Ultrasound - Yintoni le? Ultrasound in Medicine. unyango ultrasound

Ngaphandle kokuba lifunda amaza cuke baqalisa engaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka eyadlulayo, kuphela enkulungwane kwisiqingatha zokugqibela, baye sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Oku kungenxa luphuhliso olukhawulezayo zombini quantum kunye namacandelo nonlinear yiacoustic, kunye elektroniki quantum kunye physics aqinileyo-karhulumente. Namhlanje ultrasound - ayikho nje engumqondiso ophezulu-frequency wave ive intsimi, yaye indawo yophando yonke physics mihla kunye eziphilayo, nto leyo ehambisana ne mveliso, ulwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe womlinganiselo, ngokunjalo iindlela zokuxilonga, zoqhaqho nezinyangayo zezonyango namhlanje.

Yintoni na?

Onke amaza omsindo lungohlulwa lube ngabantu oluvakalayo - kumaza ukusuka 16 Hz ukuya ku-18 amawaka, yaye ezo ngaphandle uluhlu kwimbono yabantu -. Infrared ultrasound. Phantsi kuqondwe amaza infrasound isandi efanayo kodwa ezitsho ngezantsi kwasephakadeni, abantu abevanga kwabantu. Umda aphezulu kule ndawo ingqalelo infrasound 16 Hz, nolusezantsi - 0,001 Hz.

Ultrasound - amaza omsindo kakhulu, kodwa rhoqo yabo ingaphezulu kunokuba ukuqonda inkqubo ezindlebeni zabantu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, phantsi baqonde rhoqo kwi-20 ukuya 106 kHz. umda wabo eliphezulu luxhomekeke yokusingqongileyo apho ezi ngamaza ukusasaza. Ngoko ke, xa kukho umda medium sukube ngu 106 kHz kwaye eziqinileyo kunye ulwelo ukuba ifikelela 1010 kHz. Xa yengxolo yemvula, umoya okanye Ingxangxasi, umbane kwaye amacandelo cuke kwi rustle lwamaza ulwandle uqengqa iingqalutye. Kuyinto ngenxa ukukwazi ukuqonda nokuhlalutya cuke amaza uluhlu iminenga kunye dolphins, ngamalulwane nezinambuzane ebusuku hlengisa ngokwabo esithubeni.

A incinane

Uphando lokuqala ultrasound (US) lwenziweyo ekuqaleni sisazinzulu French kwinkulungwane XIX F. Savar (F. Savart), sifuna ukumisela umda frequency eliphezulu elivakayo kwenkqubo ezindlebeni zabantu. Kwixesha elizayo, isifundo kwamaza cuke Sizibandakanye abaphengululi ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezifana German W. Wien, i eliNgesi F. Galton, Russian Lebedev neqela labafundi.

Ngowe-1916, yamachiza P. Langevin eFransi, ngokubambisana kunye Russian Isazinzulu uKonstantin Shilovsky abavela kwamanye amazwe, unako ukusebenzisa zwi ngokufumana ultrasound radiation ukuba imilinganiselo zaselwandle kunye ubhaqo izinto kwamanzi, nto leyo ukuba abaphandi ukuba ukudala sonar yokuqala, equka samaza ultrasound receiver. Ngowe-1925, i-American W. Pierce wadala isixhobo ebizwa interferometer Pierce namhlanje ilinganiswa ngokuchanileyo enkulu kunye nesantya nokufunxwa ultrasound kumajelo eendaba elulwelo kunye sukube. Ngowe-1928, isazinzulu yiSoviet, Sokolov waba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa amaza cuke ukubona iindidi iziphene eziqinileyo, kuquka isinyithi, imizimba.

In kwempi 50-60 kaThixo, ngenxa yokuba iqela lophando yeengcingane izazinzulu Soviet elikhokelwa LD Rosenberg iqala ukusetyenziswa kwezi ultrasound kwiinkalo zoshishino kunye nobuchwepheshe ezahlukeneyo. Ngelo xesha, ngenxa yomsebenzi zezazinzulu British kwaye American, kwakunye nezifundo labaphandi Soviet, ezifana R. V. Hohlova, V. Krasilnikov kunye nezinye ephuhlisa ngokukhawuleza uqeqesho ezininzi ngenzululwazi ezifana umsindo nonlinear.

Ehlabathini xesha lo uzisusileyo amalinge yokuqala baseMelika ukusebenzisa ultrasound ngo amayeza.

Sokolov, isazinzulu yiSoviet kwi novalo ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela yaqulunqa inkcazo theoretical component isixhobo, eyenzelwe nokuthelekelela bezinto ngaphaya - "cuke" ngemicroscope. Ngokusekelwe kwezi zifundo, phakathi kwiminyaka yoo '70s Iingcali ezivela Stanford University udale umatshini we ngemicroscope ukuskena ive.

iimpawu

Ukuba indalo eqhelekileyo, nokulatyuza uluhlu elivakalayo, kwakunye ultrasound, kuxhomekeke imithetho physics. Noko ke, ultrasound lineqela ezikuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi, amayeza kunye netheknoloji:

1. kwamaza ongekho nzulu. Kuba inkoliso uluhlu cuke ephantsi ayidluli besentimitha ezimbalwa, ibangela radiation andise indalo. Kulo mzekelo incum yomtshangatshangiso swi kwaye isicelo iintsika yomgama.

2. ixesha oscillation Jikela, oko kusenokuba kukhutshwe ultrasound idaleka.

3. Kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo lokungcangcazela cuke kunye kwamaza elingagqithanga-10 mm, kufuneka iipropati ezifana reyi ukukhanya, nto leyo evumela ugxininisa oscillations ukuphehla ngqo radiation, ngamanye hayi nje kuphela kweli cala ukuthumela amandla, kodwa sijolise kuyo mqulu efunekayo.

4. ephantsi awo kunokwenzeka ukufumana amaxabiso aphezulu amandla oscillation ovumela indalo nocamba amandla aphezulu kunye namasimi cuke ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo enkulu.

5. Ngenxa yempembelelo ultrasound ngoLwesithathu, kukho iseti emzimbeni ethile, bemvelo, iikhemikhali kunye neziphumo zonyango, ezifana:

• kwiintsali;
• cavitation;
• degassing;
• zokufudumeza lendawo;
• kwamagciwane, kunye nabanye abaninzi. et al.

iintlobo

Onke amaza cuke ziye zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintathu:

• ULF - phantsi, kunye ulungiso-20 ukuya 100 kHz;
• USCH - midrange - ukususela 0.1 ukuya kwi-10 MHz;
• UZVCH - high - 10 ukuya 1000 MHz.

Namhlanje, ukusetyenziswa ngokoqobo ultrasound - ngokuyintloko ukusetyenziswa kwamaza ngamandla ephantsi umlinganiselo, ulawulo kunye nokufunda ngesakhiwo lwangaphakathi zezibonelelo kunye neemveliso ezahlukeneyo. aqhelelkileyo lisetyenziswa isiphumo esebenzayo kwi izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuze Ukutshintsha iimpahla zazo kunye nesakhiwo. Isifo kwaye afumane unyango lwezifo ezininzi sonicated (usebenzisa i rhoqo eyahlukileyo) yi endle eyahlukileyo nokuphuhlisa elibonakalayo zezonyango namhlanje.

isicelo phi?

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ultrasound unomdla nkolelo zenzululwazi kuphela, kodwa umkhuba ngakumbi nangakumbi ngenkuthalo ukusiqhuba kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Namhlanje, izixhobo cuke asetyenziselwa:

Ukufumana ulwazi malunga izinto kunye nezinto	amanyathelo		I-frequency in kHz
			ukusuka	ukuba
	Uphononongo lwesakhiwo neempawu kwezinto	eziqinileyo	10	10 6
		ulwelo	March 10	May 10
		igesi	10	March 10
	Lawula ubukhulu kunye namanqanaba		10	March 10
	sonar		1	100
	ubhaqo ukushiyeka		100	May 10
	uxilongo lwezempilo		March 10	May 10
exposure izinto	Ngelotha kunye metallization		10	100
	welding		10	100
	deformation plastic		10	100
	machining		10	100
	emulsification		10	April 10
	crystallization		10	100
	wokutshiza		10-100	10 3 -10 4
	coagulation of ulwelo		1	100
	kwiintsali		10	100
	nokucoca		10	100
	inkqubo yemichiza		10	100
	Effects nokuvutha		1	100
	utyando		10 ukuya 100	Matshi 10 ku April 10
	therapy		March 10	April 10
Imiqondiso Processing nokulawula	converters Acoustoelectronic		March 10	July 10
	izihluzi		10	May 10
	imigca ukulibaziseka		March 10	July 10
	izixhobo acousto-enombala		100	May 10

Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, ultrasound - esi sixhobo zeteknoloji ebalulekileyo zamashishini ezifana:

• iron nensimbi;
• chemical;
• ezolimo;
• textile;
• ukudla;
• imithi;
• obunjineli boomatshini kunye isixhobo kwezigqibo;
• petrochemical, kunye nezinye processing.

Ukongeza, ngakumbi nangakumbi ngokubanzi ezisetyenziswa ultrasound zonyango. Nantso into singathetha kwicandelo elilandelayo.

Ukusetyenziswa in amayeza

Ukuziqhelisa medical mihla, kukho iindlela ezintathu ezisisiseko ngokusebenzisa ezitsho ezahlukeneyo ultrasound:

1. sokuhlola.

2. zonyango.

3. Surgery.

Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha nganye kwezi nkalo zintathu.

ekuxilongweni

Enye yezindlela uxilongo lwezonyango zale mihla kwaye ulwazi nto cuke. zalo eziluncedo - oko: impembelelo ubuncinane kwi inyama yabantu ulwazi kakhulu.

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ultrasound - amaza omsindo zandise kwindawo medium yohlobo olunye kumgca othe ngqo kwaye ngesantya esingaguqukiyo. Ukuba endleleni yabo kukho iindawo ingxinano ezahlukeneyo yiacoustic, lo oscillation le kubonakala kwaye enye inxalenye leyo refracted, ngoxa yayo eshukumayo yomgama. Ngaloo ndlela, mkhulu umahluko kwi lexinene eendaba umda, kokukhona wentshukumo cuke yabonisa. zingahlukaniswa iindlela zale mihla ultrasound ibe indawo kunye iyakhanya.

cuke indawo

Ebudeni isifundo ezi esibhalwe kubonakala ukusuka imida zosasazo ezinoxinwano ive mandla ezahlukeneyo. Ngoncedo woluvo inga siwa ukucwangcisa ubungakanani, indawo kunye nokumila into phantsi isifundo.

translucence

Le ndlela isekelwe kwinto yokuba izicwili ahlukeneyo emzimbeni womntu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukufunxa ultrasound. Ngexesha isifundo walo naliphi na ilungu lwangaphakathi ngumtshangatshangiso lakhe ngqo kwelona ethile, emva koko zincwadi Womenzi okhethekileyo ibhaqa uphawu ukuva icala. Painting into iyahlolwa ivezwa isekelwe phezu utshintsho ngobunzulu umqondiso i "igalelo" yaye "output". Ingcaciso efunyenweyo iya kusingathwa yi computer baza basenza umfanekiso (curve) okanye umfanekiso - umfanekiso ntathu.

indlela Doppler

Yeyona ndlela diagnostic asakhasayo kakhulu ngokukhawuleza, esebenzisa zombini ukubetha kwentliziyo kunye ultrasound ngokuqhubekayo. Doppler ngokubanzi ezisetyenziswa nokubeleka, nezifo zentliziyo kunye Oncology, njengoko kuvumela kwingoma nokuba utshintsho engephi emithanjeni kunye nempahla ezincinci zegazi.

Izicelo sokuxilonga

Namhlanje, ubuchule umfanekiso cuke kunye nemilinganiselo zezona lwimi zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkalo amayeza, ezifana:

• nokubeleka;
• zamehlo;
• zentliziyo;
• kubelekwa yeenkqubo zengqondo kunye neentsapho;
• iimviwo izitho zangaphakathi:

- ultrasound sezintso;

- isibindi;

- nenyongo lwesinyi imibhobho;

- inkqubo lokuzala nemazi;

• Uxilongo amalungu lwangaphandle kunye ehamba (lengqula kunye kwamadlala mammary).

Ukusetyenziswa in kunyango

Isiphumo engundoqo konwaywa ultrasound ngenxa ngamandla ayo ndzulu inyama abantu bubushushu othe ukuba aphumeze micro-yokuthanjiswa amacandelo ngamnye. Ultrasound ingasetyenziswa zombini nefuthe ngqo ngqo kuxhomekeka kugqaliso intlungu. Ukongeza, phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ezi namaza antibacterial, anti-ukudumba, iintlungu kunye nesiphumo spasmolytic. Njengoko lisetyenziswe intlokoma ultrasound enyangayo ngokuqhelekileyo yahlulwe kwelona nqanaba eliphezulu, yaye ezisezantsi. Amaza It of ngamandla eliphantsi kakhulu ngokubanzi ukukhuthaza iimpendulo ukusebenza komzimba okanye ezincinane ngaphandle kokonakalisa ukufudumeza. unyango ultrasound ibe neziphumo ezihle kuzo izifo ezifana:

• samathambo;
• samathambo;
• myalgia;
• spondylitis;
• neuralgia;
• varicose kunye trophic izilonda;
• Ankylosing spondylitis;
• endarteritis nya.

Uphando luyaqhutywa, ngexesha apho ultrasound isetyenziselwa ukunyanga isifo Meniere kaThixo, emphysema, izilonda duodenal nesisu, isifuba, otosclerosis.

ultrasonosurgery

utyando Modern usebenzisa amaza ultrasound, yahlulelwe kwii ariya ezimbini:

- emane ukubhubhisa iinxalenye inwebu ezilawulwa kwelona nqanaba eliphezulu amaza ultrasound ezithile kunye ezitsho 10 ⁶ ukuya 10 ⁷ Hz;

- usebenzisa isixhobo ngotyando kunye nokubekwa oscillations cuke ukusuka 20 ukuya 75 kHz.

Umzekelo zotyando ultrasound uyakhetha zingasebenza kakhulu isandla njengokuba cuke ngamatye zezintso. Ngeli utyando non-invasive wave cuke usebenza kwi ilitye ngesikhumba, oko kukuthi, ngaphandle komzimba womntu. Ngelishwa, le ndlela ngotyando ukulinganiselwa eziliqela. Awukwazi ukusebenzisa uqhekeko ne ultrasound kwezi meko zilandelayo:

- abasetyhini abakhulelweyo nangaliphi na ixesha;

- ukuba sangqa amatye ngaphezu kweesentimitha ezimbini;

- naziphi na izifo ezosulelayo;

- ubukho izifo eziphazamisana ekunqandeni igazi eqhelekileyo;

- kwimeko yokwenzakala kakhulu esiqwini ithambo.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba kususwe amatye sezintso kunye ultrasound lwenziwa ngaphandle liqatywe, kuba kakhulu buhlungu kwaye kwenziwa phantsi zomzimba jikelele okanye wengingqi.

Cuke izixhobo zotyando zisetyenziswa hayi kuphela asike ngaphantsi buhlungu ngethambo kunye kwizihlunu ezithambileyo, kodwa ukunciphisa ukopha. Makhe sijonge ekubeni wamazinyo nathi. Ultrasound tartar ususa ngaphantsi buhlungu, kunye nazo zonke ezinye zazo zonyango zenziwa lula kakhulu. Ukongeza, umothuko nokuziqhelanisa wamathambo, ultrasound isetyenziswa ukubuyisela ukuthembeka amathambo aphukileyo. Ngexesha lomsebenzi ezinjalo isithuba phakathi ngamaqhekeza bone izaliswe sisincoko elikhethekileyo eliquka chips ithambo kunye zeplastiki ulwelo okhethekileyo, yaye emva koko sonicated, ngawo onke amacandelo ni- uxhulumanisa. Abo wenziwa utyando, ngexesha apho ultrasound iyasetyenziswa, shiya nemibono eyahlukeneyo - kuzo ebezintle nezo zingentle. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba izigulane wanelisekile kukuba ngakumbi!