaleko waba zithandwa uhlobo ngokwesiseko entsha yokubhala - demotic, leyo imbonakalo ufana Arabic mihla. Kuyo kwaye yenza amaxwebhu zoluntu, ukwabelana uncwadi, iibhayografi, kunye izaziso. Kunjalo ieratika usenalo ileta esemthethweni yelizwe kunye esetyenziswa kunqulo kolawulo.

Ixesha Okwesine: Coptic

Eli nqanaba lokugqibela kuphuhliso lolwimi baseYiputa yamandulo script, owathatha demotic. Ngokungafaniyo ngamalungu alo, i-Coptic waba incwadi yayo alfabhethi, ngendlela ezahlukeneyo pronunciation, upelo, kongezwe amagama kunye namagama kwisivakalisi ngasinye. Ngeendlela ezininzi, oku kufana ulwimi isiGrike, kodwa kokwabo i-Afro-Asia iilwimi. Ukubhala kunye nolwazi amaYiputa amandulo, ezinxulumene kumathuba, izazinzulu bakwazi ukuwuqonda kuphela kuko Coptic. Le ulwimi yamandulo ngakumbi amaYiputa yaguqulelwa amaxwebhu kunye nezishwankathelo wooyise. De kwaba yinkulungwane ye-19, ulwimi Coptic eyasetyenziswa kwi ezinkonzweni, yaye kamva sele kuchaziwe phakathi kwabafileyo.

Iphiramidi - nguvimba iimfihlelo

Ulwazi amaYiputa amandulo isiseko bezenzululwazi. Akukho namnye impucuko ukuze usagangatha ngolu hlobo, kwaye nayiphi na inxalenye yehlabathi ngelo xesha kwakukho na inkqubo ekhaya phambili. Kungenxa kwiirekhodi, leyo agcinwa kula maziko, sifumana izibonelelo zempilo yokuqala. Zisixelela ngendlela ukuphilisa ukwenzakala ebuchotsheni esibuhlungu, ayiqabe, yintoni imifuno ukuphilisa kwizifo ezithile kuthi. AmaYiputa wayeyazi into engangeenkwenkwezi zezulu, kutheni kuvela ebusuku apho shwaka emini. Ukongeza, imathematika samandulo saseYiputa - oku oko sikufundayo esikolweni namhlanje. manani imiqulu, umlinganiselo ubunzima kunye parameters lenxaki kunye shot engayaziyo - oko yasungulwa kanye kwintili umNayile.