Ductile intsimbi: iimpawu, iimpawu scope

Iron - nzima, umhlwa ezingatshiyo, kodwa ndikwabuthathaka yentsimbi-carbon ingxubevange ezinomthamo carbon ka C kuluhlu ukususela 2.14 ukuya 6.67%. Nangona ubukho ingxaki ethile, kuba kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo, iimpawu, izicelo. esetyenziswa ngokubanzi i ductile cast yentsimbi.

indaba

Le nto iye kwaziwa ukususela BC ngenkulungwane IV. e. iingcambu zakhe eChina kwi VI. BC. e. EYurophu, ukukhankanywa yokuqala imveliso woshishino ingxubevange abala XIV, yaye Russia - ngenkulungwane XVI. Kodwa kubuxhakaxhaka bokuvelisa ductile intsimbi elilodwa lomenzi eRashiya ngenkulungwane XIX. Emva kuphuhliso AD Annosovym.

Ekubeni ayina ezingwevu kulinganiselwe ukusetyenziswa ngenxa kwiipropati koomatshini ephantsi, kunye intsimbi - imali eninzi kwaye abe nobulukhuni ephantsi kwalo, kwavela umbuzo ngentsimbi ekudaleni amandla oluthembekileyo, ixesha elide, oqinileyo, nakuba ukwanda kunye bhetyebhetye ethile.

entsimbi ezenziwe Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba iimpawu zeplastiki, ukuba akunjalo iziphumo kwezinye iintlobo zomsebenzi zeplastiki (umz, nasekuqiniseni).

production

Eyona ndlela - ndiyabanyibilikisa e yamaZiko udubulo.

Izixhobo ukuqala ukuba processing kukhala:

• Charge - nsimbi equlethe oxide metal ngohlobo Ferum.
• Amafutha - coke negesi yendalo.
• Ioksijini - ke ungabutofela ngokusebenzisa incula ekhethekileyo.
• Fluxes - chemical uluhlu ngokusekelwe yemanganizi (okanye) lesilicon.

Amanqanaba iliza eziko:

1. Ukufunyanwa yentsimbi engcwengekileyo abasabela imichiza yentsimbi ekrwada mpilo anikezelweyo tuyeres.
2. Ukutshiswa coke ukubunjwa carbon oxides.
3. Carburizing e reactions zentsimbi ehlambulukileyo CO kunye CO _2.
4. Ukwanda Fe ₃ C kunye yemanganizi lesilicon kuxhomekeka kwiimpawu ezinqwenelekayo imveliso.
5. Ekufunxeni le metal ogqityiweyo ibe ababu- ngalo taphole; ekufunxeni zeBlack ngokusebenzisa umngxuma zeBlack itephu.

Ekugqityweni kuqhuma ezikweni umjikelo yokusebenza wafumana intsimbi, zeBlack kunye neegesi flue.

iimveliso Metal domain lokuvelisa

Kuxhomekeka izinga okupholisa, esi emincinci le Ukwanda carbon kunye nezongezelelo angafumana iintlobo ezininzi zesinyithi:

1. Ihagu (white) carbon ngendlela abotshelelweyo, nesamente zaseprayimari. Isetyenziswa njenge ekrwada ukuba lokunyibilikisa ezinye yentsimbi-carbon aluminiyamu processing eziphathekayo. Ukuya ku-80% wedomeyini ingxubevange zaveliswa.
2. Foundry (grey) carbon ngokohlobo grafayithi ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye ezamahala, oko kukuthi, izitya zayo. Malootvetstvennyh esetyenziselwa imveliso amalungu omzimba. Ukuya ku-19% eveliswe yi ukulahlwa ngokufutha eziko.
3. ferroalloys sisityebi: Special. uhlobo 1-2% yemveliso ingqalelo.

Ductile zesinyithi, walungisa ngokuthi unyango kushushu ihagu.

Imfundiso yentsimbi-izakhiwo

Carbon ne Ferum bangaba iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ze zohlobo emkhusaneni yikristale njengoko kubonisiwe kule ngumfuziselo emincinci.

1. Ukungena kwi isisombululo eziqinileyo α-yentsimbi - ferrite.
2. Ukungena kwi isisombululo eziqinileyo γ-yentsimbi - austenite.
3. Le khemikhali Ukuqulunqwa Fe ₃ C (chaza lonyanzeliso) - cementite. I-primary ukhandwa lungapholi ngokukhawuleza kulwelo otyhidiweyo. Secondary - lobushushu ukuncipha olucothayo ukusuka austenite. Ephakamileyo - pholisa chu le ferrite.
4. umxube Mechanical yembewu ferrite kunye cementite - perlite.
5. umxube Mechanical yembewu austenite kunye ngeperlite okanye cementite - Ledebur.

Kuba kwesinyithi lubonakala ngokuba emincinci okhethekileyo. Le mifanekiso inokuba kwifomu kunye nefomu wababopha lobume ngasentla, kwaye abe kwimo simahla ngokohlobo ukungcola ezahlukeneyo. Kwi mihlaba abachaphazelekayo bobabini okuziinkozo ezisisiseko, kunye ngokuseka. amaqhezu grafayithi ezi iipleyiti zesinyithi, kukubola okanye amacandelo.

Imilo amagqabi okufana aluminiyamu yentsimbi-carbon hina. Yenza ubu yabo unreliability.

Inclusions izinto ezintofontofo intsimbi ductile kunokuba nempembelelo entle intsebenzo yazo mechanical.

Ubume grafayithi ungqukuva ngakumbi kuphucula umgangatho ngesinyithi, echaphazela ukwanda lukhuni, uqinile, unyamezelo imithwalo ezibalulekileyo. iimpawu ezinjalo amandla eliphezulu intsimbi uphoswe. Iipropati Ductile zentsimbi boonobangela ferrite okanye kwiziseko ngeperlite lobukho inclusions flake mifanekiso.

Ukulungiswa iron ferritic ductile

Uphuma ihagu emhlophe proeutectoid ephantsi-carbon etshe ingxubevange ngu annealing enesiqulatho carbon 2.4-2.8% kwaye ubukho ahambelana kwezithako (MN, Si, S, P). Udonga ubukhulu iinxalenye annealed kufuneka ungabi ngaphezu kwe-5 cm. Castings kakhulu ubukhulu grafayithi na ngohlobo amacwecwe kunye iipropati ezinqwenelwayo nakwabangapasanga.

Ukuze ufumane kwesinyithi kunye ferritic base wentsimbi zingafakwa kwiibhokisi ezikhethekileyo ze ugalele esantini. Angenziwa kwisingxobo esitywiniweyo ndafakwa eziko ukufudumeza. Ukwenza le manyathelo alandelayo ngexesha annealing:

1. Ezakhiwe ke itshiswe amaziko kumaqondo 1000? C kwaye avunyelwe ukuba eme ngeenyawo xa ubushushu rhoqo kangangeeyure ezili-10 ukuya kuma-24. Ngenxa nobanda kunye Ledebur cementite zaseprayimari.
2. Le wentsimbi zipholile ku 720? C ezikweni.
3. Kubushushu ka 720? C ukumelana elide iiyure-15 ukuya kwi-30. Le lobushushu iqinisekisa sokonakalisa le cementite eziziisekondari.
4. Ngelo inyathelo lokugqibela kwakhona zipholile kunye eziko yokusebenza ku 500? C, uze ukurhoxisa emoyeni.

Le nkqubo annealing kuthiwa graphitizing.

Emva kokuba umsebenzi emincinci yi ferrite kunye nentlabathi grafayithi flake. Olu hlobo ubizwa ngokuba "chernoserdechnym" ekubeni ikhefu omnyama.

Ukulungiselela pearlitic oluthambileyo kwesinyithi

Olu hlobo yentsimbi-carbon ingxubevange, nayo leyo evela emhlophe proeutectoid, kodwa umxholo carbon yayo okongezelelweyo: 3-3.6%. Kuba castings ne isiseko pearlitic, ukuba zingafakwa kwiibhokisi uyigalele umgubo intsimbi ekrwada okanye lokusila isikali batyumke. Inkqubo Annealing kukodwa lula.

1. lobushushu Metal wavuswa ku 1000? C, igcinwe iiyure 60-100.
2. Yila abandayo eziko.

Ngenxa yellowing phantsi amanyathelo ubushushu kwindawo ebuntsimbi kubengezele: ngezikhonkwane kule mifanekiso cementite yokubola walamba ngokuyinxenye annealed iinxalenye umaleko umphezulu, ukulungisa kwi ore okanye zeBlack umphezulu. Izimasekile entofontofo, topsheet abenziwa ductile "beloserdechnogo 'nentsimbi ductile kunye ophakathi okuqinileyo.

Le annealing kuthiwa ayiphelelanga. Inika sokonakalisa ledeburite cementite kunye ngeperlite kwi nembasa kunye grafayithi efanelekileyo. Ukuba kuyimfuneko granular pearlitic ductile waphosa intsimbi kunye ubulukhuni ephakamileyo plasticity, sebenzisa izinto ezongezelelweyo lashushu 720? C. Ngaloo ukuyilwa iinkozo ze perlite kunye inclusions flake mifanekiso.

Iimpawu, enyama kunye isicelo yentsimbi ferritic ductile

Long elithi "ingqumbo" metal kwiziphumo eziko kwi sokonakalisa olupheleleyo ledeburite kunye cementite in ferrite. Ngenxa nezo zobugcisa, ingxubevange ezinomthamo carbon eliphezulu - ferritic Isakhiwo uphawu ezisezantsi-carbon ngentsimbi. Kodwa carbon ngokwalo akayi ndawo - iya evela kurhulumente enxulumene yesinyithi free. litshintsha ukusebenza Iqondo lobushushu ukuma inclusions mifanekiso ukuze flake.

isakhiwo Ferrite ibangela ukuhla lukhuni, konyusa ixabiso amandla, ubukho iimpawu ezifana ubulukhuni kunye ductility.

Ukumakishwa wenza iklasi ferrite yentsimbi: KCH30-6, KCH33-8, KCH35-10, KCH37-12 apho:

CN - yesazisi iintlobo - oluthambileyo;

30, 33, 35, 37: σ _a, 300, 330, 350, 370 N / mm ² - bomthwalo ukuba ukwazi ukumelana ngaphandle ligqobha indlu;

6, 8, 10, 12 - zobude, δ,% - index plasticity (i ixabiso, abantu bangenwe unyango xi metal ngaphezulu).

Ukuqina - malunga 100-160 HB.

Le nto kabani komsebenzi oluphakathi phakathi ezifana zentsimbi kunye nentsimbi-carbon ingxubevange ndiyingwevu. Ductile intsimbi qho ferritic pearlitic obuphantsi ngokwemiqathango yokuxhathisa ukuguga, nokumelana nokudinwa amandla, kodwa ukunyamezela ephakamileyo mechanical, ductility, bephosa iimpawu. Ekubeni ixabiso layo eliphantsi lisetyenziswa kushishino ukuba nokuveliswa iindawo asebenza kwi imithwalo eliphantsi kunye neliphakathi; amagiya, housings, neefeleni ngasemva, imibhobho.

Iimpawu, enyama kunye nokusetyenziswa pearlitic oluthambileyo kwesinyithi

Ngenxa samabanga annealing engaphelelanga, aphakamileyo kunye cementite Ledebur ixesha ukunyibilika ngokupheleleyo austenite, apho kubushushu ka 720? C uguqulwe perlite. Le yokugqibela ngumxube ngomatshini ezinokutya ferrite kunye cementite ephakamileyo. Enyanisweni, inxalenye carbon uhleli uhlobo abotshelelweyo, ebangela isakhiwo, inxalenye - "yakhululwa" kwi grafayithi flake. Xa oku perlite inokuba epleyitini okanye grainy. Ngaloo ndlela 'ukusekwa pearlitic oluthambileyo kwesinyithi. iimpawu zayo isakhiwo ngenxa ifumile nzima yaye ngaphantsi ukululekwa.

Ezi, xa kuthelekiswa ne-ferritic abe nokudliwa ngumhlwa eliphezulu, anxibe-resistant iimpawu, okuphuma yabo kakhulu ephezulu, kodwa ngaphantsi ductility kunye neempawu castability. Susceptibility kuxinezeleko ngoomatshini ukwanda komhlaba kwasala ngobulukhuni eyomelele imveliso engundoqo.

Ukumakishwa wenza pearlitic yentsimbi: KCH45-7, KCH50-5, KCH56-4, KCH60-3, KCH65-3, KCH70-2, KCH80-1,5.

Okokuqala nemivo - azibiza ngamandla: 450, 500, 560, 600, 650, 700 no 800 N / mm ^2, ngokulandelelana.

Second - ductility notation zobude δ,% - 7, 5, 4, 3, 3, 2 no 1.5.

Ngeperlite izicelo ductile intsimbi ezifumaneka obunjineli boomatshini kunye isixhobo zoyilo isebenze imithwalo eliphezulu - zombini static kunye neguquguqukayo: camshafts, crankshafts, izahlulo clutch, Pistons, ehlanganisa iintonga.

unyango ubushushu

Le nkcazelo afunyenwe ngenxa unyango ubushushu, oko kukuthi, i-annealing unokujongana ngokuphindaphindiweyo iindlela lobushushu mpembelelo. Zazo eziphambili njongo - nkqu amandla omkhulu, ukuqina, ukumelana umhlwa kunye nokuguga.

1. Tempering lisetyenziswa izakhiwo efuna yobulukhuni ephakamileyo kobulembu; eziveliswa ukufudumeza ku 900? C, malungu lwehle nge avareji malunga ne-100? C / umzuzwana usebenzisa i oyile injini. Emva isenokukunika ikhefu aphakamileyo ukufudumeza ukuba 650˚S nokupholisa umoya.
2. Ukuzinza lisetyenziswa iindawo ezilula naphakathi eziko ngokutshisa ku 900? C, kusala kule lobushushu ixesha leeyure-1 ukuya kwisi-1.5 iyintsimbi- kwayo emoyeni. Troostite ibonelela perlite granular, ukuqinisa kunye nokuthembeka usukuzwano banxibe. Isetyenziswa anti-zochuku oluthambileyo uphose yentsimbi isiseko pearlitic.
3. Annealing lwenziwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ekwenziweni antifriction: zokufudumeza - ukuya 900 C, ephethe kule ubushushu lwexesha elide, okupholisa kunye neziko?. ferritic Ngaphandle okanye ferritic-pearlitic isakhiwo antifriction ductile yentsimbi.

Amalahle iimveliso kwesinyithi enokwenziwa kwingingqi okanye ezintsonkothileyo. Kuba imisinga eliphezulu rhoqo mlonyeni isicelo okanye idangatye iasithilini (ubambe ucimayo). Kuba complex - ukufudumeza eziko. Xa zokufudumeza lendawo kuphela umaleko ongaphezulu iqaqadekile, oko kwandisa ngokuba lukhuni yayo namandla, kodwa kugcinwa ductility kunye viscosity indices ongundoqo.

Kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba siqhubekela intsimbi akunakwenzeka, hayi nje kuphela ngenxa iimpawu mechanical ngayo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba uvakalelo yalo phezulu ukuya utshintsho obushushu ngesiquphe, nto leyo kunqandwa xa ucimayo kunye lungapholi ngamanzi.

Anti-ukukhuhlana oluthambileyo kwesinyithi

Olu uhlobo kwakhona usebenza oluthambileyo, yaye doped, ukuba ezingwevu (ASF), nasekuqiniseni (APC) kunye namandla eliphezulu (ACHV). APC isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ductile kwesinyithi, nto leyo ufakwa annealing okanye ukuzinza. Iinkqubo zenziwa ukuze kuphuculwe iimpawu zayo mechanical kwaye ukuyilwa iimpawu amatsha - banxibe uxhathiso kwi iimpikiswano zochuku kunye namanye amazwe.

Enombhalo: 1-APC, APC-2. Isetyenziswa ekuveliseni crankshafts, amagiya, iibheringi.

Isiphumo kwezithako kwiipropati

Ngaphandle ukusuka kwisiseko yentsimbi-mifanekiso yaye kumafa zabo, kunye namanye amacandelo, nazo ezibangela iimpawu cast yentsimbi: manganese, lesilicon, phosphorus, isalfure, ezinye iziqalelo alloying.

Mangan kuphucula flowability yonke etyhidiweyo, nokumelana afake ukuxhathisa. Oku kunegalelo lukhuni kunye namandla nomphetho owujikelezileyo carbon nentsimbi kwifomula yemichiza Fe ₃ C, ukuyilwa perlite granular.

Kwakhona Silicon kunempembelelo entle fluidity le ingxubevange olutyhidiweyo, oku kunegalelo sokonakalisa cementite kunye inclusions grafayithi ulwabiwo.

Isalfure - HIV, kodwa icandelo kunqandwa. Oku kunciphisa iimpawu mechanical nemichiza kushukumisa ukwakheka neentanda. Noko ke, ulwalamano eyiyo kunye umxholo walo kwezinye izinto (umz, manganese) ukulungisa iinkqubo microstructural. Ngoko, xa umlinganiselo mn-S 0,8-1,2 perlite igcinwe kuyo nayiphi na impembelelo ubushushu isikhathi. Ngokwandisa umlinganiselo 3 kuyenzeka ukuba ufumane nasiphi na isakhiwo efunekayo kuxhomekeke acwangciswe iparameters.

Phosphorus iyatshintsha ukuba fluidity ngcono luchaphazela amandla, lihlisa kobulembu kwaye ductility, nefuthe ngexesha graphitization.

Chromium kunye molybdenum akusithelisi ukuyilwa kukubola grafayithi, kwezinye imixholo ukukhuthaza ukuyilwa perlite granular.

Tungsten kwandisa kwinkcaso ozinxiba xa ukusebenza kwiindawo amaqondo aphezulu.

Aluminiyamu, nickel nangobhedu igalelo graphitization.

Ngokulungelanisa imeko-mali ka imichiza ezenza ingxubevange yentsimbi-carbon, kwakunye ratio yabo, oko kuchaphazela iimpawu lokugqibela cast yentsimbi.

Ubuhle lobubi

impahla Ductile chugun- ukuba ukusetyenziswa kabanzi kwimizobo. zalo eziphambili zezi:

• Amanqanaba aphezulu yokuqaqadeka, anxibe ukumelana, amandla, kunye fluidity;
• iimpawu eqhelekileyo ubulukhuni kunye ductility;
• processability ngu unyango xi, ngokwahlukileyo ukuya hina kwesinyithi;
• iimpawu ezininzi zeendlela item ulungiso embodiments phantsi iindlela ezithile unyango thermal nemichiza-thermal;
• ixabiso eliphantsi.

Bobubi iimpawu ngamnye:

• ubu;
• ubukho inclusions le mifanekiso;
• baqhube kakubi ukugawula;
• castings ubunzima ebalulekileyo.

Nangona iintsilelo lwangoku, intsimbi ductile owabelwe yokunyibilikisa isinyithi nobunjineli ngoomatshini. Ukusuka yavelisa iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo crankshafts, izahlulo brake pads, amagiya, Pistons, ehlanganisa iintonga. Ukuba iintlobo elincinane brand, niche ngamnye kolu shishino ubambe intsimbi ductile. isicelo sayo kuvamile ukuba umthwalo phantsi apho ukusetyenziswa nezinye izinto akunakwenzeka.