Ukwahlulelwa kwezitye kunye ne-alloys

Kushishino zanamhlanje isebenzisa isixa esikhulu sezixhobo zokufunda. Iplastiki kunye zisasilela, grafayithi kunye nezinye izinto ... Kodwa but is isoloko efanelekileyo. Ngokuba lenza izakhiwo isigebenga, isetyenziswa ukwenza iintlobo oomatshini kunye nezinye izixhobo.

Kwaye ngenxa yokuba ukuhlelwa intsimbi lidlala kushishino kunye nenzululwazi indima ebalulekileyo, kuba, esazi, uyakwazi ukukhetha uhlobo ifanelekileyo lwezinto loo njongo, bengandazanga nam. Esingunobangela kwaye umxholo weli nqaku.

Inkcazelo ngokubanzi

Isinyithi ngokuba izinto ezilula apho phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo luphawulwa iimpawu ezininzi lokwahlula: conductivity phezulu thermal kunye umbane, kwakunye ductility. Zeplastiki. Xa urhulumente eziqinileyo luphawulwa isakhiwo crystal kwinqanaba atom, kwaye ke ngoko kufuneka neempawu amandla eliphezulu. Kodwa kukho aluminium ezo yezabelo zazo. Yintoni na?

Ngoko wabiza izinto zivela izinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ngokufudumeza phezu kwiqondo lokunyibilika. Qaphela ukuba kukho intsimbi kunye non-metal aluminium. Kwimeko yokuqala, ukwakhiwa kufuneka iqulathe ubuncinane i-50% metal.

Nangona kunjalo, asiyi kuphazanyiswa inqaku izihloko. Ngoko ke, yintoni uhlobo but is yokuhlela? Ngokubanzi, ulwahlule ngendlela elula:

1. Acace iintsimbi.
2. izinyithi Nonferrous.

Udidi lokuqala luquka yonke zentsimbi kunye aluminium yayo. Zonke ezinye iintsimbi anemibala, Noko ke, njengoko iikhompawundi zabo. kudidi ngalunye kufuneka ingqalelo ngakumbi: nangona yokuhlela jikelele uyadika kakhulu, kuba eneneni inzima kakhulu ngakumbi. Kwaye xa sikhumbula ukuba kukho amatye anqabileyo ... Bona, kakhulu, zahlukile. Noko ke, ukuhlelwa amatye anqabileyo nokuba lula. Bebonke kukho ezisibhozo kubo: igolide, nesilivere, platinum, mbala, ruthenium, osmium, kunye rhodium, kunye iridium. Ezibaluleke kakhulu ke iintsimbi iqela platinum.

Enyanisweni, ukuhlelwa zesinyithi ezixabisekileyo kunye ekruqulayo. Ngoko wabiza (in izacholo) are isilivere enye, igolide ne- platinum. Kodwa okwanele "imicimbi phezulu". Lifikile ixesha lokuba sithethe izinto ezifanayo yaye kwisisu semoto.

Siqala isishwankathelo amabakala ahlukeneyo ngentsimbi, nto leyo kanye lowo yemvelaphi ukusebenza metal abamnyama - yentsimbi.

Yintoni steel?

An ingxubevange zentsimbi kunye nezongezelelo ezithile, equlethe hayi ngaphezulu kwe 2.14% carbon atomic. Ulwahlulo kwezi zinto kumba kakhulu, kwaye sithabathela ingqalelo: ngoobani kunye nemveliso iindlela imichiza, ubukho okanye ukungabikho ubumdaka isonakalisa, kunye nesakhiwo. Noko ke, lo msebenzi osemqoka ibalulekileyo ukwakhiwa imichiza, njengoko kuchaphazela brand kunye negama ngentsimbi.

uhlobo carbon

Ezi zinto jikelele dopants, kodwa netheknoloji kungamampunge inika iqela lemisebenzi ubumdaka (njenge, manganese). Ekubeni umxholo ezi zinto na ku ezahlukene 0.8-1%, nayiphi na impembelelo kwiipropati amandla, mechanical kunye eekhemikhali ngentsimbi, abanayo. Olu didi isetyenziswa zokwakha kunye ukuvelisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Kakade ke, lo metal kule Ukuhlelwa ikude ekugqityweni.

Structural carbon steel

Amaninzi isetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezahlukahlukeneyo ukwenzela iinjongo zoshishino, emkhosini okanye lwasekhaya, kodwa ke asetyenziswa ukuvelisa izixhobo kunye neendlela. Kulo mzekelo, umxholo carbon kuyo nayiphi na imeko mayingagqithi 0.5-0.6%. Kufuneka ube namandla eliphezulu kakhulu, nto leyo umiselwa iqela lonke eziqinisekisiweyo arhente uvavanyo international (Rm, σ0,2, δ, ψ, KCU, HB, HRC). Kukho iindidi ezimbini:

• Ordinary.
• Umgangatho.

Njengoko unako unokuthekelela, kuqala ukuya kulwakhiwo zobunjineli ezahlukeneyo. Umgangatho njengoko zokwakha isetyenziswa kuphela ukuvelisa izixhobo ethembekileyo ezisetyenziswa zobunjineli namanye amasebe eshishini kunye nemveliso.

Ezi zokwakha, umhlwa le metal ibe phezu komhlaba. Ulwahlulo kwezinye iintlobo ngentsimbi ebonelela iimfuno engqongqo ngakumbi kubo.

Isixhobo carbon steel

imihlaba yabo - lobunjineli ngqo, izixhobo lwemveliso kwindawo lwezenzululwazi, kwaye amayeza, kwakunye namanye amashishini ukuba zifuna ukwandisa amandla kunye nokuchaneka. isiqulatho carbon Isenokuba ukusuka kwi 0.7 ukuya 1.5%. Ezo zincedisi zokufunda kufuneka ube namandla eliphezulu kakhulu, zimelane ukunxiba izinto kunye amaqondo ekugqibeleni phezulu.

yodidi exutyiweyo

Ngoko wabiza izinto leyo, ukongeza ubumdaka zendalo eziqulethwe isixa esikhulu dopants ukuba yongezwe artificially. Ezi ziquka chromium, nickel, molybdenum. Ukongeza, ezi yodidi ingxubevange nako ukwaneliseka yemanganizi lesilicon apho isikakhulu akukho ngaphezulu kwe 0.8-1.2%.

Kulo mzekelo, Ukuhlelwa intsimbi luthatha ukwahlulwa kwayo ngeentlobo ezimbini:

• Yodidi ezinomthamo esezantsi kwezithako. Ngamafutshane, kungekho ngaphezulu kwe-2.5%.
• Doped. Kwezi kwezithako abe ukusuka 2.5 ukuya kwi-10%.
• Materials ezinomthamo omkhulu ongeziweyo (10%).

Ezi ntlobo ke ahlulwe aba zenyathi, njengakwimeko yangaphambili.

steel exutyiweyo zesakhiwo

Njengazo zonke ezinye iintlobo, izinto ezisetyenziswa kwizifundo zobunjineli, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kunye nezinye izakhiwo, kwakunye kushishino. Ukuba ezifanisa neentlobo carbon, ngoko izinto ezinjalo kuzuza umlinganiselo lweepropati amandla, plasticity kunye viscosity. Ukongeza, ukuba linamandla kakhulu kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kakhulu. Kwezi, yenza iibhulorho, moya, imijukujelwa, izixhobo eliphezulu-ngqo kushishino.

Yenza ingxubevange isixhobo steel

Enyanisweni, iimpawu ezifanayo kakhulu uhlobo kuxoxwe ngasentla. Ukuba zingasetyenziswa ngezi njongo zilandelayo:

• Ukuveliswa ukusika kunye nezixhobo umlinganiselo ophezulu nocoselelo kunye nezixhobo. Ingakumbi, le nto iveliswa ukusuka izixhobo metal lathe, leyo ixhomekeke yokuhlela zezi: ekufuneka yimake eshicilelweyo kwi kwimveliso.
• Kwaye abanye babo benza iyafa ngenxa ukubanda nobushushu liqengqiwe.

Yenza ingxubevange yodidi, injongo ekhethekileyo

Nanjengoko igama layo lixela, ezi mathiriyeli mpawu ethile. Umzekelo, kukho ubushushu-ukumelana kunye neentlobo ubushushu-ukumelana, nabo bonke steel stainless ezaziwayo. Ngako oko, imihlaba sesicelo yabo ibandakanya ukuveliswa oomatshini kunye nezixhobo, eziya kusebenza kwiimeko ezinzima: injini injini, ezikweni ngenxa lokunyibilikisa isinyithi, njl ..

steel Construction

Steel kunye nomxholo carbon avareji. Isetyenziswa ekuveliseni kuluhlu olubanzi zezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokwakha. Ngokukodwa, kungenxa yokuba benze iimboniselo zabucala (agciniweyo kwaye sheet metal), imibhobho, i-engile, njalo njalo. D. Ngokucacileyo, ukhetho yodidi oluthile wesinyithi sinikele ingqalelo kakhulu iimpawu ukuqina kwensimbi.

Ukongeza, kwanangaphambi kokuba ukwakhiwa zonke iifitsha ubalwa, ngokuthi umzekelo imifuziselo zezibalo, ukuze kwiimeko ezininzi uhlobo oluthile umvuzo singenziwa ngokweemfuno ngamnye umthengi.

steel nokuqinisa

Njengokuba mhlawumbi ugqibe wabo umda - iibhloko nokubethelela kwaye basarha ufakelo lwesamente. Ukukhulula kubo ngokwendlela kweentonga okanye iingcingo enobubanzi enkulu. Oyifundayo okanye carbon, okanye kuhlinzwa ezinomthamo esezantsi kwezithako alloying. Kukho iindidi ezimbini:

• Hot-liqengqiwe.
• Thermally noomatshini lwesamente.

kwibhoyila steel

Isetyenziswa ekuveliseni boilers kunye namatanki erhasi, ngokunjalo nezinye iimpahla kunye nezixhobo, eziya kusebenza kwiimeko eziphakamileyo-uxinzelelo kwiqondo lobushushu ezahlukeneyo. Ububanzi amaqhekeza kule meko ingahluka mm-4 ukuya 160.

yodidi

Ngoko ke yinto yokuba ukuphendula kakuhle kunyango ngokusika zabo. Kwakhona ilifa processability eliphezulu. Konke oku kwenza le ndawo enhle for kwizikhundla zemveliso nokuhambisa, nto leyo iya ngakumbi nangakumbi qho ngonyaka.

steel Ukunikela

Ezi ntlobo ze uhlobo ezinxulumene iintlobo zezakhiwo, kodwa ukwakhiwa zabo zenza isixhobo. Bona babe neempawu aphezulu amandla kunye nokumelana kakhulu ukuba ukunxiba (lingonakali).

Sithi iipropati ezisisiseko kunye nokwahlulwa zesinyithi kule klasi. Inyathelo elilandelayo - nokuba cast yayixhaphakile yaye yaziwa kakuhle.

Siphose yentsimbi: ngokuhlelwa kunye neempawu

Ngoko wabiza eziphathekayo, nto leyo intsila zesinyithi carbon (kunye nezinye nezongezelelo), apho umxholo C isusela ukusuka 2.14 ukuya 6.67%. Iron nesinyithi, zizakubalulwa ukwakheka yemizimba yethu, iindlela zemveliso kunye isixa ubungakanani carbon ekuwo, kwakunye neendawo isicelo kushishino kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukuba intsimbi ayikho additive, oko kuthiwa undoped. Ngenye indlela - doped.

Ukwahlukanisa ngu injongo

1. Kukho imida, ezo phantse lonke lokusetyenziswa kuqhubekeko ezalandela emva koko ekwabhengezwa ngentsimbi.
2. Foundry ntlobo esetyenziselwa bephosa iimveliso ze loqwalaselo ezahlukahlukeneyo nezintsonkothe.
3. Special, ngokuthi umzekeliso yodidi.

Ucalulo ngohlobo machiza

Ekubeni umxholo carbon kweendidi ngeendidi zezinto zokufunda yahluka kakhulu, kananjalo kwahlule ezininzi iintlobo yayo:

• White cast iron. Luphawulwa yokuba carbon kubume bayo inxulumene phantse ngokupheleleyo, ukuba phaya carbides ezahlukeneyo. yayo lula kakhulu ukwahlula: on ikhefu yena umhlophe kwaye shiny, lubonakala yi lukhuni eliphezulu, kodwa ulula kakhulu, kwaba ngenkankulu olukhulu kumatshini.
• Half eyome. Kwiingcamba aphezulu ukulahlwa yinto enzima ongangokugibisela intsimbi emhlophe, ngelixa ezingundoqo wayo - grey equlethe kubume bayo isixa esikhulu grafayithi free. Ngokubanzi, luhlanganisa iimpawu zeentlobo zombini. Kakhulu ixesha elide, kodwa kwangaxeshanye kulula kakhulu ukuba inkqubo, kwaye ubu le meko ngcono kakhulu.
• Grey. Iqulethe kumafa yayo eninzi mifanekiso. Zincopho zininzi, ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo, iphathwa kakuhle.

Asazi ngempazamo ukunika igxininisa mifanekiso. Into ukuba umxholo wayo kunye ulwakhiwo lwendawo le yokuhlela lixhomekeke isinyithi kunye aluminium kwimeko ethile. Kuxhomekeka ngezi mpawu, ukuba yahlulwe pearlitic, ferritic-pearlitic kunye ferritic.

Grafayithi ngokwayo kulo ngalunye kwezi ntlobo elingqukuva yentsimbi kunokuba khona iintlobo ezine ezahlukeneyo:

• Xa Wayisondeza inkunzi amacwecwe kunye "ezinamagqabi" elibhekisele iintlobo amagqabi.
• Ukuba izinto iqulethe inclusions, nto leyo imbonakalo zifana ziimpethu, ke umbuzo ubunjwe grafayithi yentsimbi.
• Ngokufanelekileyo, iindidi tyaba, ukubandakanywa olungalinganiyo bathi phambi kwakho - uhlobo lwe icolekile.
• Spherical, izinto hemispherical eziziimpawu imilo ukulenza.

Kodwa kulo mzekelo, ukuhlelwa zesinyithi aluminiyamu nangoku engaphelelanga! Into yokuba ezi ubumdaka, akukho ubonakala njani engaqhelekanga unakho, zinefuthe elingqalileyo ngamandla mbandela. Ngoko ke, kuxhomekeke imilo kunye nesikhundla lwendawo le inclusions, uphose ayini zihlelwa ukuya kwezi ndidi zilandelayo:

• Ukuba izinto iqulethe inclusions of flake grafayithi, oko kudla izimvi kwesinyithi (MF).
• Ngu umzekeliso kwesihloko "additive", ubukho izinto kwamaqondo eparticulate ubunjwe olwenze vermicular (zilinganisiwe grafayithi intsimbi).
• Le ejiyileyo iquka sokuhlanganisa isinyithi ductile (CN).
• "Excipient" Spherical ichaza intsimbi ductile (HF).

ingqalelo kwakho kucalulo emfutshane kunye iimpawu zesinyithi, ziphantsi kwicandelo 'abamnyama'. Njengoko ubona, nangona inkolelo edumileyo ngokubanzi, bona zahlukahlukene kakhulu, ezahlukeneyo kakhulu isakhiwo kunye neempawu zomzimba. Kubonakala iron - izinto eziqhelekileyo aqhelekileyo, kodwa ... athi ineendidi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo yaye abanye babo nje musani nje omnye nomnye, njengoko ndabagxothayo intsimbi kunye sheet intsimbi!

Nenkunkuma - ngenzuzo!

Kwaye ukuba kukho uhlobo Ukuhlelwa ezilahliweyo ayoni? Ngapha koko, zonke izigidi unyaka eetoni blade uya iintlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo. Ngaba baya endle kwiziko ngaphandle kokuya nangaziphi Ukuxhelwa nokulungisa? Ngokuqinisekileyo akunjalo. Total bahlule iindidi alithoba:

• 3A. inkunkuma metal black Standard, kubandakanywa amaqhekeza ngokubanzi, ingakumbi enkulu. Ubunzima moiety nganye - hayi nekhilogram ngaphantsi kwesinye. Njengoko umthetho, Ebubanzini amaqhekeza elingekho ngaphezu ezintandathu eemilimitha.
• 5A. Kulo mzekelo, i ezilahliweyo oversized. Ububanzi amaqhekeza - milimitha ngaphezu ezintandathu.
• 12A. Olu didi lubandakanya i-umxube echazwe ngentla-kwezi ntlobo zimbini.
• 17a. Scrap intsimbi, mbini. Ubunzima iqhekeza ngalinye - hayi ngaphantsi kwe esikiti, kodwa hayi ngaphezulu kwe-20 kg.
• 19A. Ngokufanayo kwiklasi edlulileyo, kodwa oversized inkunkuma. Ngaphezu koko, ezinye kuvumelekile isiqulatho phosphorus lo mbandela.
• 20A. Scrap intsimbi, udidi kakhulu oversized. Wavumela ubunzima iziqwenga ezintlanu iitoni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oku kuquka ikhululwe, kuyekiswa izixhobo mveliso kunye nomkhosi. Njengoko ubona, uhlobo kunye neempawu ezenziwe ngesinyithi kolu didi ziyafana.
• 22A. scrap intsimbi Again oversized. Umahluko siyifumana yokuba kule meko libhekisela iindidi zenkunkuma kunye nesiphelo sobomi acinyiweyo kwemidlalo ngemibhobho yamanzi.
• Mix. ngokungasebenzi Mixed. Okubalulekileyo! Oku akuvumelekanga imixholo uhlobo zilandelayo: iintambo zentsimbi kunye iingcingo etyhidiweyo, kunye namacandelo kwalenza.
• Galvanizing. Nanjengoko igama layo lixela, oku kuquka zonke ezilahliweyo, eziquka neenxalenye zayo kwalenza.

Kwaba ukuhlelwa lwesinyithi ayoni. Kwaye ngoku siza kuxubusha ngayo obugolide "oogxa 'ukuba badlale indima enkulu kulo lonke ushishino mihla kunye mveliso.

izinyithi Non-ayoni

Ngoko kubiza zonke ezinye izinto eziye isakhiwo atom kwensimbi, kodwa ezinxulumene zentsimbi kunye nezakhi zayo. Kule ncwadi yenzululwazi elithi "metal nonferrous", yona ingqiqo ethetha into inye. Yintoni na uhlobo lwesinyithi non-ayoni?

Kukho amaqela zilandelayo, apho mazahlulwe kwindlela ezininzi: ukukhanya kwaye inzima, ihloniphekile, saa kwaye elinjubaqa, ezinemitha kunye neentlobo ezinqabileyo. Uninzi izinyithi non-ayoni ngokubanzi zihlelwa ezinqabileyo, njengoko iyonke zabo planethi mncinane kakhulu.

zisetyenziswa lokuvelisa amacandelwana kunye nezixhobo ekumele isebenze kwindawo ndlongondlongo, zochuku, okanye xa kuyimfuneko (abenzi boluvo, umzekelo) kube kwiqondo eliphezulu Uhanjiso ubushushu okanye Uhanjiso wamandla ombane. Ukongeza, ukuba ezifunwayo emkhosini, aerospace kunye eyama mveliso apho ihlala kwi ubunzima iphantsi kakhulu.

Qaphela ukuba bahluke ukuhlelwa enzima. Noko ke, akakho hlobo, kodwa kweli qela ziquka nobhedu, nickel, ayibe, nezinki, isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, imetyhuri bakhokele. Kwezi, Cu kuphela Zn usetyenziswa ngendlela engazange mveliso, nto leyo eya kuba nagama kamva.

Aluminiyamu aluminiyamu yayo

Aluminiyamu, "intsimbi ezinamaphiko". Kukho iintlobo ezintathu kulo (ngokuxhomekeke iqondo ngobunyulu chemical)

• Umgangatho uphezulu (ntumbuluko eliphezulu) (99.999%).
• ubunyulu High.
• isampula Technical.

Uhlobo yokugqibela ekhoyo kummandla wentengiso ngohlobo kweemakhishithi, iiprofayili ezahlukeneyo kunye iingcingo kunye ezahlukeneyo cross-candelo. Elikhethiweyo urhwebo njengoko AD0 kunye AD1. Qaphela ukuba nkqu kwisampula eliphezulu aluminiyam kudla iqulethe inclusions Fe, Si, gu, MN, Zn.

aluminiyamu

Yintoni na uhlobo lwesinyithi non-ayoni kule meko? Enyanisweni, akukho lula. kukhona:

• Duralumin.
• Aviano.

Wabiza aluminiyamu duralumin, leyo ezidityaniswe yobhedu wemagniziyam. Ngaphezu koko, kukho izinto, apho isongezo isetyenziswa yobhedu wemagniziyam. Avial ebizwa kwakhona aluminiyamu, kodwa ziqulathe ongeziweyo okuninzi. Ezona wemagniziyam kunye lesilicon kwakunye intsimbi, ubhedu, nkqu titanium.

Enyanisweni, lo mba ejongisisa ngokweenkcukacha yesayensi izinto. ayipheli apho Ukuhlelwa intsimbi kwi-aluminiyam kwaye neentlobo zayo.

copper

Namhlanje ukwahlula copper anoxic (olunyulu into umxholo 97,97%) kunye kakhulu nyulu, zidle (99.99%). Ngokungafaniyo nabanye izinyithi non-ayoni, iimpawu mechanical nemichiza sobhedu impembelelo sinamandla kakhulu nkqu ubumdaka zincinane ezinye kudla.

aluminiyamu

Zahlula-hlulwe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu. Ezi izinto, endleleni, eyaziwa ukuba uluntu kangangamawaka eminyaka:

• Brass. Ngoko wabiza compound yobhedu zinc.
• Bronze. ingxubevange ubhedu, ezibandakanya nezinki elide, nenkcenkce. Nangona kunjalo, kukho kwakhona lobhedu, apho kukho ukuya kudla ezilishumi.

Titan

Metal le enqabileyo kwaye ibiza kakhulu. It has a ubunzima ephantsi, amandla amakhulu, viscosity ephantsi. Qaphela ukuba zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezininzi: VT1-00 (kuzo oku ubumdaka ≤ 0,10%), BT1-0 (additive mali ≤ 0,30%). Ukuba inani lilonke ubumdaka ≤ 0.093%, ngoko ke izinto ezinjalo ekuvelisweni titanium ebizwa iodide.

aluminiyamu titanium

Aluminiyamu yale zokufunda zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezimbini: yomgama kunye deformable. Ukongeza, umahluko ngokukhethekileyo iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela: elinjubaqa, ukwanda ductility. Kukho ukuqaqadeka ngakumbi kunye neentlobo lukhuni (kuxhomekeke unyango ubushushu).

Enyanisweni, siye ziqwalaselwe ngokupheleleyo ulwahlulohlulo zesinyithi non-ayoni kunye aluminium. Siyathemba ukuba nqaku waba luncedo kuwe.