Ulandelelwano lwamagama kunye nokwahlula kanye yesivakalisi. Elona ukwahlulwa isivakalisi ngolwimi IsiNgesi

Ezinye mabinzana kunye namabinzana kuthetha into eyahlukileyo kakhulu koko kwenzeka kongezwe le amagama asetyenziswa. Kutheni isigwebo inye iqondwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ukuba ngokutsha ngendlela ingqiqo ukusuka kwigama elinye ukuya kwelinye? Ukuba isicelo eso ngokwemeko yamagama ezingqongileyo ngokuqhelekileyo ukunika ingcaciso ezinceda ukuba iphutha. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha nesiphelo esichanekileyo, kunzima kakhulu ukwenza. Ukongeza, kuba nzima kakhulu imbono lolwazi, kuba oko kukubambisa umgudu kakhulu kwi intsalela kwiindawo amaqhekeza kwezivakalisi kunye namabinzana. Xa sijonga iingxaki izyasneniya kunye imbono, okunene ukwabelana lwesivakalisi kunye nokwahlula kanye yesivakalisi.

Ukuba awuwazi intshukumo, kukho inxalenye yesigwebo na eziziiprayimari kwaye - luxhomekeke, yaye yintoni isithethi enze ingxelo ngokusekelwe izibakala sele kwaziwa, nokuba ufuna ukuba nosondeza inkcazelo ekhethekileyo - ngeke isebenze akukho ukufunda ngokudlulisa okanye ukuma ingxoxo nge interlocutor. Ngoko ke, xa intetho ngcono ilungelelanise amagama abo eminye imithetho nemimiselo emiselwe eziziimpawu njengolwimi olusetyenziswayo. Ukuxambulisana kwelinye icala, kuza kuba lula inkqubo nokwenziwa ukuba uyalazi ngemigaqo uhlobo ubhalo-NMMU kunye izenzeko zixhaphakileyo.

Syntax and Semantics

Sinokuthi ukuba ukwahlulwa ngqo yesivakalisi - lo unxulumano ubhalo kunye nogxininiso, kunoko, izyasnenie okanye ubhaqo. Ukungaboni kuye kuvele xa unxibelelana, nkqu ngolwimi lwabo, kwaye xa kufikwa transactions ulwimi lwasemzini, oko kuyimfuneko, ukongeza imiba eqhelekileyo ukuba ithathele ingqalelo ukungafani kwamasiko. Ngeelwimi ezahlukeneyo ngokwemveli kwindawana nje umyalelo igama elithile kunye nokwahlula uhambe ngayo umsebenzi kwesi sivakalisi kufuneka nobuntununtunu kwezenkcubeko.

Ukuba sicinga iindidi ezibanzi, zonke iilwimi zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini: zokwenziwa nabaqiqayo. Kwiilwimi zokwenziwa, iindawo ezininzi zentetho babe nezakhiwo zawo eziliqela, nto leyo ebonisa iimpawu ngamnye into, isiganeko okanye inyathelo ngokunxulumene eyenzekayo. Izibizo kangakanani, umzekelo, iinqobo intsapho, umntu, inombolo kunye icala; ngokuba izenzi kwezi zalathisi amaxesha, declination kunye utyekelo, conjugation, egqibeleleyo kunye t. d. Igama ngalinye iyaphela okanye (utshintsho kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ingcambu ulawulo) isimamva ehambelana ukuba umsebenzi wenziwe, ukuvumela morphemes isabela nokutshintsha kwemozulu kwisivakalisi. ulwimi Russian into eyenziweyo, ekubeni logic nolwamagama namabinzana ubukhulu becala ngokusekelwe Ukwahluka ka morpheme, kunye lwendibaniso ezenzekayo kuyo ngokupheleleyo nawuphi na umyalelo.

Kukho kwakhona iilwimi esemagqagaleni apho igama ngalinye ingqamana ifomu enye kuphela, yaye intsingiselo ndiphiwe kudlula kuphela indlela yokuthetha le kwisahlulo uhambe ngayo umsebenzi kwesi sivakalisi njengoko indibanisela ekunene kunye nolandelelwano lwamagama. Ukuba lungisa iindawo zesindululo, intsingiselo unako kabukhali ukutshintsha kuba waphula uxhulumaniso ngqo phakathi iziqalelo. Ulwimi bokuhlalutya nezakhiwo zawo ukuthetha kuba, kodwa inani labo ngokuqhelekileyo ungaphantsi kakhulu zokwenziwa. Apha kukho isivumelwano phakathi kwamagama unchangeability emibonweni esisigxina ulandelelwano lwamagama kunye bhetyebhetye, ukuhamba, ukukhanya efanayo.

ILizwi - ibinzana - isivakalisi - text - inkcubeko

division ezikhoyo ngokwegrama yesivakalisi kuthetha ukuba phantse ulwimi iinkalo ezimbini - kuqala, intsingiselo, oko kukuthi, isakhiwo ingqiqo, yaye okwesibini - ukubonisa kanye, oko kukuthi isakhiwo syntactic. Oku kusebenza ngokulinganayo izinto kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo - amagama athile, amabinzana, ibinzana turnovers iziphakamiso umxholo kwezindululo ukuba itekisi xa iyonke kwaye imeko yaso siwusebenzise. Kubaluleke kakhulu ke umthwalo kwisemantiki - kuba kucacile ukuba, ubukhulu becala, oku injongo kuphela ngolwimi. Noko ke, umfanekiso inganakho ayisekho ngokwahlukileyo, ukususela, ngethuba, injongo yaso kuphela - ukuqinisekisa ukosuleleka echanekileyo zicacileyo nomthwalo yesemantiki. Owona mzekelo odumileyo? "Idla, Blogs". Kulo version IsiNgesi, oko kuvakala ngathi le nto: «loSetyenziso akwamkelekanga ngoko obviation» ( «loSetyenziso, akwamkelekanga ngoko obviation», «loSetyenziso akwamkelekanga ngoko, obviation»). Ukuze ufumane ulwazi olufanelekileyo imiyalelo eyimfuneko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ngaba amalungu zangoku zeqela "wawenza", "ayikwazi ukuba nithi," okanye iqela 'ayinakuphumeza, "" uxolo ".

Kule meko, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukugqiba ngaphandle ezibonisa syntactic - oko kukuthi, ngaphandle isiphumlisi okanye nayiphi na enye iziphumlisi. Oku kuyinyaniso ukuba umyalelo okhoyo isandisa mazwi, kodwa ukuba isithembiso ekhangeleka "ayinakuphumeza ukuxolisa", imveliso ehambelana enokwenziwa ngokusekelwe indawo yabo. Ngoko ke "isigwebo" wayeza kuba ubungqina ngqo, kodwa 'akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuxolela »- kwingxelo eyahlukileyo, kuba bekuya kuba ndahamba ubumbaxa le meko igama elithi" ayikwazi ".

Umxholo kunye nokwahlukana rheme unit

Isahlulo uhambe ngayo umsebenzi kwesi sivakalisi ibhekisa ukwahlulwa ngesakhiwo syntactic zibe kumacandelo ubhalo. Basenokuba ukumela isigwebo okanye iibloko munye phakathi intsingiselo yamagama. Ngokuqhelekileyo, la magama zisetyenziswa umxholo, iyunithi rheme neyantlukwano, ukuchaza indlela besahlulo kanye yesivakalisi. Isihloko - olu lwazi eyaziwayo, okanye imvelaphi womyalezo. YeSiza - le ndawo apho kujoliswe. Iqulathe inkcazelo ebalulekileyo, ngaphandle apho isindululo uya kuphulukana injongo. In Russian, Remus, njengoko umthetho, nguye ekupheleni kwesivakalisi. Nangona kucacile, enyanisweni, rem kungenziwa akhiwe naphi na. Noko ke, xa rem ikhona, umzekelo, ekuqaleni kwesivakalisi, kwibinzana ezingqonge idla mhlawumbi reference zesimbo okanye lwesemantiki kuyo.

Inkcazelo echanileyo isifundo kunye theorem kunceda ukuqonda kakuhle kwisicatshulwa. Units division - amagama okanye amabinzana phakathi intsingiselo ebumbene. Iziqalelo abalugqibayo iinkcukacha mfanekiso. Ukuqaphela yabo kuyimfuneko ukuqonda itekisi ayikho ilizwi ngelizwi, kodwa ezixutyiweyo ubhalo.

isifundo "Ukuyondelelaniswa" kunye ngumphelelisi "ubhalo"

Xa isindululo kusoloko kukho iqela wesifundo kunye neqela nesivisa le. Group ukukucacisa, owenza kugwayimbo, okanye umntu ichaza sisivisa (ukuba isivisa evakalisa ngurhulumente). Group isivisa uthi kwenza isifundo, okanye indlela ityhila uhlobo yakhe. Kukho kwakhona isongezelelo eqhotyoshelwe isivisa - libhekisela into okanye into ephilileyo enambuzelayo nenyathelo ibe. Kwaye akusoloko kulula ukuqonda ukuba yintoni na isifundo, nokuba ngaphandle. Esi sifundo kwisixando kukho isongezelelo kusengqiqweni - ukuba na into apho inyathelo luyenziwa. A Ukongeza ubhalo iba i-arhente - oko kukuthi, umntu owenza isenzo. Isahlulo kanye isivakalisi ngolwimi IsiNgesi eyahlula neenqobo ezintathu ungenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba esi sifundo, kwaye leyo ngumphelelisi. Okokuqala, lo mbandela ngaso linye no yesenzi umntu kunye nenombolo. Okwesibini, ngokuqhelekileyo kuthatha indawo phambi kwesenzi, yaye kongezwe - emva. Okwesithathu, it has indima lwesemantiki sifundo. Ke ukuba inyaniso ichasene ezinye zezi nqobo, indawo yokuqala ezifanelekileyo kuthatyathelwa efanayo akhawunti binzana isenzi. Kulo mzekelo, Ngaphezu ubizwa ngokuba othi "ubhalo", yaye esi sifundo, ngokulandelelana, "ngumphelelisi olucwangcisiweyo."

Iimbambano phezu nokwakhiwa qela umenziwa i

Kwakhona, iyantlukwano uhambe ngayo umsebenzi kwesi sivakalisi bangela ingxoxo enkulu phezu yintoni eyenza Isivisa iqela - ngqo isenzi, okanye isenzi kunye nezongezo enxulumene noko. Oku nzima kukuba phakathi kwabo amaxesha akukho imida ecacileyo. Xa Ezolimi mihla kucingelwa ukuba isivisa, kuxhomekeke kwizindululo scheme lwegrama - nokuba isenzi kanye (isenzi esiyintloko), okanye isenzi abangabancedani kanye ziintsiza-senzi (ziintsiza-senzi kunye nezincedisi), okanye isenzi-copula kunye Isimaphambili kwaye abaseleyo ezingaqukwanga kwi qela.

Inversions, amaqhalo nezaci njengoko inversion

Lo mbono, ekufuneka ukudlulisela isindululo sethu usoloko ingqalelo kwindawo ethile. Isahlulo uhambe ngayo umsebenzi kwesi sivakalisi yenzelwe ukuqaphela ukuba kweli nqanaba incopho kwaye kufuneka sigxininise. Ukuba zogxininiso ephosakeleyo, kusenokubakho ukudideka okanye ungaqondi malunga ingcamango. Kakade ke, ngolwimi, kukho imigaqo ethile yegrama, Noko ke, zichaza kuphela siseko jikelele ukuyilwa kwezakhiwo kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukwakha le template. Xa kufikwa kwilungiselelo ubhalo lwe-aksenti, ngokufuthi kuyanyanzeleka ukuba ukutshintsha isakhiwo kweengxelo, nokuba saphule imithetho zemfundo. Kwaye abaninzi aba syntax divergence kwisiqhelo ziye ezifumene iwonga lika 'igosa'. Oko kukuthi, bakha ngokwabo kulwimi, yaye ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa intetho emisiweyo. izenzakalo ezifanayo kwenzeka xa ukukhulula umbhali ukusuka abhenele izakhiwo ezinokuntsonkotha ngokugqithiseleyo ngumsina, kwaye xa thagethi ngokwaneleyo Mathews indlela. Ngenxa yoko, kuba natyetyiswa imizwa kunye ngokuba ohlukeneyo.

ubungayi kuba kunokwenzeka isantya idiomicheskie Kwathi malunga nokuqhuba linikeza ilungu eqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, iyantlukwano kanye kwisivakalisi IsiNgesi ithathela ingqalelo le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa inversion wesivakalisi. Kuxhomekeka yifuna kuyafikelelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngengqiqo jikelele, i inversion kuthetha amalungu intshukumo kwi indawo non-core. Njengomgaqo, inversions nxaxheba aba intloko nesivisa. inkqubo yabo yesiqhelo yile ilandelayo - sifundo, ngoko ke isivisa, ngoko ukudibanisa iimeko. Enyanisweni ezakhiwe zogxininiso kwakhona inversions kwezinye ingqiqo yinxalenye isivisa ukuba igcinwe ize kudluliselwa phambili. Ngokubanzi, anti-kengoku inxenye yayo idluliswa, leyo ungaboniswa ethumayo okanye isenzi abangabancedani. Le inversion apha yonke injongo efanayo - ukwenza ugxininiso enentsingiselo kwi igama elithile (okanye iqela lamagama), ahlawule ingqalelo ofundayo / ngumphulaphuli kwiinkcukacha ezithile kwiingxelo, ukubonisa ukuba esi sindululo yahlukile imvume. Nje ezi utshintshwano elide kangaka ikhona, ngakho oko yaqala ukusetyenziswa kwaye kangangokuba ngokubanzi ukuba akukho kuphinda ndibathathe into engaqhelekanga.

ulwabiwo Rematicheskoe amalungu aphezulu

Ngaphandle yesiqhelo sentloko nesivisa inversion, ingabonwa okusondeza ukudla phambi naliphi na ilungu isivakalisi - inkcazelo, iimeko okanye ezongeziweyo. Maxa wambi kube yendalo ngokupheleleyo kwaye inika ubume syntactic kolwimi, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ukhonza sisalathisi ngokutshintsha indima yesemantiki, yaye ithetha lobeko eseleyo nxaxheba binzana. Isahlulo kanye isivakalisi ngolwimi IsiNgesi kuthetha ukuba, ukuba umbhali kuyimfuneko ingqalelo naziphi na iinkcukacha, uyibeka kwindawo yokuqala, ukuba imvakalozwi ingenakho ezikhethiweyo, okanye ukuba iyakwazi ukuphawula, kodwa ambiguity zingenzeka phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Okanye ukuba umbhali nje ukusebenza ngokwaneleyo, nto leyo inokufunyanwa by Ukukhetha imvakalozwi. Kudla kwi sisiseko ngokwegrama lowo lobeko wesifundo kunye nesenzo.

ukuze igama

Ukuthetha ngeentlobo ezahlukileyo inversions njengendlela ukubalaselisa le okanye inxalenye zesindululo kufuneka ingqalelo umyalelo igama efundisayo kunye nokwahlula kanye sesivakalisi kunye esiveza, indlela ethile. Ekubeni amalungu badla kuqulatha amagama ambalwa, kodwa intsingiselo yazo kufuneka ziqondwe kuphela aggregate, kuya kufuneka ukuba kuqatshelwe njengoko zokubumba njengelungu ezifunekayo.

Kulo mzekelo umgangatho, intloko njalo phambi kokuba vavisa. Kunokuba abonise sisibizo okanye isimelabizo kwimeko eqhelekileyo, gerund, nethi, kunye igatya. Isivisa kubonakala yesenzi ifomu esithi ngokwayo; ngokusebenzisa isenzi, hayi yenethiwekhi ngokwayo ingqiqo ethile kunye kongezwe lesenzi yesemantiki; emva kwesenzi abangabancedani kunye negama umelwe, njengokuba umthetho, njengesibizo kwimeko eqhelekileyo, isimelabizo kwimeko injongo, okanye isichazi. Njengoko i isenzi abangabancedani lungu isenzi okanye senzo ethumayo. isabelo ngegama ukuze ngokulinganayo kakuhle zibalulwe kwezinye izigaba zentetho kunye namabinzana.

Ixabiso ukuqondakala ngamabinzana

Ithiyori yokwahlukana uhambe ngayo umsebenzi kwesi sivakalisi ithi ukuba iyunithi yokwahlukana, echazwe kakuhle, ngokuphawulekayo kunceda ukuba wazi ukuba yintoni na umbhalo. Le yindibaniselwano amazwi siluqonde kuphela intsingiselo entsha, engaqhelekanga, okanye hayi kwaphela yinqobo kubo. Umzekelo, izalathandawo, izenzi rhoqo ukutshintsha umxholo, ukuba ayinike ezininzi kuThixo amaxabiso ezahlukeneyo, kude okwahlukileyo. Ukuzimisela, njengoko apho unako ukwenza inxalenye ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo yokuthetha, kwaye nkqu amagatya ecacisa intsingiselo yegama, ukuba kokuba lugxunyekwe khona. Concretization ngokuqhelekileyo amagunya uluhlu neempawu into okanye isiganeko, kwaye izahlule ubunzima ezinjalo. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, iyantlukwano uhambe ngayo umsebenzi kwesi sivakalisi kufuneka kwenziwe ngononophelo kwaye kakuhle ngenxa yokuba ngamanye amaxesha ukuxhumeka ephinyaphinyelayo kangaka, lise ixesha ukuba mxholo unxulumano kunye nayiphi na iklasi, ukuthembela inxalenye yesivakalisi kuphela, kakhulu ukuluma mhaka kanye nathi.

Iyunithi ye lwahlulo kubizwa block okubhaliweyo ngaphandle kokulahleka yonxulumano factors inokumiselwa ngenxa hermeneutic - oko kukuthi, leyo, esebenza njenge engundoqo enye, okanye kungabekwa kwiCEMIS. ixabiso layo nga nzulu, ingakumbi, okanye sibekwe kwinqanaba zangaphandle, kodwa baphambuke lwayo. Ngokomzekelo, xa sithetha uyahamba phezulu, ngoko ke kufuneka bahlale phezulu. Uhlobo intshukumo, kuquka iimpawu zomzimba zesimbo, igcinwe, kodwa ihleli simahla ekutolikeni iinkcukacha - leyo, Kakade, kungcono ukuba ukuyisebenzisa kufutshane nje uguqulelo wokuqala onesiphumo, ukutyhila amandla ayo.

Ukufuna logic kumxholo

Umahluko kwisahlulo kwezivakalisi kunye logic ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: - ngokwemigaqo yegrama ilungu ebalulekileyo linikeza kuxhomekeke. Ngokukodwa, iyantlukwano kanye kwisivakalisi ulwimi Russian na bakucaphukele mazwi. Nangona, ngokwembono eminye imibono ababephila ngexesha neelwimi, njengesivisa onjalo. Ngoko ke, sithatha indawo jikelele athi ukuba inqununu lilungu elinye amacandelo iziseko zegrama. Xa imiqathango ungoyena usembindini logic kunokuba ngokupheleleyo naliphi na ilungu.

Ingcamango yecandelo elichanekileyo lesivakalisi lichaza, phantsi komfanekiso obalulekileyo, ukuba lo mthombo ungumthombo obalulekileyo wolwazi, igama okanye ibinzana, eqinisweni, eyabangela ukuba umbhali akhulume (bhala). Kwakhona kunokwenzeka ukuqhuba ukudibanisa okubanzi kunye nokufana xa umntu ethatha inkulumo kwisimo. Njengoko siyazi, imithetho yegrammatika ngesiNgesi ilawula ukuba isigwebo kufuneka sinezinto zombini kunye nesigidimi. Ukuba akukho nto okanye akukho mfuneko yokusebenzisa isifundo saloo nto, ngoko isifundo esisemthethweni sisetyenzisiweyo, esikhona kwisiseko segrama njengesigidimi esingenammiselo, umzekelo - "It" okanye "khona". Nangona kunjalo, iziphakamiso zihlala zilungelelaniswa kunye nabamelwane kwaye zibandakanya kwingcamango jikelele yombhalo. Ngaloo ndlela, kuvela ukuba amalungu angakwazi ukuwa, nokuba kubaluleke kakhulu njengesihloko okanye isigidimi, esingenangqiqo kwimifanekiso yonke. Kule meko, ukwahlula okwenene kwezivakalisi kunokwenzeka kuphela ngaphandle kwamanqaku kunye namanqaku okumemeza, kwaye ummkeli uyanyanzelekile ukuba ahambe acaciswe kwiindawo ezikufutshane-oko kukuthi, kwimeko. Kwaye ngesiNgesi kukho imizekelo apho nakuloo mongo akukho mkhwa wokutyhila la malungu.

Ukongezelela kwimiba ethile yokusetyenziswa kweziganeko, ngendlela ehlelekile, ezo zinto zijongene nezivakalisi ezibonisa (Imilinganiselo) kunye nezibongozo. Ulwahlulo oluchanekileyo lwesigwebo esilula alisoloko luba lula lula kunokwakha oluyinkimbinkimbi, kuba amaninzi ahlala eshiywa. Ukumemeza ngokubanzi kunokushiywa ligama elilodwa kuphela, ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukudibanisa okanye i-particle. Kwaye kulo mzekelo, ukuze uguqule ngokucacileyo intsingiselo, umntu kufuneka aguquke kwiinkcubeko eziqhelekileyo zolwimi.