Uluntu Consumer - ntoni na?

Yintoni umphakathi yabathengi? Bona abadlali yezoqoqosho ephambili op yezolimo. Inkampani wadalwa ngokuzithandela. Kujongwe ukuba ukukhusela amalungelo kunye neemfuno zoqoqosho kwamalungu alo - abanini amashishini amancinane kunye neefama.

Ukuvela ngoluntu yabathengi

Uluntu yabathengi yokuqala ukuvela eBritani ngenkulungwane XIX ekuqaleni. Okokuqala zihlelwe injongo osisityebi esiza. Kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe ingcamango waba, waza wema intloko kwabasebenzi okanye kumafama bazifumanisa ukuwubamba bayisile ematyeni, iivenkile kunye kubhakwa.

Abasebenzi wadala uluntu kubathengi ukuze ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi babo. Ngaphakathi umbutho, amalungu ayo ukuba bathenge iimveliso ezibiza zibubunjani elungileyo. Co-operatives baba ngakumbi naBantu Bank. Banika mboleko abasweleyo. Ukuba uluntu umboleki ukuba sisityebi, nabo baba zabelo afumileyo. Imbuyiselo mbutho ikakhulu ukwandisa elikomkhulu ogunyazisiweyo, okubangela ingeniso kuwo onke amalungu ayo.

Impumelelo sokubambisana

op British yenkulungwane XIX baseka iqela izimiso ezendeleyo imibutho yabathengi mihla, eziya akhankanywe ngezantsi. Baye luphawulwa iminikelo isabelo ephantsi, eliqingqiweyo inani lezabelo ukuba ilungu ngalinye lombutho, ukulingana bonke abanini lezabelo kwakunye nomgaqo-nkqubo ofanayo namaxabiso.

Impumelelo intshukumo kuye kukhokelele ekubeni ngo-1860 i-entsebenziswano baqalisa ukuba lilungu lweemanyano. Le mibutho luya enamandla ngakumbi kunye nempembelelo ngakumbi kulo lonke uqoqosho yaseYurophu. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX Kwihlabathi Old, kukho kakade amalungu kwezigidi ezibini lwentsebenziswano baba. uluntu kwabathengi International wathabatha namashishini abo izithethe isuke yi Socialist International. Oku kuquka iiyure ezisibhozo-ukubila imini, lokunakekela unyango kunye nemfundo, kwakunye ekubaleni imihlala mandatory kubasebenzi. Abasebenzi kunye nabalimi ngovuyo kakhulu wajoyina umbutho omtsha, ngethemba uncedo lwabo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abasebenzi.

Kuluntu yokuqala kubathengi eRashiya

Kwangaxeshanye, iRashiya wafunda oko uluntu yabathengi. Reviews kule nkqubo ziye avuza kokusingqongileyo wezolimo lwasekhaya. Ekupheleni lali Russian ngenkulungwane XIX waba nengxaki, nangona ukupheliswa zakutshanje serfdom. Abalimi waqhubeka ehlala ubuhlwempu. Isizathu sale meko yaba izinga ukuzalwa eliphezulu kwiintsapho kunye nobuninzi, umhlaba ubunini uqhekeko, nemveliso ephantsi, ukunqongophala amahashe kunye neenkomo.

Kulo mba, ngo-1900 uMenzi udidi abangasebenziyo, inani leyo eyayifikelela abantu malunga nezigidi ezingama-23. Ke aba bantu yaba bantu basebenzayo. Ngaxeshanye kunye nohlahlo nale karhulumente ezikhulayo, ekumgama emagxeni abalimi sele amahlwempu.

Kwaba lelo xesha ke zokulima lwezolimo ngaphandle kwezolimo uluntu lwentsebenziswano. Abalimi bafunde ngempumelelo intsebenziswano kwi-West, waqalisa self-yamalena kwezi zakhiwo efanayo ukukhusela izilangazelelo zawo kwimarike yasekhaya.

imiphakathi Consumer kwezolimo

Lo mbutho entsha abaninzi ngemigudu kunye norhwebo kwaba lula ukuba abalimi, ngenxa yokuba abantu bangathanda ukuba kunandipha iingenelo enika inkampani enkulu, yaye oko zingabuthisi uxhulumaniso yabo abasakhasayo ezolimo. Union of Consumer Uluntu inika amalungu ayo ithuba.

Phambi ilali kwabakho inkqubo enjalo amanyeneyo, abavelisi bezolimo abaphethwe adle abanye ngayo, kukho inani elikhulu yabameli ezingeyomfuneko. Xa kufika ukwindla, bakwaloliwe lwasekhaya nje nako ukuthwala zonke iimpahla eziveliswa kweso sixeko. Ngenxa yoko, abantu baye bazama 'ungathengi "kwangaphambili, ekwenzeni amaxabiso isonka yamaxesha ziye nokuwa.

Ngokuthe ngcembe uqoqosho yamahlwempu eRashiya ukuba alahle yaso yendalo kwaye lwaba imveliso yorhwebo. Kulo mba, uqoqosho lwasekhaya ifuneka ngokungxamisekileyo uhlobo olutsha lombutho korhwebo kwicandelo lezolimo. Emerging uluntu abathengi babe ipilisi kakhulu elide-ilindelwe, uya kuphelisa abalimi iintsizi ezingeyomfuneko kunye egciniswe. Ngaphambi koko, isonka phambi kokuba sifike counter, wathabatha ezandleni ezimbalwa yabameli. Xa nkqubo abanini ngokwawo kufuneka ukuba uhlawule imali labathengisi bamazwe.

Sele ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX, iRashiya ube yinkokeli emhlabeni ngenani imibutho efana kunye nenani lamalungu azo. Akuzange kube nje ukukhula koqoqosho, nto yaba jump ngokwenene. Phambi kokubhiyozela ka-1917 kweli lizwe yasebenza phantse-50 amawaka iintsebenziswano. uluntu ngamnye umsebenzisi non-ngeniso kwi-avareji kwakukho akukho ngaphezu nxaxheba 50. Xa iyonke ukuya ku-14 ezigidi abantu ababandakanyeka kulo intshukumo kwezoqoqosho, kunye 80% yaloo number abalimi. Umbutho yoluntu nkonzo kule lali savuka ngamandla ethile emva kokuba revolution 1905. Ngelo xesha yanceda kuphuculo Stolypin, apho abalimi wenza kube lula ukushiya uluntu. Bazithatha wathumela eSiberia, apho belinde umhlaba untilled. Kulo mmandla, ingakumbi ekuphuhliseni indawo kuluntu yabathengi.

SeNtsebenziswano USSR

Independent intshukumo wobunye eRashiya wabhangiswa emva kokuba Oktobha Revolution kunye kwiBolsheviks beza ngamandla. Socialist zaye ekhokelwa yi umgaqo "sonke kwaye wabelane." Xa izichaso efanayo naleyo nawuphina umbutho lengingqi imibutho yabathengi, ngokubanzi azithathelwa ngqalelo.

Umphumo waba buhlungu. Amafama baye balahlekelwa nje isixhobo wentsebenziswano phakathi kwabo, kodwa kungekudala bonke ababesele ngaphandle komhlaba. Abahlali bahlohlwa kwiifama ehlangeneyo. Angafuni ukuba basebenzisane kunye nabasemagunyeni Soviet ukubhengezwa ngamanqindi kwaye phantsi zocindezelo. Uninzi abanezabelo yangaphambili kwimibutho kubathengi bazibona ekuthinjweni e Kazakhstan kunye nezinye iingingqi ezikude. State wendele zavala iinzame nokulamla, leyo ebanjwa entsebenziswano zangaphambili.

uluntu yabathengi ngohlobo elalisakuba yaphela. Noko ke, ezinye iimpawu zazo baqala ukwenza kwiifama zabucala abalimi kunye intsomi bezandla nemibutho yabasebenzi efama. Ezi umngundo oneentloni owayesakuba intsebenziswano ukuba abalimi ukuze usinde, nangona nokugqwethwa kuqoqosho karhulumente ekucwangciselwa yena.

Consumer Society kwi leSoviet ngasekupheleni

Ngu 90 okuqala, xa eSoviet Union awela khona yamiswa kuphela sikhokelo ngokungqongqo wentsebenziswano yabathengi. khona ngoko kuqala yaba Central Union, uze emva koko Rospotrebsoyuz. Le mibutho zilawulwa yi Ekuthwaseni nemibutho yabathengi entsha.

Ngo-1990, ngama-40% abemi RSFSR wakhonza yile nkqubo. Kwakugcwele lali 30 million. Ngemihla yokunqaba kunye nokutya Ufolo uluntu ngamnye umsebenzisi lommandla wenza umsebenzi woqoqosho lonke elo lizwe. Isabelo kwenkqubo accounted for-25% yentengiso yentengiso kwempahla, preforms zamazambane phantse isiqingatha procurement yemifuno kwelesithathu njalo njalo. D.

In Russia mihla

Kwiminyaka 90, uluntu yabathengi Russian abatyhubela ngamaxesha anzima. Yonke into yatshintsha emva kungagqibekanga ka-1998, kunye uphelelo engange. yayigcinwa zoqoqosho akhululwayo ukuvumela co-operatives ukubuyela emarikeni. Namhlanje, kuzo zonke kummandla Russian Federation kukho 20-25 imibutho ezinjalo. Abaninzi kubo zibandakanya nemibutho yabathengi yezolimo. Kulo mzekelo, phantse bonke bephela inzuzo kungakhathaliseki uhlobo nemisebenzi yabo kwezoqoqosho.

Kuba kule nkalo kwezoqoqosho ebalulekileyo Code Tax. I "zero" iminyaka, waba inani izilungiso, ukunika uluntu iinzuzo yabathengi, wangena endlwini Central yeBhunga Russian Federation. Esi sakhiwo umzimba omkhulu lilawulayo uninzi op.

It Tsetrosoyuz umisela amathuba lonke icandelo lawo loqoqosho. Ngonyaka ngamnye, njengenxalenye ngeenkongolo zayo kunye neenkomfa yaqhuba mpikiswano yoluntu ngendlela yokuphucula indlela nemibutho yabathengi kwezolimo lwasekhaya.

Ingakumbi kuluntu zanamhlanje yabathengi

Zombini Russian kunye naluphi na uluntu kwabathengi wamazwe ngamazwe isakhiwo nzuzo. Oko kukuthi, umbutho benza umsebenzi loosomashishini, kodwa iinzuzo ngexesha okuvelisa efanayo kuba eziziiprayimari nokuchaza umsebenzi. Loo manyano kwenziwa ngokuzithandela ukukhusela kwenxaxheba zabelo. Isixhobo iphambili kuluntu umboleki ilungelo lalo kwi ukwabiwa kwengeniso, ezafumana amalungu ayo. Ngaloo ndlela, iminikelo kunye nenxaxheba kubomi kwezoqoqosho zabelo ezidityanelweyo inshorensi omnye komnye yaye bavume akhuselwe kwimiphumo xa ishishini.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uluntu somxhasi ifomu efanelekileyo eziqhelekileyo kwezolimo lwentsebenziswano. Ngaphakathi luhlanganisa iintlobo kwemisebenzi kunye neempawu. Okokuqala, le yinkqubo eyodwa kobudlelwane, leyo mali efanayo zabelo. Okwesibini, ingeniso ipropati kwenzeka therebetween. Okwesithathu, umphakathi umsebenzisi yimeko-bume enye enkulu ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zentlalo kunye ebambekayo zabelo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, singatsho ukuba ngoosomashishini mihla zasemaphandleni Russian kulula kwaye ikhuseleke kakhulu ukuba aqhube ishishini babo ubuhlobo kunye nabamelwane bayo ngaphezu eemarike kuphela ukuba sebubini.

imisebenzi

Omnye wemisebenzi engundoqo uluntu umsebenzisi ukukhusela amalungelo abathengi. Abemi angafaka isicelo imibutho efana ngenkxaso yabo ngokohlobo iingcebiso zomthetho. Iingcali uyakwazi ukuqhuba uviwo ezizimeleyo umgangatho impahla ethandabuzekayo. Abameli ukuhlalutya amaxwebhu kunye nezivumelwano zentengiso, njengoko baye kumela abaxhasi babo enkundleni. Oku kuboniswa injongo ebalulekileyo zentlalo imiphakathi enjengaleyo.

Imisebenzi kwalo mbutho ulawula charter yoluntu nkonzo, nto leyo eyenziwe kwintlanganiso jikelele abanini yezabelo. Olu xwebhu ichaza imisebenzi kunye namalungelo amalungu ombutho. Ngaba zabelo banelungelo engcono ukuthenga kunye nokuthengwa kweempahla kunye neenkonzo zibonelelwa nguloo mbutho. Amalungu ayo ancediswa ekuqhutyweni kweefama oluncedisayo, kwakunye ekuthengiseni iimveliso zabo. uluntu Consumer ngenxa ukwahluka yayo inkulu inzuzo. Inkoliso yale mali yahlulwe phakathi zabelo. Imali eseleyo zichithwa ekuphuhliseni uluntu ngokwayo.

Urhulumente kule minyaka yakutshanje kuye lukhulu ukunyenyisa umda unxulumano lwentsebenziswano. Amandla inkxaso yoluntu, nto leyo iyunithi woqoqosho kwezolimo lwasekhaya. Umthetho ezingundoqo kushishino uhlala umthetho "Kwi intsebenziswano abathengi". Inkampani uphumeza ukhuseleko lwabathengi ngokusekelwe olunye uxwebhu "Xa nokuKhusela amaLungelo Abathengi '.

elubala Legal nokucaca amalungiselelo umsebenzi lwentsebenziswano kwenza iqonga lula ukuba intsebenziswano yabo bonke abanini kweefama kule lali. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba imithetho olubhaliweyo sengqondo karhulumente ngokubhekiselele kwezi mibutho. imibutho yabathengi kunye neemanyano - kusithiwa - yinto ebalulekileyo ebomini zentlalo eli lizwe.

Tsentrosoyuz

Olona phawu lubalulekileyo ngoluntu yabathengi idemokhrasi zabo. imibutho enjalo zilawulwa yi kwintlanganiso yoosozabelo, apho ilungu ngalinye linelungelo lokuvota. Ngasezantsi leri sombutho na umzimba ummeli, edla izenzo lebhunga ekhokelwa usihlalo. Kwakhona kuluntu kufuneka ibe yoPhicotho kunye neKhomishoni Control, nenoxanduva ukuba esweni semthethweni kunye ukuchaneka izigqibo.

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, iqumrhu lolawulo engundoqo imisebenzi intsebenziswano lonke Russia, i-Central Union of Consumer bentlalo, okanye Tsentrosoyuz nje. Kwelinye icala, ukuba ilawulwa yi amalungu eNdibano. Ifumene abameli bawo onke imibutho yabathengi zasekhaya. INdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo iya ihlangane ubuncinane kanye ngonyaka, xa eMoscow kufika iindwendwe ezivela kwilizwe. Kwintlanganiso kuxoxwa iingxaki zangoku kunye amathuba nophuhliso yoluntu nkonzo.