Ziziphi iindiza? I-Biology: iintlobo kunye nokuhlelwa kwezigciwane

Iintsholongwane (i-biology ichaza intsingiselo yeli gama njenjalo) yi-agents e-extracellular ezingakwazi ukuphinda zenziwe kwakhona ngoncedo lweeseli eziphilayo. Kwaye banako ukubetha abantu kuphela, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, kodwa kunye neebhaktheriya. Iintsholongwane zebhaktheriya zibizwa ngokuba yi-bacteriophages. Kungekudala, iintlobo ezithandanayo zafunyanwa. Babizwa ngokuthi "i-virus yesatellite".

Impawu eziqhelekileyo

Iintsholongwane zininzi ze-biological form, njengoko zikhona kuzo zonke iimeko eziphilayo emhlabeni. Uphononongo lwabo lujongene nenzululwazi njenge-virology-ukwahlula kwe-microbiology.

Inxalenye nganye yegciwane ineengxenye ezininzi:

Idatha yezofuzo (i-RNA okanye i-DNA);

- capsid (iiprotheni ingubo) - yenza umsebenzi wokukhusela;

Iintsholongwane zineendlela ezihlukileyo, ezivela kwi-spiral elula kunye nokuphela kwe-icosahedral. Ubukhulu obuqhelekileyo malunga nekhulu-ubukhulu bhakteriki encinci. Nangona kunjalo, ubuninzi beempimpe zincinci kangangokuba azibonakali phantsi kwe-microscope elula.

Ngokwemvelo yabo, iintsholongwane zi-parasites kwaye azikwazi ukuvelisa ngaphandle kweseli ephilayo. Kodwa ekubeni bephuma ngaphandle, bayeka ukubonisa iimpawu eziphilayo.

Ukwabiwa ngeendlela eziliqela: iintsholongwane ezihlala kwizityalo zihanjiswa yizinambuzane ezondla iziselo zamanzi; Iintsholongwane zezilwanyana zisasazwa ngamazinambuzane egazi. Kubantu, iintsholongwane zihanjiswe kwiindlela ezininzi: ngeendlela ezisemoyeni okanye ngeendlela zesondo, kunye nokumpontshelwa igazi.

Umvelaphi

Iintsholongwane (i-biology inenani elikhulu leentsholongwane) zinemibuzo emininzi yemvelaphi. Ezi zigulo zifunyenwe kwi-millimeter nganye yeplanethi apho kukho iiseli eziphilayo. Ngoko ke, zikhona ukusuka ekuqaleni kokubonakala kobomi.

Kule mihla kukho iingcinga ezintathu zokuvela kweentsholongwane.

1. I-hypothesis yamaselula ibika ukuba i-agents e-extracellular ivela kwiinqununu ze-RNA kunye ne-DTC ezingakhutshwa kumzimba omkhulu.
2. I-hypothesis ehlaziyiweyo ibonisa ukuba ii-virus zincinci ezincinci ezikhokelela kwindlela yokuphila ephilileyo kwiintsholongwane ezinkulu, kodwa ngokugqithiseleyo kwexesha zalahlekelwa iizakhi ezifunekayo ukuba zikhona.
3. Iingcamango zokuzibandakanya ngokubambisana zibonisa ukuba ii-virus zivela ngexesha elifanayo njengeeseli eziphilayo, oko kukuthi, iibhiliyoni zeminyaka edlulileyo. Kwabonakala kubangelwa ukwakhiwa kwezixhobo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-nucleic acids kunye neeprotheni.

Ngokufutshane malunga neentsholongwane (ngokubhekiselele kwi-biology yalezi ziphilayo, isiseko sethu solwazi, ngelanga, asikugqibekanga), unokufunda kule nqaku. Inye yale mibhalo ekhankanywe apha ngasentla ineengxaki zayo kunye neengcamango ezingavumelekanga.

Iintsholongwane njengendlela yobomi

Kukho iinkcazelo ezimbini zendlela yobomi beentsholongwane. Ngokweyokuqala, i-agents e-extracellular iyinkimbinkimbi yee-molecule zendalo. Ingcaciso yesibini ichaza ukuba ii-virus zihlobo olukhethekileyo lobomi.

Iintsholongwane (i-biology ibonisa ukuvela kweentlobo ezininzi zintsholongwane) zibonakaliswa njengezilwanyana kwimida yokuphila. Zifana neeseli eziphilayo kuba zinezohlulo zabo ezihlukeneyo zemizimba kunye nokuguquka ngokusekelwe kwindlela yokhetho lwendalo. Banokuphindaphinda, benze iikopi zabo. Ekubeni iintsholongwane azikho isakhiwo seselula, izazinzulu aziboni njengento ephilayo.

Ukuze uqokelele iamolekyuli zakho, ama-extracellular agents adinga iseli esiphezulu. Ukungabikho kwemetabolism yabo akubavumeli ukuba bavelise ngaphandle kokunceda ngaphandle.

Nangona kunjalo, ngo-2013 inqaku lenzululwazi lishicilelwe ukuba ezinye i-bacteriophages zinezixhobo zabo zokuzivikela. Kwaye kukho ubungqina obungqina bokuba ii-virus zihlobo lobomi.

Ulwahlulo lwee virus ngeBaltimore

Ziziphi iintsholongwane, i-biology ichaza ngokucacileyo. UDavid Baltimore (i-Nobel laureate) uye wavelisa uluhlu lwakhe lweentsholongwane, okwenziwa yimpumelelo. Olu hlobo lusekelwe kwiindlela zokwenziwa kwe-mRNA.

Iintsholongwane kufuneka zenze i-MRNA kwi-genomes yazo. Le nkqubo iyimfuneko yokuphindaphinda kwe-nucleic acid yakhe kunye nokwakhiwa kwamaprotheni.

Ukuhlelwa kwee-virus (i-biology iyayicinga imvelaphi yabo), ngokutsho kweBaltimore, ibonakala kanje:

Iintsholongwane ezine-DNA ezinama-double ngaphandle kweRNA. Ezi ziquka imimirvirus kunye ne-herpesviruses.

- I-DNA engumda omnye kunye ne-polarity positive (parvoviruses).

- I-RNA emibini emibini (rotaviruses).

- I-RNA engatshatanga yodwa ye-polarity. Abameli: i-flaviviruses, i-picornaviruses.

- I-molecule ye-RNA engatshatanga ye-RNA. Imizekelo: i-filoviruses, i-orthomixoviruses.

- I-RNA ene-single-stranded positive, kunye nobukho be-DNA ngokubanzi kwi-RNA (HIV) matrix.

- I-DNA emibini echanekileyo, kunye nobukho be-DNA ngokukodwa kwi-RNA matrix (i-hepatitis B).

Life Span

Imizekelo yeentsholongwane kwi-biology itholakala phantse kuzo zonke iinyathelo. Kodwa kuwo wonke umjikelezo wobomi uqhubeka ngokulinganayo. Ngaphandle kwesakhiwo seselula, abakwazi ukuvelisa ngokuhlukana. Ngoko ke, basebenzisa izinto eziphakathi kweseli yomkhosi wazo. Ngaloo ndlela, bavelisa inani elikhulu leekopi zabo.

Umjikelo wegciwane lesibindi unamaqela amaninzi, adibeneyo.

Kwinqanaba lokuqala, intsholongwane iqhotyoshelweyo, oko kukuthi, yenza ikhonkco ethile phakathi kwamaprotheni kunye nama-receptors yeselula yomkhosi. Emva koko, kufuneka ufake inqununu ngokwayo kwaye unikeze izinto zakho zofuzo. Ezinye iintlobo zinyamezela iiprotheni. Emva koko, ukulahleka kwe-capsid kwenzeka, kunye ne-genomic acid nucleic.

Emva kokuba i-parasite ifike ngaphakathi kweseli, iindidi zegciwane kunye nokuguqulwa kweprotheni kuqala. Kwaye ngenxa yoko, intsholongwane iphuma kwiseli. Nangona eqhubeka ekhulayo, akanakho ukubulala i-cage, kodwa uqhubeke uhlala kuyo.

Izifo zomntu

I-Biology iguqulela ii-virus njengobonakaliso obuncinane bomhlaba kwiPlanethi yomhlaba. Esinye sezifo zintsholongwane yabantu ezilula kakhulu zibandayo. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zigulo zingabangela izifo ezinzulu, ezifana ne-AIDS okanye intsholongwane yeentaka.

Intsholongwane nganye inomlinganiselo othile wesenzo kumnini wayo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuhlaziya iiseli, ezikhokelela ekufeni kwazo. Kwizinto eziphilayo ezininzi, ngokufa kwenani elikhulu leeseli, yonke inyama iyaqala ukusebenza kakuhle. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iintsholongwane azikwazi ukulimaza impilo yabantu. Kwimichiza, oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-latency. Umzekelo wentsholongwane enjalo yi-herpes. Ezinye iintlobo ezilindelekileyo ziyakwazi ukuzuza. Ngamanye amaxesha ubukho babo bubangelwa iimpendulo zokuzivikela ngamagciwane okulwa nama-bacteria.

Ezinye iintsholongwane zihlala zingapheliyo okanye ziphile. Oko kukuthi, intsholongwane iyaqhubeka, nangona imisebenzi yokukhusela yomzimba.

Izifo

I-epidemiology yentsholongwane yenzululwazi ephonononga indlela yokulawula ukutshatyalaliswa kwezifo zentsholongwane kubantu. Ukudluliselwa kwee-parasites kunokuthi kunqamle, oko kukuthi, ukusuka kumntu ukuya kumntu; Okanye umthamo - ukusuka kumama ukuya kumntwana.

Utshintsho oluhamba ngokubanzi luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza phakathi kwabantu.

Isantya sokusasaza intsholongwane kuxhomekeke kwimibandela emininzi: ubuninzi babantu, inani labantu abane-immunity, kunye nomgangatho weyeza kunye neemeko zemozulu.

Ukukhuselwa komzimba

Iindidi zeentsholongwane kwi-biology ezinokuchaphazela impilo yabantu zingenakubalwa. Okokuqala ukuphendula ngokuzikhusela kuyisifo esingenangqondo. Iqukethe iinkqubo ezizodwa ezinika ukhuselo olungapheliyo. Olu hlobo lokuzikhusela alukwazi ukubonelela ukukhusela okuthembekileyo nokuhlala ixesha elide.

Xa i-vertebrates ibonakala ifunyenwe, kufuneka i-antibodies ekhethekileyo iveliswe yi-virus kwaye yenze ikhuseleke.

Nangona kunjalo, akuzona zonke iindiza ezikhoyo ezakhiweyo. Umzekelo, i-HIV isoloko iguqula ukulandelelana kwe-amino acid, ngoko ishiya isistim somzimba.

Unyango kunye nokuthintela

Iintsholongwane kwi-biology - oku kuyinto eqhelekileyo kakhulu, ngoko izazinzulu ziye zakhupha izitofu ezizodwa eziqukethe "izinto zokubulala" kwiintsholongwane ngokwazo. Indlela eqhelekileyo kunye esebenzayo yokulawula igonywayo, edala ukukhuselwa kwezifo, kunye neziyobisi ezichasene ne-anti-virus ezikwazi ukunqanda ukukhethwa kwezigciwane.

Iintsholongwane kunye nebhaloji ye-biology ichaza ngokukodwa njengabantu abanobungozi bomzimba womntu. Njengamanje, ngoncedo lokugonywa, unokuyinqoba ngaphezu kweentsholongwane ezingamashumi amathathu ezizinzile emzimbeni womntu, kwaye nangaphezulu - emzimbeni wezilwanyana.

Amanyathelo okukhusela izifo zentsholongwane kufuneka aqhutywe ngexesha kunye nomgangatho omhle. Kule nto, uluntu kufuneka lukhombise indlela yokuphila enempilo kwaye uzame ukuphucula ukukhuselwa kwintsholongwane kuzo zonke iindlela. Urhulumente kufuneka amalungiselele ama-quarantine ngexesha kwaye anike iinkonzo ezifanelekileyo zonyango.

Iintsholongwane zezityalo

Iifom yeentsholongwane, i-biology idlalwa ingqungquthela kunye nentonga. Kukho uninzi lwee-parasites ezinjalo. Ezoqoqosho, zichaphazela kakhulu isivuno, kodwa ukuzinqumla kubutyebi. Ukususela kwisityalo ukuya kwisityalo, ezinjalo iintsholongwane zisasazeka ngoncedo lwezilwanyana zezilwanyana. Iintlobo ezinjalo azichaphazeli abantu okanye izilwanyana, kuba zikwazi ukuzala kuphela kwiiseli zezityalo.

Abahlobo abakhulu beeplanethi yethu banokukhuselwa kubo ngohlobo lwe-gene resistance. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izityalo ezichaphazelekayo yi-virus ziqala ukuvelisa izinto ezinomdla we-anti-virus ezifana ne-salicylic acid okanye i- nitric oxide. I-biology ye-molecular ye-virus ijongene neengxaki zokutshatyalaliswa kwezityalo ezivundiweyo ngamagciwane, kwaye iguqula kwakhona imichiza kunye nezofuzo, egalela ekuphuculeni phambili kwe-biotechnology.

Iintsholongwane zokufakelwa

Iindidi zegciwane kwi-biology zininzi. Ngokukodwa kuyimfuneko ukuba ingqalelo ukuba izazinzulu ziye zafunda ukudala izidumbu ezibonakalayo. Iintlobo zokuqala ezifunyenweyo zenziwa ngo-2002. Kwizinto ezininzi ze-extracellular, i-gene engumsebenzi eyenziwa kwiseli iyaqala ukubonakalisa iimpawu ezithintekayo. Oko kukuthi, ziqulethe zonke iinkcukacha ezifunekayo ukuze kusetyenziswe iintlobo ezintsha. Le teknoloji isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuvelisa iigciwane ezichasene nezifo.

Ikhono lokwenza iipilisi kwiindawo ezibonakalayo zingenza imiphumo emininzi. Intsholongwane ayikwazi ukufa ngokupheleleyo xa nje kukho izidumbu ezibuhlungu.

Iintsholongwane zixhobo

Ngelishwa, iipasasites ezithathelwanayo zingenza izifo eziphazamisayo, ngoko zingasetyenziswa njengezixhobo ze- biological. Ukuqinisekiswa kwesi sifo seSpeyin, esadalwa kwi-laboratory. Omnye umzekelo i-smallpox. Isifo sokugonya sithe safunyanwa, kodwa njengomthetho kuphela abasebenzi bezonyango kunye nabasebenzi bezempi bayagonywa, oku kuthetha ukuba bonke abantu bayindawo yokubeka ingozi ukuba luhlobo lwesiphatho sezinto eziphilayo sisetyenziswe.

Iintsholongwane kunye ne-biosphere

Okwangoku, i-agents e-extracellular "iyaqhayisa" inani elikhulu labantu kunye neentsholongwane eziphila kwiPlanethi yoMhlaba. Benza umsebenzi obalulekileyo, ukulawula inani labantu abaphilayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo baqulunqa izilwanyana kunye nezilwanyana. Ngokomzekelo, ubuthi bezinye iifutsu ziqukethe izixhobo zentsholongwane yentsholongwane. Nangona kunjalo, indima yabo ebalulekileyo ekukholeni kwezinto eziphilayo kubomi olwandle nolwandle.

Enye ithisipuni yolwandle ityuwa iqulethe malunga neigciwane ezigidi. Injongo yabo ephambili ngumgaqo wobomi kwimvelo yendalo. Ininzi yabo ayinakuzilimaza nakwintlanzi kunye nezilwanyana

Kodwa oku akunjalo zonke iimpawu ezilungileyo. Iintsholongwane zilawula inkqubo ye-photosynthesis, ngoko kunyusa ipesenteji ye-oksijini emoyeni.