Ukufa Bulgakov ngayo imaski, unobangela wokufa kwakhe

Mihail Afanasevich Bulgakov wayengomnye kabanzi kunazo ufunde, kuxoxwe, kwaye ikhumbula kwinkulungwane XX. umsebenzi, ubomi bakhe buqu kunye nokufa zincediswe iimfihlelo namabali, kwaye inoveli "iNkosi noMargarita" wabhala igama mdali layo ngoonobumba zegolide encwadini yeembali iincwadi Russian kunye nehlabathi. Kodwa ke imfihlelo usoloko zigutyungelwe nombhalo wenkqu yakhe, kwaye lo mbuzo: "Kutheni Bulgakov wenza isigqumathelo sokufa?" Kwaye engavezwanga ngokupheleleyo.

Indlela enzima

Ngoku ke igama imilebe Bulgakov, kodwa kukho ixesha, xa imisebenzi yakhe abazange yapapashwa, yaye phantsi esweni ngokusondeleyo ngabasemagunyeni kunye nabaxhasi iqela bemfuna. Oku zombini okukruqulayo kwaye Iyandikhathaza ukuba umbhali, bonke emveni ukuba asoloko silumkele ukwenzela ukuba kuvakale lutho intetho kunye namabango. ubomi Bulgakov uye zange kube lula - akukho ngexesha ugqirha ukusebenza okanye umbhali edlalwa, okanye abe umbhali. Kodwa bafaka yokugqibela - imaski Kubala Bulgakov kaThixo - sibonisa ukuba amaGrike akumgangatho ophezulu, kwaye ngaphezu kwawo onke amandla, wayeyixabisa italente yakhe.

impilo Personal

Bulgakov wazalwa Meyi 3, 1891 kusapho olukhulu. Nguye lo mntwana endala, ukongeza kuyo, abazali kwafuneka abazalwana ababini noodade ezine. Xa ndandineminyaka esixhenxe, uyise wehla kunye nephrosclerosis wafa.

imfundo Secondary ezifunyenweyo the best Michael eKiev Gymnasium, kodwa ingakumbi akazange ngenkuthalo. Oku akuzange kumthintele lo mfana wangena yeFakhalthi lezoNyango i-Imperial University. Kanye ngelo xesha imfazwe ka-1914-1918., Ke imfundo kwenzeka entsimini emkhosini. Kwangaxeshanye, wadibana umfazi wakhe elizayo, Tatyanoy Lappoy, ngonyaka-elinesihlanu intombazana wesithembiso. Awade ukhutshwe yonke ulinxila yaye xa Bulgakov yaba sophomore, satshata.

The First World War

Esi siganeko wembali wenze kungabikho kwahlukahlukana kubomi elilinganisiweyo le sibini. Benza yonke into kunye. Tatiana wahamba nomyeni wakhe phezu kwizibhedlele ngaphambili-line, walungelelanisa ubeko izinto kunye noncedo kumaxhoba, ithathe inxaxheba kumsebenzi njengomongikazi kunye nomncedisi. Bulgakov ifumene isidanga lonyango, ngelo ngaphambili. NgoMatshi 1916, umbhali elizayo sirhoxisiwe ngasemva, yaye yenziwe kwiphondo ESmolensk, ukulawula amaziko zonyango. Apho, ekuqaleni umsebenzi wakhe osemthethweni zonyango. Kuyo ungakwazi ukufunda amabali "Amanqaku ugqirha oselula '" icaffeine ".

mkhuba

Ngexesha lasehlotyeni ngo-1917, ukwenza umntwana uqhoqhoqho egulayo kunye isifo somqala omhlophe, uMnu uMikhail wacinga ukuba ukubamba, kwaye icaffeine emiselweyo inyathelo lothintelo ngokwayo, ukuze bawubuyise sokudlathuka kweenwele nentlungu. Ukwazi ukuba ichiza ayiyekeki, waqhubeka ukuthatha waza ekugqibeleni yaba "isigulane" isigxina. Umfazi wakhe Tatiana Lappa kuyinyamezela le meko kunye, kunye I. P. Voskresenskim ingaba kukuphelisa umbhali lo mkhwa. Kodwa ukusuka umsebenzi zonyango obephethe njengoko morphinism ingqalelo unesifo esinganyangekiyo. Kamva, ukuba uwoyise lo mkhwa, wakwazi ukuba ukuqala ishishini labucala. Oku ngasendleleni, e Kiev kunye namadlelo ayo kwakukho imilo, amandla esoloko itshintsha, kunye nemfuneko zonakekelo lwempilo abaqeqeshiweyo. Eli xesha kuboniswa kwi "White Guard" inoveli. Akukho angabonakaliyo nje abalinganiswa etsomo, kodwa amalungu entsapho yakhe: udade, umzalwana-in-mthetho.

North Caucasus

Winter 1919 Bulgakov kwakhona bazilungiselela emkhosini nendlela ukululama Vladikavkaz. Apho ii-, ebangela umfazi wakhe ucingo, kwaye iqhubeka ngayo. Wazibandakanya ngamajoni, oko kunceda abantu balapha, abhale amabali. Ngokomthetho ichaza "kohambo" bakhe, uhlala beziko engaqhelekanga. Ngowe-1920, kunye iyeza kwalo ngonaphakade. Kwaye kukho isiganeko entsha yobomi - ubuntatheli ekuthiwa-ntlobo minor (amabali, iinoveli), nto leyo yapapashwa kumaphephandaba asekuhlaleni kweli North neAsia. Bulgakov babefuna udumo, kodwa umfazi wakhe ukugawula ulangazelelo lwakhe. Emva koko baqalisa ikhefu efanayo. Kodwa xa umbhali egula kunye yesifo, nomfazi wamkhulisa kuye imini nobusuku, ehleli kufuphi ebhedini. Emva kwayo, kwafuneka siqhelane umyalelo omtsha, njengoko Vladikavkaz weza ngamandla eSoviet.

enemidlalo

Le eko benkulungwane ophelileyo intsapho Bulgakovs nzima. kwafuneka ukuba bazixhase wakhe kumsebenzi ucingisise ngemihla. Lo mbhali ayakhathaza kakhulu, akazange azithanga yena nokuphefumla lula. Ngeli xesha waqalisa ukubhala iincwadi "commercial", ikakhulu imidlalo ukuba wayemthanda waza ingqalelo endingafanele kubizwa ngokuba zobugcisa. Kamva, wathi kubo bonke, kunokutshiseka.

amandla eSoviet umbuso ngakumbi ingcinezelo, baye bamgxeka kuphela imveliso, kodwa namabinzana athile sangu ukuba eziqokelelwe nabagxeki. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwiimeko ezinjalo, kuba nzima ukuhlala, kwaye isibini wangena kuqala Batum, uze emva koko eMoscow.

impilo eMoscow

Image Bulgakov ezininzi ezinxulumene kunye nabalinganiswa bakhe efanayo imisebenzi kamva yaba nobomi. Ukufaka ezindlini eziliqela, esi sibini wahlala endlwini e ul. Bolshaya Sadovaya 10, inombolo yokuhlala 50, immortalized ngumbhali ye kwinoveli odumileyo 'iNkosi noMargarita. " Ekubeni kwakhona umsebenzi waqalisa iingxaki imveliso kwiivenkile ekhutshwe amakhadi, uze ufumane ezi iziqwenga ezigcine ngephepha baye kwaba nzima kakhulu.

February 1, 1922 uyafa unina Bulgakov. Esi siganeko uba buhlungu kuye, ingakumbi kusisithuko ukuba umbhali ukuba nkqu ukuya komngcwabo, ke akukho ithuba. Kwiminyaka emibini emva koko, kukho ikhefu yokugqibela Lappi. Ngexesha mtshato babo Bulgakov kuye ezothando ovuthuzayo kunye Love Belozerskaya, owaba umfazi wakhe wesibini. Waba ngumdanisi, ayiphume emfazini amaGrike akumgangatho ophezulu. Loo Bulgakov waphupha yomfazi zombhali, kodwa umtshato lwalulolwexeshana.

ixesha Perechistenskoe

Kukho kufika ixesha lokudubula umsebenzi Bulgakov njenge umbhali wemidlalo. imidlalo zakhe sadlala, abaphulaphuli adibana nabo kakuhle, ubomi iba ngcono. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, umbhali kuthatha nomdla NKVD ezama lusenokumfaka nantlonelo kurhulumente yangoku, okanye okubi. Njengoko le cornucopia wathulula ukuvalwa: emiboniso, yoshicilelo eendaba, ngendlela yokuthetha esidlangalaleni. Wabuya ke weza ukungabi namali. Ngowe-1926, umbhali wada wabiza ngemibuzo. April 18 nyaka mnye, le edumileyo incoko yefowuni kunye Stalin, ezenza kwakhona batshintsha ubomi Bulgakov ukuze ngcono. Yathatha umalathisi Moscow Art Theatre.

Nuremberg-Shilovskaya-Bulgakov

Kwaba apho Moscow Art Theatre, umbhali wadibana umfazi wakhe wesithathu, Elena Sergeevna. Ekuqaleni baba ngabahlobo nje, kodwa ke ndaqonda ukuba akanakuphila ngaphandle omnye komnye, waza wagqiba ekubeni kundithuthumbisa nabani. elide kakhulu yaye ezingemnandi waba waphula Shilovskaya nomyeni wakhe wokuqala. Waye wayenabantwana ababini yahlulwa phakathi amaqabane, yaye ngoko nangoko emva Belozerskaya Bulgakov wamnika umtshato, abathandi abatshatileyo. Eli bhinqa inkxaso wokwenene inkxaso naye kule minyaka zinzima yobomi bakhe. Xa usebenza kwi noveli idumileyo sithuba sifo.

"I-Master noMargarita" kunye neminyaka edlulileyo

Umsebenzi kwi inoveli central kuthinjwa ngokupheleleyo umbhali, wamchazela eninzi ingqalelo kunye nomgudu. Ngowe-1928, kuphela ingcamango le ncwadi wabonakala ngowe-1930, kwakhululwa nethe idrafti yoku kuphunyeziwe inguqu ebonakalayo kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba wabona ukukhanya kwisicatshulwa sonke khumbula, mhlawumbi intliziyo. Ezinye amaphepha yakhutshelwa amaninzi amaxesha, yaye kwiminyaka yokugqibela ubomi Bulgakov babexakekile ukuhlela amaqhekeza aseleyo yaye nadiktovyvaniem "ekugqibeleni" uguqulelo Elena Sergeevna.

Kodwa umsebenzi dramaturgical ayikho ongasithemba kwiminyaka yakhe yokugqibela Bulgakov. Usa umdlalo ngokusekelwe imisebenzi ababhali ozithandayo - Gogol kunye Pushkin, ubhala, "phezu kwetafile". Alexander kuphela imbongi ababethanda umbhali. Ke kaloku omnye wabo amanani ukusuka apho isuswe imaski ukufa. Bulgakov watyelela ingcamango imisebenzi kumabala emidlalo malunga Stalin, kodwa jikelele unobhala zayikatyisa ezi nzame.

Esengozini yokufa

September 10, 1939 umbhali ngesiquphe ndiphulukene umbono. Bulgakov (unobangela wokufa kayise - nephrosclerosis) uthi zonke iimpawu zesi sifo yaye uza kwisigqibo sokuba belilelayo sifo. Ngenxa yemigudu lomfazi wakhe unyango kwisibhedlele sclerosis iimpawu ukwehla. Lize likuvumela ukuba ubuyele emsebenzini ishiywe, kodwa hayi ixesha elide.

Umhla yokufa Bulgakov - March 10, 1940, amashumi amabini anesihlanu emva kwemini. Wenyuka waya kwelinye ehlabathini, stoically enyamezela yonke intlungu nokubandezeleka. Ukushiya ilifa lobugcisa. Imfihlakalo kokufa uMikhail Bulgakov yaye akazange ngasese onke: iingxaki nephrosclerosis wambulala nje uyise. Wayesazi ukuba iphela ngayo. Kakade ke, akukho bani kuthi kanye xa kuza kwenzeka isiganeko lilishwa xa Bulgakov kufa. Unobangela yokufa kwakucaca, kodwa indlela unako ukubambelela ubomi - hayi.

inkonzo yesikhumbuzo kwaye yomngcwabo wathabatha indawo leyo kakhulu. Ngenxa yesithethe, umbhali lijongene ukufa imaski isusiwe. Bulgakov kwagqitywa ukuba sebefile, ngokuvumelana nokuthanda kwakhe. Ngelo inkonzo yesikhumbuzo beza amaqabane ababhali Bulgakov, nabalingane evela eMoscow Art Theatre, amalungu Union of Writers. Ndabiza aze unobhala Stalin, kwaye ke epitaph enkulu lwapapashwa "kwiphephandaba yoncwadi". Yena wangcwatyelwa kwi Novodevichy emangcwabeni, kufuphi ngamangcwaba yaseChekhov.

Ukuba Wazazi mbuzo: "Uphi na imaski kokufa Bulgakov," ngoko ke Impendulo ilula: liye livuke abumbe Kubala efanayo kule myuziyam. Ngoko, njenge Umfanekiso kwenziwa kuphela kwiimeko ezizodwa uthetha intlonipho nentlonelo Bulgakov njengoko ngumbhali abanetalente, phezu kwazo zonke iingxaki yobomi bakhe. Intando umbhali ayikho, kwaye ukuba amanqaku, leyo angena imaski ekufeni. Bulgakov axoxe foppery bengasebenzi, ingakumbi kule hlobo. Bamba loo mzuzu wagqiba noogxa bakhe.