Ukukhanya okukhulu kweYurophu: Voltaire, Diderot, uRousseau

Ixesha Lokukhanyisa linye yexesha elibalulekileyo kwiimbali zenkcubeko yehlabathi. Eli lixesha lokusasazeka kokucinga okukhululekileyo kunye nenkolelo kumathuba angenamkhawulo womntu. Bangobani, abakhanyisayo beYurophu.

Iimpawu zexesha

Indlela yokukhulula ukucinga yayikude kwaye inzima. Phantse kuwo onke amazwe kude kube sekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi elinesixhenxe, ingqiqo kawonkewonke yayingaphantsi kwelawulo lecawa. Kodwa ngokukodwa abaseYurophu baphula indlela ebomini yobomi. Endaweni yokholo, ulwazi lwaqala ukuza kuqala.

Inkulungwane ye-XVIII-ixesha lefilosofi yokucinga okukhululekile. Wammisela ukukhanya okukhulu kweYurophu. Ithebhile, e dwelisa amagama, iminyaka yobomi kunye nemisebenzi edumileyo yabalobi, iboniswe ngezantsi.

Ifilosofi yeSikolo sisekelwe kwintando yesininzi, ulwalathiso lwazo zonke iintlobo zobugcisa kunye noncwadi kwiimfuno zabantu abaqhelekileyo. Umsebenzi oyintloko wabameli abasemgangathweni yenkcubeko yekhulu leshumi elinesibhozo kwakusungulwa kolwazi kubo bonke abantu. Le ntshukumo yaqala eNgilani, kodwa ngokukhawuleza yasasaza eFransi naseJamani. Kuyaziwa ukuba uMbusi waseRashiya uCatherine II, owawuqwalasela ngokubanzi imicimbi yemfundo nokulungiswa koluntu, iminyaka emininzi, ihambelana neenkcukacha zamasiko ezivelele. Phakathi kwabo yiVoltaire kunye nezinye izikhanyiso ezinkulu zaseYurophu.

Amanani atshabaleleyo kwihlabathi lehlabathi ngababhali baseFransi kunye neebongozi. Phakathi kwabo yiVoltaire ekhankanywe ngasentla, uDenis Diderot kunye nezinye izikhanyiso ezinkulu zaseYurophu. Isishwankathelo sezinto eziphilayo zezinye zazo zichazwe kwinqaku.

E-Rashiya, umguquli omkhulu wenkqubo yemfundo nguLomanosov. Wayengowosayensi, kunye nezobugcisa beencwadi, kunye nomlobi wemisebenzi yeengqungquthela. Kodwa yayiyintoni igama labantu kweli nqaku? Bangobani, zikhanyisa ezinkulu zaseYurophu?

Itheyibhuli

Voltaire

Umbhali wayengunyana wegosa. Waphumelela kwikholeji yama-Jesuit, wafunda umthetho, kodwa kamva, njengoko uyaziwa, uncwadi olukhethiweyo. UVoltaire wayeyindoda ebhikishayo. Akakwazanga ukudibanisa kwigunya kunye neCawa yamaKatolika, ngoko wayehlala eFransi iminyaka emininzi. Nangona kunjalo, kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu wadala imisebenzi eyenziwa ngokunyanzela ukuhlaziywa kolawulo lwentlalo.

Ngobutsha bakhe, umlobi waseFransi wayenombono wefilosofi ye-Epicurus. Nangona imisebenzi yokuqala yaseVoltaire iqulethe ukuhlasela kwecawa kunye ne-absolutism. Umsebenzi wakhe kamva uyahluke ngohlobo lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwemisebenzi eyenziwe nguVoltaire, kuyafaneleka ukuphawula iindaba zefilosofi, amanqaku eendaba kunye nemisebenzi yembali. Umbhali waseFransi wayenempembelelo enkulu ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko yehlabathi. Umsebenzi wakhe waphefumulela ababhali baseRashiya. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, igama elithi "Voltaireanism" labonakala, lithetha ukunyaniseka, ukuchithwa kwamagunya.

Eminye imisebenzi yaseVoltaire yashicilelwa ekuqaleni. Ngokomzekelo, "intombi yase-Orleans". Ingqungquthela ilandisa malunga ne heroine yabantu baseFransi uJeanne d'Arc. Kwaye kwimeko yokucoca ngokusondeza ukuba icawa ikubeka eluhlu lweencwadi ezinqatshelwe.

UJean-Jacques Rousseau

Lo mfilosofi wayengumfanekiso oqaqambileyo wobuFrentshi. Njengomntwana, wafunda endlwini yaseBeneva yamaProtestanti, kwaye wangena kubafundi kwi-notary. Ngeminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu, uRousseau washiya umzi wakubo. Ngenxa yobomi bakhe wazizama ezininzi kwizakhono ezininzi, wayehlala ecinga ukuba ufuna. Ngomnyaka we-1750, uRousseau wabhala umxholo, apho umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala wabhala khona. Imisebenzi esilandelayo ihambelana ngokupheleleyo nomoya wokuguquka owenziwe kwihlabathi leenkcubeko, kwaye wavumela ukuba umlobi uninzi lwabantu abakhulu abawaziwayo kwimbali njengabakhanyisi abaninzi beYurophu.

UDenis Diderot

Omnye wabasunguli beengcamango zeengcamango ezingaphelelanga babengakholelwa kwintsimi yokomoya yobomi. UDaerot wayekholelwa ukuba umntu yinto eyenziwa ngumntu ngaye, njengokuba, ngokwenene, ezinye izikhanyiso ezinkulu zaseYurophu. U-Diderot wabhala iprose ne drama kwihlobo. Ipeni lakhe lingeqela leentetho zefilosofi.

Abazali bakhe babefuna ukuba abe ngumbingeleli, kodwa emva kokuphumelela kwiikholeji ze-Jesuit, uDenis wangena kwi-faculty yobugcisa. UDayerot wathatha iinguqulelo ixesha elide. Umlobi waseFransi wasebenza iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi elinesithathu ukudala "i-Encyclopedia", ngokubambisana nabanye ootitshala.

Indima kwimbali

Abakhanyisi abaninzi beYurophu kunye neengcamango zabo baye batshintsha indlela abantu bacinga ngayo ngabantu kunye nabo. Ezi zifilosofi zibonise ukuba umntu unengqondo, amandla okomoya. Iingcamango ezibonakala zibonakalayo phambi kwekhulu le-17 zibonwa njengeengcamango ezingenangqondo kunye nengqiqo, okanye, ngokuchanekileyo, zinokuqondwa. Ngaphambi kokufika kwefilosofi yeLwazi, akukho njengaye i-Voltaire, i-Diderot okanye i-Rousseau ebhala ngaye, kwakungabikho umntu oye wazama ukuthetha ngokuzwakalayo. Ngama-Middle Ages kunye necawa, amahlaya ayimbi. Naluphi na ukukhungulwa kwaba yindlela eqinisekileyo yokuwela ezandleni ze-Inquisition. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, abanye ababhali (umzekelo, uCharles de Coster) baqala ukubonakalisa kwizinto eziyikrakra zexesha elibi.

Iimpawu ezivakaliswe ngabakhanyisa babecinga ngokufanelekileyo ngentando yesininzi. Babangela impendulo ebanzi kubantu. Ubuqili Voltaire, uRousseau noDidierot baphefumlela abalobi abaninzi abaseFransi, eJamani, eRashiya.