Uqikelelo kophuhliso ebonakalayo iitafile centile. Kufuneka data anthropometric ukuba uvandlakanyo lophuhliso ngokomzimba

umntwana ngamnye wahlukile - ukuba akukho mfihlakalo. Noko ke, kukho izinto ezibonisa ukuba abantwana ezithile kumaqela yobudala kufuneka kunxibelelana nemigangatho avareji. Ezi parameters kunceda ugqirha ukuchonga ingxaki enokubakho ukusuka kuphuhliso ngokwasemzimbeni nasengqondweni, kwakunye ukurhwaphilizela kubo ubukho nasiphi na isifo.

Ukuvavanywa kophuhliso ngokwasemzimbeni komntwana - umzuzu kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba bonke oogqirha kunye Kakade ke, abazali. Oko imele zonke ezi izikali, uvavanyo kunye neetafile kubomi bomntwana kwaye avela phi na?

kuzalwa

Xa umntwana ezelwe kuphela, wenza ngoko nangoko uvavanyo lwakhe lokuqala. Ngokutsho Apgar manqaku kule ngcaciso imfutshane yokuqala kunye sesihlanu yobomi neonatologist sana kubeka isixa esithile lamanqaku. Ukusuka kwezi manani mabini kuxhomekeke ukuba uya kuhlala nonina, okanye udinga unyango ngakumbi, lo mbuzo olu gonyo yokuqala.

Kid unyaka

Emva kokuba umntwana yinyanga enye, umama kuthwala ndingusisi udokotela iindlela lwesiqhelo. Oku kwenzeka ngokocwangciso xa iintsana kuphawula:

• ngenyanga enye;
• iinyanga ezintathu;
• kweenyanga ezintandathu;
• iinyanga ezilithoba;
• iinyanga ezilishumi elinambini.

Kwezi ndlela mfuneko uhlolo uphuhliso emzimbeni iitafile centile. Kwakhona ukubhala le ubudala, xa umntwana waqalisa encuma, ixesha lokuqala wahlala phantsi, wema, wathabatha amanyathelo yakhe yokuqala, wathi igama lokuqala lwaba neengxakana kunokwenzeka. yokulinganisa:

• Weight.
• ubude umzimba.
• Volume / intloko wedini.
• ubukhulu esifubeni.
• Iqondo lobushushu emzimbeni.
• ubukhulu fontanelle.

Ngokusekelwe kwezi data kunye nezikhalazo izakhono sikanina, umntwana anokuthunyelwa iimvavanyo ezongezelelweyo okanye reception specialist. Kwezinye iimeko, ibanga uphuhliso emzimbeni iitafile centile. Uphuhliso Eqhelekileyo iitafile data zisoloko zithathwa ukuba angabethwa kwi eziphakathi, oko kukuthi ku ezahlukene 25-75 ekhulwini. Kodwa ke umntwana kwakhona ukuphuhlisa kakhulu ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba iinkcukacha ngazo zonke izinto ezibonisa kuluhlu enye, ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi komlinganiselo (kule meko sithetha malunga neempawu zomzimba).

iitafile Centile ukuba amakhwenkwe ukuya kunyaka

Ukulinganisa ukukhula umntwana ukuya kunyaka ekliniki kwibhodi ezizodwa imida. Omnye wabo icinezelwe entloko yomntwana ukuya kwenye - imilenze.

iitafile Centile for amakhwenkwe kunye namantombazana ziqulathe iinkcukacha ubungakanani intloko yomntwana. ukungafani nemigangatho le iparameter ithuba ukuthumela usana ukuya luvo.

Imiba echaphazela uphuhliso emzimbeni

Impilo emzimbeni lo mntwana - yeyona Isalathisi ephambili nemeko yobume bempilo yakhe. Oku kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi:

• iimeko zezulu;
• ufuzo;
• amandla;
• inqanaba ezibonakalayo kwimpilo-ntle yentsapho;
• ezizigwagwisa imini;
• ngayo abazali umntwana;
• nomoya zengqondo ekhaya.

Kufuneka data anthropometric zokuvavanya nokukhula kwabantwana emva konyaka

Ukuqikelelwa emzimbeni zophuhliso lwabantwana emva konyaka ngenxa zinto zilandelayo:

1. Iimpawu Somatic (ubunzima e kg, ukuphakama cm, esifubeni umtya ojikeleyo kulo cm).
2. Iimpawu Somatoscopic (kwiNtetho integument eluswini, inwebu yangaphakathi, uphuhliso amanqatha ongama, ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo musculoskeletal, inqanaba lophuhliso ngokwesondo).
3. Iimpawu Fiziometricheskie (amandla kwezihlunu, umthamo lung, uxinzelelo lwegazi, izinga ukubetha kwentliziyo).
4. impilo jikelele (izifo idluliselwe, ubukho lwezifo ezingapheliyo).

Iindlela zokuvavanya uphuhliso emzimbeni ikumgangatho ngqo, ngenxa yokuba kuphela ngokuthatha imilinganiselo phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo kunye nezixhobo efanayo, singathetha ngayo ekuthelekisweni kunye nokuthembeka kweziphumo zophando.

Iimpawu somatic

Uqikelelo kophuhliso ngokwasemzimbeni lo ngumntwana lwenzeka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Izalathisi somatic umntwana ethile nezithelekiswa ezitafileni centile ngokobudala kunye ngesondo. Njani le theyibhile khangela nabafana, ungabona ngezantsi.

Girls amazinga okukhula zahluke kancinane. Ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emibini, ke idla ngaphantsi kancinane amakhwenkwe, kodwa emva ileqeka kunye phambili yokukhula.

Iimpawu Investigation somatoscopic

Iindlela nokuhlola uphuhliso ngokwasemzimbeni ziquka izikhombisi yomlinganiselo basic eziliqela. Zingakotshwa kufundwa kolu luhlu lulandelayo.

Iimpawu Fiziometricheskie

Ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba abafundi behamba, kuquka ngokulinganisa ezisebenzayo i parameters lomzimba:

1. amandla Ebalulekileyo (ivolyum) kwemiphunga - umlinganiselo nokuphefumla amandla izihlunu kunye nesikhundla semiphunga. Umlinganiselo lwenziwa usebenzisa umoya spirometer okanye emanzini. Iimpawu ezinxulumene-Age ngabantwana abakwiminyaka ezahlukeneyo kunye naye iya kuba ezahlukeneyo.

2. Amandla ingalo imisipha - ngesidanga kuphuhliso izihlunu. Isikali wenza isixhobo ngokuba dynamometer ngesandla.
3. Stanovoi amandla - amandla izihlunu extensor umzimba kwamalunga hip.
4. CHCHS - izinga intliziyo.

5. wegazi ukuqala ukulinganisa emva kweminyaka esixhenxe. Ngokwesiqhelo, le ubudala iSystolic (phezulu) kufuneka ibe phakathi 100-120 mm HG. Art kunye ukuzala (ngaphantsi) -. 60-80 mmHg. Art.

Uqikelelo kophuhliso ebonakalayo kwezi zalathisi kwenziwa ngokuthelekisa komsebenzi ngamnye amaxabiso avareji okufana ngamaqela kunye nesini kwabantwana.

Ezinye iindlela zokuvavanya uphuhliso

Kufuneka data anthropometric ukuba uvandlakanyo kuphuhliso ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinye iindlela:

1. Indlela imigangatho anthropometric / ezinxaxhileyo sigmalnyh. Xa usebenzisa le ndlela, ukubala uphuhliso umlinganiselo. Le ndlela lunqabe kusetyenziswa namhlanje, kuba akukho nto ibonisa umfanekiso ngokupheleleyo kuphuhliso uphonononge izinto ngaphandle.
2. Scale ukuqhubeka kwaba bafundi. Iitafile nokuvavanya le ndlela wenza kuthathelwa ingqalelo correlations, nto leyo basebenzise indlela. Kodwa ayikwazi kusetyenziselwa abantwana kunye nophuhliso elibi lweempawu ngamnye.
3. isikali ntathu Matveevoy N. A. Le ndlela iyasetyenziswa xa ungena kwiklasi yokuqala, xa utshintsho ku-3, 8 no-6 iiklasi imizuzu. Sithabathela ingqalelo ukuba imiqondiso elinanye zophuhliso:
   - komzimba,
   - ukukhula;
   - sangqa (unyuse ivolyum) kwesifuba;
   - inani imihlathi;
   - umthamo emiphungeni;
   - njalo (inani ibetha ngomzuzu) ukubetha;
   - ubungakanani amanqatha nezibaya kwi inkaba;
   - ukomelela kwezihlunu esandleni sasekhohlo;
   - ukomelela kwezihlunu esandleni sokunene;
   - asezantsi kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi ubuninzi. Le ndlela kakhulu oluneenkcukacha, kodwa indlela ethile enye njenge ndlela imigangatho anthropometric. Ngoko ke, uvavanyo uphuhliso emzimbeni luya kuchaneka kakhulu ukuba usebenzise iitafile centile ezikumila kumacala mabini, leyo uthathe ingqalelo ukuxhomekeka le ubude ubunzima bomzimba.
4. Centile itheyibhile okuntlandlo-mbini. Uvavanyo lwenzeka kwisikali vosmiballnoy ethathela ingqalelo umlinganiselo isini, ubudala, ubude kunye nobunzima.
5. itshathi Centile e I. M. Vorontsovu. Isebenzisa isikali ethathela ingqalelo izikhombisi ezintathu ezingundoqo - ubude umzimba, ubunzima kunye nobungakanani esifubeni yomntwana. Iimvavanyo (luhlola) ngale ndlela lisetyenziswa nokuhlolwa rhoqo ukuze kuchongwe iqela labantwana abanala makhwiniba kakhulu zophuhliso.
6. indlela Complex.

nokuhlola indlela ebanzi lophuhliso ngokomzimba

Zonke iindlela kuxoxwe ngasentla uthathe ingqalelo kuphela data morphological-maxabiso, kodwa liyanda oluntu yendalo kwaye kuyimfuneko ukuba ingxelo zophuhliso eziphilayo. indlela Complex kubandakanya:

• Uvavanyo yobudala eziphilayo (indlela apho ubudala ekukhuleni kweenkqubo namacandelo umntwana). Iinqobo: inzuzo ubunzima kunye nobude umzimba kulo nyaka yi-inani ubudala amazinyo, lokufikisa, izixhobo uphuhliso ithambo.
• Chwetheza siseko somzimba ratio imilenze ezimilise, isisu, isifuba, emva, uphuhliso imisipha, amathambo, izihlunu adipose.
• Qikelela iimpawu intsalela lomlinganiselo ubunzima bomzimba ubude.

uhlolo olubanzi uphuhliso emzimbeni, oluqhutywa kumaziko zokuqhelaniswa unyango kunye zothintelo, kwakunye nangexesha lokubhalwa kweemviwo zonyango eziku ivumela, kuxhomekeke data ebekwe ukwahlula abantwana babe ngamaqela amahlanu ezahlukeneyo zempilo:

• I qela. Oku kuquka abantwana ngaphandle izifo ezingapheliyo, azichaphazeleki rarely uyagula, ukuphuhlisa isicwangciso ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwasengqondweni ngaphandle kutenxa kokumiselweyo.
• Group II. Eli qela kuquka udidi abantwana ngaphandle zizifo ezingapheliyo, nokubandezeleka amaxesha akukho ngaphezulu kwe ezine ngonyaka, kunye umngcipheko zizifo ezingapheliyo, kusenokubakho ezinxaxhileyo nkoka nenqanaba lokwenziwa komsebenzi kweenkqubo kunye namaziko.
• Group III ichaza abantwana abanezifo ezingapheliyo, ezimbi (enaso, hayi ethintela umzimba sisebenze ngokwesiqhelo), ngokufuthi uyagula (ngokuphindwe kane ngonyaka ngamnye).
• Group IV. Abantwana abakhubazekileyo zophuhliso (bekhubazekile), izifo ezondeleyo, kuphazamisa impilo eqhelekileyo kunye nempilo jikelele.
• iqela V. Eli qela libandakanya abantwana abo babandezeleka izifo ezondeleyo kakhulu ezibangela ukuphazamiseka ezicacileyo kunye nokusebenza komzimba.

Intsha

Uqikelelo kophuhliso ebonakalayo abafikisayo ayahlukanga kwiindlela kweyokulinganisela isebenza kubo bonke abantwana. Kuzo zonke ezo iitafile kunye scale iquka iinkcukacha zabantwana ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka eli-17.

Nangona, Kakade ke, asimele silibale ukuba uphuhliso amantombazana emva kweminyaka elithoba kunye namakhwenkwe emva elinanye ziya kwahluka kakhulu ukusuka kuphuhliso umntwana oselula.

Xa elivisayo, kukho utshintsho ebalulekileyo olinganise umzimba kunye namaziko kunye nophuhliso systems:

• Amantombazana ngaphantsi kweminyaka eli-14 ubudala sele kakhulu ngaphambi noontanga babo ngokwemiqathango parameters ubunzima, ubude, ubukhulu esifubeni.
• Ngeli xesha kukho sisenjenjalo bangakhupha eyomeleleyo ukukhula (mantombazana ixesha ukukhula malunga-25 cm, kwaye dibanisa 25 kg; amakhwenkwe - 35 cm kunye 35 kg).
• Ngeminyaka 13-15 ezaliswe ngokupheleleyo ukubunjwa neempawu zesini eziziisekondari.
• Uyaqhubeka Uphuhliso elikhutheleyo, yengqondo, sentliziyo, iinkqubo ezidalwe luvo.
• Ukubetha kwentliziyo kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi ngokuthe isondela ukusebenza omdala kunye 18 stop kwi amanani 120 ukuya kuma-65 115 ngo-amantombazana kunye 60 namakhwenkwe.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba isantya eyanda uphuhliso emzimbeni (lunikezelo) kutshintshwe kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje indices nemigangatho somatic.