KwiPhondo ESmolensk: counties needolophana

Ibali amaphondo zokuqala kummandla Imperial Russia busuka emva konyaka-1708. Olu hlobo hlulo yayikhona kuze 1929. Ngale ndlela yokwenza kukwahlukana kummandla iiyunithi ezincinci zolawulo, ngathi kwicandelo lommandla.

Ibali kwiphondo ESmolensk

Ngexesha ukudalwa amaphondo asibhozo Peter I ngowe-1708 yaye yasekwa kwiqela elinye iphondo ESmolensk. Komhlaba mmandla babeyinxalenye iyunithi enye sobummandla kunye akhiwe kwinxalenye yaseYurophu kweli lizwe. kwiphondo ESmolensk waze 1929, kamva abe ndawo ngexesha UHlaziyo eSoviet Union. Le dolophu iphambili kwiphondo kwakujongwa ESmolensk.

Ingakumbi indawo hlulo ezweni Imperial Russia yanika kufutshane kunye nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho kunye uninzi namanye amaphondo.

KwiPhondo erhangqwe la mazwe alandelayo:

• kwiphondo yaseTver (emantla nomntla-mpuma);
• eMoscow ukulungela (empuma);
• Orel (south - mpuma);
• Chernigov (south);
• Mahileu (entshonalanga);
• Vitebsk kunye Pskov (kwi-ntshona).

zwe neNguquko

I entsha kwiphondo ESmolensk waba malunga elinesixhenxe imizi. I inkulu kubo: Roslavl, ESmolensk, White, Vyazma, Dorogobuzh. Noko ke, ngo-1713 kwiphondo aye ohlulwa, inxalenye yayo inkulu waya inxalenye wephondo kwiPhondo Riga.

Kamva, emva kweminyaka elishumi elinesithathu, iye zibuyiselwe. Le nto ndiyibhalayo izithili ezintlanu: Dorogobuzh, Belsky, ESmolensk, Vyazma kunye Roslavl.
Thile emva (ngo-1775) kweli phondo iye ehlaziyiweyo kwi ESmolensk yokubusa. Ngenxa yotshintsho ndawo yaba ukufakwa counties ezisixhenxe ezintsha: Kasplyanskogo, Elninskaya, Krasninsky, Gzhatsk, Sychevsky, Porechsky, Ruposovskogo. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva Ruposovsky kunye Kasplinsky counties enziwa Yukhnovsky kunye Duhovschinsky. Kwaba kuphela ngo-1796 lwerhuluneli reformatted kwakhona kweli phondo.

Kweli thuba ukususela 1802 ukuya 1918 kwizintlu zephondo ESmolensk iquka kwizithili elinambini. Lo mmandla incinane esaphethe Sychevsky - 2825 versts square.

kwisithili solawulo indawo kwiphondo ESmolensk:

• Yukhnovsky;
• Vyazemskij;
• Belsky;
• Gzhatskaya;
• Duhovschinsky;
• Elninskaya;
• Sychevsky;
• Dorogobuzh;
• Roslavlsky;
• ESmolensk;
• Porechsky;
• Krasninsky.

241 wendawo wokuqaliswa okwilizwe, uluntu 4.130 yasemaphandleni kunye neendawo ngenye 14,000 bantu. Ukongeza, ummandla kwiphondo kwakukho zokuhlala ezisibhozo inemizana 600. Ezinye zokuhlala zezo zamaFama, iilali ezincinane, ifama. Length ESmolensk iphondo migodi 340 (enye versta ukuhlangabezana iimitha 1067 mihla). ummandla wayo wawuquka versts nje 49212 square.

labantu

Ngokutsho 1897 ubalo, abemi kwiphondo ESmolensk yaba abemi kancinane ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sesigidi. Emizini ngeepesenti ngaphantsi kwe ezilishumi labemi, malunga 121 amawaka abemi. Phambi ukupheliswa serfdom ngo-1761, inani ngamakhoboka beza-70% labantu bebonke.

kwiphondo ESmolensk waba ireyithi ephezulu umntu non-free phakathi onke amaphondo Tsarist Russia. On the gentleman omnye avareji accounted for ngamakhoboka ezimalunga nama-60. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kweli phondo ESmolensk, kwakukho 13 yoonongendi, iicawa 763 kunye noluntu omnye. abefundisi Percent kwaba 0.6% yenani lilonke labantu kuyo. ESmolensk kwiphondo njengeyunithi eyodwa kagunyaziwe yaphela ngo-1929, kunye namazwe yayo ehlonyelwe kwiNgingqi Koloni.

Iifektri nolimo kummandla

Iindawo kwiphondo ESmolensk odume abasuki abanezakhono kunye nabaluki. abahlali bale ngingqi ikakhulu abazibandakanya kwezolimo, iinkozo olinywayo: rye, i-oats, buckwheat, ingqolowa. In Rostislavskom kwisiphaluka kulinywa amazimba zibe ngumqulu encinane. In Vyazma and Sychevsky counties belima benemfuyo neflakisi. Le lali yesithili Tesovo Sychevskii waba isikhululo lnovodnaya. UkuThunga umqhaphu-kukujikeleza okusila ibekwe kwilali Yartsevo Duhovschinskogo County. In Rostislavskom County yasebenza bhokisi kunye nemveliso ngesikhumba. Lithe laqhenqetha njengoko ukuveliswa ekubunjweni iimveliso crystal kunye neemveliso ehlathini. Bielsko - tar kunye nomsebenzi ngezitena.

ESmolensk kwiphondo idume izitiya zawo. Ikakhulu benza nokulinywa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo apile, nabantwana kunye namapere. Apples zithengiselwa eMoscow. Kodwa idume kwezolimo yayo ESmolensk kwiphondo kuphela.

ESmolensk County

Le ndawo eyona ndawo inabantu xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe. Abahlali balapha zaye becala ukurhweba neentlobano kunye Lithuanians. Roslavl kwisiphaluka ikakhulu kuqhutywa umsebenzi wezolimo.

Kuphela apha wakhula buckwheat, irhasi namazimba. Ku kuqala wadala ESmolensk uluntu kwezolimo kuphuhliso kwezolimo. Kwakukho warehouses oomatshini yezolimo kunye nezixhobo. It kubanjwe intshayelelo elinemveliso kakhulu ukubuyisela ikhuba ikhuba. Le guns elalenziwe iinkosi zasekuhlaleni, hayi ngaphantsi standard mveliso.

Ngowe-1880 954 mveliso mveliso, i elisebenze ngayo kwiphondo ESmolensk. Kule minyaka ilishumi elinesibhozo izayo, inani ematyeni kunye mveliso banda ziiyunithi ezisibhozo. Ngokukodwa, siphuhlisa nokuphucula mveliso itshizi, nto leyo mhlawumbi ngakumbi kwizithili nempuma yeli phondo.

isiphelo

Malunga 1000 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, kwacaca ukuba ukusebenza ngokukuko karhulumente kufuneka ukuba ukwahlulwa ibe ziiyunithi zolawulo. Iimbekiselo zokuqala asusela AD ngenkulungwane X. Princess Olga mbaxa amazwe Novgorod kwi amangcwaba. Kamva kwinkulungwane XV, Ivan Grozny waba kwisahlulo fifths ummandla Novgorod. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII, yaqalisa ingqiqo amaphondo kunye nezithili. Baba kwase lwemimandla namhlanje kunye nezithili.